Ir & Mapping 8 2024

Umiam Lake
● The Rising Sun Water Fest-2022 is organised on the banks of

Umiam Lake in Meghalaya. The event was organised by the Eastern
Command Aquatics Node as a part of Khelo India programme
● Members of the Garo tribal community perform Wangala dance
● The Wangala is also known as the Festival of Hundred Drums and

is celebrated with different forms of dances on the tunes of folk
songs played on drums and primitive flute made of buffalo horns
● The festival is celebrated in honour of the Sun God and marks the
end of the long harvest season.
● Umiam Lake (locally known as Dam sait) is a man-made
reservoir in the hills 15 km north of Shillong.
● It was created by damming the Umiam River in the early 1960s
● The dam's original purpose was to store water for hydroelectric

power generation.
● The lake serves as a major tourist attraction for the state of

Meghalaya. It is also a popular destination for water sport and
adventure facilities.
⑧
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve :
t Garo hills Y
Tura Range
+ Nokrek (Meghalayas
National Park
↓ East Himalayan Hotspot

+ Red Panda ,
Elephants , Hoolock Gibson
- Marbled cats -
(Near I
Threatened .
t
stump tailed Macque = Vulnerable
Pig failed Macque

Climate Change: Increasing temperatures and potential
evapotranspiration (PET) due to climate change are major factors. For
example, Lake Kara-Bogaz-Gol in Turkmenistan and Lake Khyargas
in Mongolia have experienced marked drying due to these factors.
Unsustainable Water Consumption: Excessive use of water for various

purposes has led to significant drying. The Aral Sea in Central Asia is
a prominent example, having drastically shrunk due to unsustainable
water consumption for irrigation.
Sedimentation: Accumulation of sediments reduces water storage

capacity. This is a major issue in many of India's reservoirs, leading to
substantial water storage decline.
Human Activities: Activities like urban development and deforestation

have contributed to lake shrinkage. In India, encroachment on smaller
lakes has led to their disappearance and contributed to urban flooding.
Changes in Precipitation and Runoff Patterns: Altered weather
patterns affect water levels. Arctic lakes, for instance, have shrunk
due to changes in precipitation, runoff, temperature, and PET.
Land Disturbance: Wildfires, landslides, and deforestation increase

sedimentation rates. Such disturbances have a significant impact on
natural water storage and replenishment in lakes.
Hydroelectric Dams and Reservoirs: The construction of dams alters

natural water flows. For example, large reservoirs of hydroelectric
dams, when experiencing water shortage, can adversely impact
electricity generation.
Environmental Degradation: Pollution and ecosystem
disruption around lakes contribute to their shrinkage. Lakes like
the Salton Sea in California have suffered from environmental
degradation, leading to a reduction in their size.
Tso Moriri
Tso Moriri or “Mountain Lake”, is an endorheic lake in the

Changthang Plateau in Ladakh
● It was notified in 2002 under the Ramsar Wetland sites
● It is the highest Ramsar site in the world
● It is located near Tso Kar Wetland

Tso
↑
Answer: Only One
1. Piraeus : : Greece is correctly matched.
2. Haifa in Israel
3. Jabel Ali in UAE
4. Eilat is in Israel
Q. Consider the following countries:
1. USA
2. Egypt
3. Italy
4. Qatar
5. Germany
6. Turkey
How many of the above countries are Participants (signatory to the MoU) of the India-
Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) project launched during the G20 New
Delhi Summit?
a) Only two
(b) Only three
(c) Only four
(d) Only five
Answer: Only Three
USA, Italy and Germany are Participants

Egypt, Qatar, Turkey are NOT.
On 10 September 2023 the Memorandum of

Understanding (MoU) for IMEC was signed during
the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit by the
governments of India, United States, United Arab
Emirates, Saudi Arabia, France, Germany, Italy, and
European Union.
The Dead Sea also known by other names, is a salt lake
bordered by Jordan to the east and Palestine's West Bank
and Israel to the west.
It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the
Jordan River.
Dead Sea:
● High Salinity: One of the world's saltiest bodies of water,

making it denser and more sea-like.
● Historical Context: Referred to as a sea in ancient texts,

including the Bible.
● Geographic Features: Surrounded by desert and

resembling a sea in appearance and mineral content.
Aral Sea:
● Size and Volume: Once the fourth-largest lake in

the world, comparable to a sea in size.
● Historical Significance: Played a major role in the

region's climate and ecology.
● Recent Environmental Tragedy: Its dramatic

shrinking has brought attention to its sea-like
characteristics and importance.
The Aral Sea was once one of the world's largest lakes, and
its vast size contributed to it being called a "sea."
Historically, large lakes have often been referred to as seas,

especially in regions where actual seas were distant or
unknown
● For 20 years Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and
Turkmenistan, which surround it, have disagreed over
whether it is a lake or a sea.
● Like many lakes, it does not feed into an ocean, but it is

sea-like in its size and depth.
● The distinction is not merely semantic, but has

economic, military and political implications.
● Lakes’ surfaces and beds are divided up equally by

bordering countries. Seas are governed by the UN’s Law
of the Sea.z
Contentions:
● When Iran and the USSR were the only two countries to border
the Caspian, a series of bilateral treaties identified it as a lake that
they divided equally.
● Iran, which has a short Caspian coast, still prefers this idea.
● Kazakhstan, which has the longest shore on the Caspian, is

among the countries that prefer to call it a sea.
● The surrounding countries already exploit the hydrocarbon

reserves close to their coasts, where jurisdiction is the same
regardless of whether the Caspian is a lake or a sea.
● But many hydrocarbon deposits in the south of the Caspian are

disputed by Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan.
Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea
● The leaders of the five Caspian countries met in the Kazakh

city of Aqtau to determine the water’s status in 2018.
● The resulting Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian

Sea was a compromise - the Caspian is neither lake nor sea.
● The surface is to be treated as a sea, with states granted

jurisdiction over 15 nautical miles of water from their coasts
and fishing rights over an additional ten miles.
● But the division of seabed and its lucrative mineral deposits is

left to countries to agree on a bilateral basis.
Nehru Trophy Boat Race
● Nehru Trophy Boat Race is a popular Vallam Kali (boat race) held
in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha, Kerala.
- Punnamada is the name for Vembanad lake in Alappuzha,

Punnappra, Kuttanadu
● The most popular event of the race is the competition of Chundan

Vallams (snake boats). Hence the race is also known as Snake Boat
Race in English.
● It is organized by the Nehru Trophy Boat Race Society under the

guidance of the district administration.
Vembanad Lake
● The Vembanad lake is 96.5 km long, making it the longest lake in the
country, as well as the largest lake in the state of Kerala. Spanning
several districts in the state of Kerala, it is known as Vembanadu Lake
in Kottayam, Vaikom, Changanassery, Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha,
Punnappra, Kuttanadu and Kochi Lake in Kochi.
● Several groups of small islands including Vypin, Mulavukad,

Maradu, Udayamperoor, Vallarpadam, and Willingdon Island are
located in the Kochi Lake portion.
● Kuttanad lies on the southern portion of Vembanad. Kuttanad, also

known as The Rice Bowl of Kerala, has the lowest altitude in India, and
is also one of the few places in world where cultivation takes place
below sea level.
● The lake is fed by 10 rivers flowing into it including the six major
rivers of central Kerala namely the Achenkovil, Manimala, Meenachil
river, Muvattupuzha river, Pamba and Periyar.
● The Vembanad-Kol Wetland system was included in the list of

wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar
Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands
in 2002.
Lake Island
The lake has a small island called Pathiramanal, which
can be accessed only via a boat.
6
S Sasthamcotta
&
lake
Ashtormudi
Lake
ellanayi
lake

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Umiam Lake

● The Rising Sun Water Fest-2022 is organised on the banks of

● Members of the Garo tribal community perform Wangala dance

● The Wangala is also known as the Festival of Hundred Drums and

● It was created by damming the Umiam River in the early 1960s

● The dam's original purpose was to store water for hydroelectric

● The lake serves as a major tourist attraction for the state of

↓ East Himalayan Hotspot

Pig failed Macque

Unsustainable Water Consumption: Excessive use of water for various

Sedimentation: Accumulation of sediments reduces water storage

Human Activities: Activities like urban development and deforestation

Land Disturbance: Wildfires, landslides, and deforestation increase

Hydroelectric Dams and Reservoirs: The construction of dams alters

Tso Moriri or “Mountain Lake”, is an endorheic lake in the

● It was notified in 2002 under the Ramsar Wetland sites

● It is the highest Ramsar site in the world

● It is located near Tso Kar Wetland

1. Piraeus : : Greece is correctly matched.

3. Jabel Ali in UAE

USA, Italy and Germany are Participants

On 10 September 2023 the Memorandum of

● High Salinity: One of the world's saltiest bodies of water,

● Historical Context: Referred to as a sea in ancient texts,

● Geographic Features: Surrounded by desert and

● Size and Volume: Once the fourth-largest lake in

● Historical Significance: Played a major role in the

● Recent Environmental Tragedy: Its dramatic

Historically, large lakes have often been referred to as seas,

● Like many lakes, it does not feed into an ocean, but it is

● The distinction is not merely semantic, but has

● Lakes’ surfaces and beds are divided up equally by

● Kazakhstan, which has the longest shore on the Caspian, is

● The surrounding countries already exploit the hydrocarbon

● But many hydrocarbon deposits in the south of the Caspian are

● The leaders of the five Caspian countries met in the Kazakh

● The resulting Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian

● The surface is to be treated as a sea, with states granted

● But the division of seabed and its lucrative mineral deposits is

- Punnamada is the name for Vembanad lake in Alappuzha,

● The most popular event of the race is the competition of Chundan

● It is organized by the Nehru Trophy Boat Race Society under the

● Several groups of small islands including Vypin, Mulavukad,

● Kuttanad lies on the southern portion of Vembanad. Kuttanad, also

● The Vembanad-Kol Wetland system was included in the list of

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