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Sankalp Education
Important Agriculture Notes for IBPS SO (AFO) : Day-9
These include pathogenic molds that infect plants group of organs is known as an organ system. The
and have caused devastating crop failures such as body of a fish or a frog is comparable to a huge
the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s. factory with several separate departments.
They also include the fantastically weird class of Each department is entrusted with a special kind of
slime molds - single-celled organisms that are job and the various departments act in cooperation
capable of cooperation so impressive that, during with one another. The organ systems, just mentioned,
one stage of their life cycle, many slime mold cells are the various departments of the animal machinery.
gather together and operate like a single organism. Each system performs its own part and the benefit
Slime mold intercellular cooperation is so impressive is shared by the others.

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that scientists have been using slime molds to study # Insects & Rodents :
intelligence and problem-solving! Insect, (class Insecta or Hexapoda), any member
Algae - Microscopic algae were once thought to be of the largest class of the phylum Arthropoda, which
plants, but recent studies have shown that algae don’t is itself the largest of the animal phyla. Insects have
fit into the plant family. Instead, these single-celled segmented bodies, jointed legs, and external
photosynthetic organisms are thought to be relatives skeletons (exoskeletons). Insects are distinguished
of the lineage that led to land plants. from other arthropods by their body, which is divided
Throughout history, algae have been important into three major regions: (1) the head, which bears
photosynthesizers. They likely evolved before land the mouthparts, eyes, and a pair of antennae, (2) the
plants did, and helped to pump oxygen into Earth’s three-segmented thorax, which usually has three
atmosphere along with their ancestors, the pairs of legs (hence “Hexapoda”) in adults and
usually one or two pairs of wings, and (3) the many-
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cyanobacteria.
segmented abdomen, which contains the digestive,
Today algae can both help and hurt humans - some
excretory, and reproductive organs.
species clean water and produce oxygen, while
others produce dangerous toxins that can end up in General Features
our seafood and drinking water. In numbers of species and individuals and in
Others adaptability and wide distribution, insects are perhaps
the most eminently successful group of all animals.
There are many other microscopic organisms that
They dominate the present-day land fauna with about
scientists are struggling to neatly classify. Once,
1 million described species. This represents about
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many microorganisms were lumped into one
three-fourths of all described animal species.
category called “protists,” but many scientists now
Entomologists estimate the actual number of living
believe this system was only useful for explaining
insect species could be as high as 5 million to 10
that the organism didn’t fit into any other kingdom.
million. The orders that contain the greatest numbers
# Organ System of species are Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera
Organs (butterflies and moths), Hymenoptera (ants, bees,
A single tissue does not usually work alone. The wasps), and Diptera.
efficiency is greatly increased when two or more Appearance and habits
tissues function together. An organ may be defined The majority of insects are small, usually less than 6
as an association of tissues for performing a special mm (0.2 inch) long, although the range in size is wide.
function. Some of the feather-winged beetles and parasitic
The lung, for example, is an organ for carrying out wasps are almost microscopic, while some tropical
respiration; it is composed mainly of epithelial and forms such as the hercules beetles, African goliath
connective tissues. Similarly, the human hand is an beetles, certain Australian stick insects, and the
organ for manipulating and grasping objects; it wingspan of the hercules moth can be as large as
consists of all the four kinds of tissues. 27 cm (10.6 inches).
Organ Systems: Distribution and abundance
An isolated organ cannot work satisfactorily. Several Scientists familiar with insects realize the difficulty
organs act together in the metazoan body for in attempting to estimate individual numbers of
effecting a particular important function. Such a insects beyond areas of a few acres or a few square

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miles in extent. Figures soon become so large as to weather, predators and parasites, and viral, bacterial,
be incomprehensible. The large populations and and fungal diseases, as well as many other factors
great variety of insects are related to their small that operate to make insect populations stable.
size, high rates of reproduction, and abundance of Agricultural methods that encourage the planting of
suitable food supplies. Insects abound in the tropics, ever larger areas to single crops, which provides
both in numbers of different kinds and in numbers virtually unlimited food resources, has removed
of individuals. some of these regulating factors and allowed the
Importance rate of population growth of insects that attack those
crops to increase. This increases the probability of
Role in nature
great infestations of certain insect pests. Many
Insects play many important roles in nature. They natural for ests, which form similar giant
aid bacteria, fungi, and other organisms in the monocultures, always seem to have been subject to
decomposition of organic matter and in soil formation. periodic outbreaks of destructive insects.
The decay of carrion, for example, brought about
Damage to growing crops
mainly by bacteria, is accelerated by the maggots

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of flesh flies and blowflies. The activities of these Insects are responsible for two major kinds of
larvae, which distribute and consume bacteria, are damage to growing crops. First is direct injury done
followed by those of moths and beetles, which break to the plant by the feeding insect, which eats leaves
down hair and feathers. Insects and flowers have or burrows in stems, fruit, or roots. There are
evolved together. Many plants depend on insects hundreds of pest species of this type, both in larvae
for pollination. Some insects are predators of others. and adults, among orthopterans, homopterans,
heteropterans, coleopterans, lepidopterans, and
Agricultural significance
dipterans. The second type is indirect damage in
Ecological factors which the insect itself does little or no harm but
Many insects are plant feeders, and, when the plants transmits a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection into a
are of agricultural importance, humans are often crop. Examples include the viral diseases of sugar
forced to compete with these insects. Populations beets and potatoes, carried from plant to plant by
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of insects are limited by such factors as unfavourable aphids.

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