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Cultural Theory and Popular
Culture: An Introduction, Ninth
Edition
The companion website for this new edition features:
Extension activities for each chapter
Additional questions for discussion
Interactive quizzes covering the topics discussed within each
chapter
Annotated links to relevant websites and further reading
A complete glossary of key terms.
Please visit the website at www.routledge.com/cw/storey to access
these additional resources.
Cultural Theory and Popular
Culture
In this ninth edition of his award-winning introduction, John Storey
presents a clear and critical survey of competing theories of and
various approaches to popular culture. Its breadth and theoretical
unity, exemplified through popular culture, means that it can be
flexibly and relevantly applied across a number of disciplines.
Retaining the accessible approach of previous editions and using
appropriate examples from the texts and practices of popular
culture, this new edition remains a key introduction to the area.
New to this edition:
updated throughout with contemporary examples of popular
culture
revised and expanded sections on Richard Hoggart and Utopian
Marxism
brand new discussions on Black Lives Matter and Intersectionality
updated student resources at www.routledge.com/cw/storey
This new edition remains essential reading for undergraduate and
postgraduate students of cultural studies, media studies,
communication studies, the sociology of culture, popular culture and
other related subjects.

John Storey is Emeritus Professor of Cultural Studies at the Centre

for Research in Media and Cultural Studies at the University of
Sunderland, UK, and Chair Professor of the Changjiang Scholar
Programme at the Comparative Cultural Studies Centre, Shaanxi
Normal University, China. He has published widely in cultural studies,
including twenty-six books. The most recent is Radical Utopianism
and Cultural Studies (2019).
Cultural Theory and Popular
Culture
An Introduction

Ninth Edition

John Storey
Ninth edition published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2021 John Storey

The right of John Storey to be identified as author of this work has been asserted
by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.

First edition published by Pearson Education Limited 1997

Eighth edition published by Routledge 2018

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Storey, John, author.
Title: Cultural theory and popular culture : an introduction / John Storey.
Description: Ninth Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Revised edition of the
author’s Cultural theory and popular culture, 2018. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020032284 (print) | LCCN 2020032285 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367820626 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367820602 (paperback) | ISBN
9781003011729 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Popular culture–Philosophy. | Culture–Philosophy. | Culture–
History.
Classification: LCC CB19. S743 2021 (print) | LCC CB19 (ebook) | DDC 901–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020032284
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020032285
ISBN: 978-0-367-82062-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-82060-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-01172-9 (ebk)

Typeset in Giovanni Std

by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.

Visit the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/storey

For Charlie and Jenny
Contents

Preface/Acknowledgements
Publisher’s acknowledgements

1What is popular culture?

Culture
Ideology
Popular culture
Popular culture as other
The contextuality of meaning
Notes
Further reading

2The ‘culture and civilization’ tradition

Matthew Arnold
Leavisism
Mass culture in America: the post-war debate
The culture of other people
Notes
Further reading

3Culturalism into cultural studies

Richard Hoggart: The Uses of Literacy
Raymond Williams: ‘The analysis of culture’
E.P. Thompson: The Making of the English Working Class
Stuart Hall and Paddy Whannel: The Popular Arts
The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
Notes
Further reading
4Marxisms
Classical Marxism
The English Marxism of William Morris
The Frankfurt School
Althusserianism
Hegemony
Post-Marxism and cultural studies
Utopian Marxism
Notes
Further reading

5Psychoanalysis
Freudian psychoanalysis
Lacanian psychoanalysis
Cine-psychoanalysis
Slavoj Žižek and Lacanian fantasy
Notes
Further reading

6Structuralism and post-structuralism

Ferdinand de Saussure
Claude Lévi-Strauss, Will Wright and the American Western
Roland Barthes: Mythologies
Post-structuralism
Jacques Derrida
Discourse and power: Michel Foucault
The panoptic machine
Notes
Further reading

7Class and class struggle

Class and popular culture
Class in cultural studies
Class struggle
 Consumption as class distinction
Class and popular culture
The ideological work of meritocracy
Notes
Further reading

8Gender and sexuality

Feminisms
Women at the cinema
Reading romance
Watching Dallas
Reading women’s magazines
Post-feminism
Men’s studies and masculinities
Queer theory
Intersectionality
Notes
Further reading

9‘Race’, racism and representation

‘Race’ and racism
The ideology of racism: its historical emergence
Orientalism
Whiteness
Anti-racism and cultural studies
Black Lives Matter
Notes
Further reading

10Postmodernism
The postmodern condition
Postmodernism in the 1960s
Jean-François Lyotard
Jean Baudrillard
 Fredric Jameson
Postmodernism and the pluralism of value
The global postmodern
Afterword
Notes
Further reading

11The materiality of popular culture

Materiality
Materiality as actor
Meaning and materiality
Materiality without meaning
Material objects in a global world
Notes
Further reading

12The politics of the popular

The cultural field
The economic field
Post-Marxist cultural studies: hegemony revisited
The ideology of mass culture
Notes
Further reading

Bibliography
Index
Preface/Acknowledgements

Preface to ninth edition

Cultural Theory and Popular Culture is an introduction in that it tries

to be accessible in terms of subject matter, but it is also an
introduction in the sense that it introduces something new. That is to
say, although all the work discussed here has a previous existence, it
is not a body of work that previously existed as a tradition of cultural
theory and popular culture. The originality of this book is to bring
this work together as a way of understanding popular culture and
the discourses around popular culture.
In preparing the ninth edition I have revised, rewritten, edited,
added and updated throughout. The most obvious additions are new
sections on Utopian Marxism (Chapter 4 ), intersectionality (Chapter
8 ), Black Lives Matter (Chapter 9 ) and a significant rewrite of the
section on Richard Hoggart (Chapter 3 ). Some of these changes
have resulted in changes to the titles of chapters. In order to create
space for the new material, I have edited Chapter 10 on
postmodernism, removing the sections on pop music, television and
convergence culture.
Popular culture, and the study of popular culture, has a history
and a tradition, and it is important that students do not think that
contemporary and popular culture are interchangeable terms.
History is a very important part of the field. I am sometimes asked
why I do not update some of the theories and methodologies
discussed in this book. The reason is twofold and very simple. First,
one cannot draw a historical map using only the most recent
examples of the encounter between cultural theory and popular
culture. Second, what I discuss here are the ‘classics’ of the field;
their critical focus may be on popular culture that is no longer
popular, but in terms of theory and method they provide ways of
working that are foundational to the field while still supplying the
reader with some invaluable tools when trying to understand more
recent examples of popular culture. Put simply, they remain, and will
continue to remain for the foreseeable future, a key part of the
historical, theoretical and methodological literacy needed when
thinking critically about popular culture, especially from the critical
perspective of cultural studies.
The ninth edition is best read in conjunction with its companion
volume, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader , fifth edition
(Routledge, 2019).

Preface to eighth edition

In writing the eighth edition I have revised, rewritten, edited and

added throughout. The most obvious addition is a new chapter
called ‘Class and class struggle’. Altogether, the size of the book has
increased by more than 6,500 words.
The eighth edition is best read in conjunction with its companion
volume, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader , fifth edition
(Routledge, 2019).

Preface to seventh edition

In writing the seventh edition I have revised, rewritten and edited

throughout. I have also added new material to most of the chapters.
The most obvious additions are a new section on the contextuality of
meaning at the end of Chapter 1 and a new chapter called ‘The
materiality of popular culture’. Altogether I have added more than
8,500 words.
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currunt, quam vident in sicco, et perforatam. Jam circumspicere,
sociosque nomine vocare. Nemo autem fuit qui responderet. Illi
decem numero erant, armati omnes. Robinson, qui ex præfecto
acceperat inter captivos tres [254]esse qui non nisi metu coacti
venerant in sceleris societatem, Vendredi gubernatoremque ad eos
mittit ; cùmque illi veniam orâssent impetrâssentque, tum armis
redditis eos, quæ ipse præceperit, sedulò exsequi jubet.

Interim qui posteriori scaphâ advecti fuerant, sustulêre

clamorem. Redditur et major à Robinsonis commilitonibus ; hoc enim
ille jusserat, ut advenæ in nemora allicerentur. Illi scilicet, voce
respondentium vix auditâ, sparsi hinc inde per silvas vagantur. Sed
nemine reperto, cùm jam advesperasceret, noctem veriti, ad
scapham redeunt, cursu et vano errore fessi. Atque, ut quisque
occurrit, excipitur ab insidiantibus, quorum in manus sex ita
inciderunt. Cùm quatuor alii reverterentur, mittitur ad hos unus
nautarum in gratiam receptorum, interrogaturus, an sponte armis
abjectis se submittere velint ; nî faciant, insulae procuratorem,
triginta abhinc passibus, quinquaginta milites ex arce eduxisse,
[255]qui ipsos cæderent. Tum Robinson armorum strepitum unà
omnes edere jussit, ad verba legati confirmanda. Priùsque illi terrore
quàm bello vincuntur. « An verò delicti veniam impetraturi sumus ? »
quidam ex iis tandem rogat. Cui præfectus in virgultis latens sic
acclamavit : « Vocem meam agnoscis, Thoma Smith ! Si illicò arma è
manibus ceciderint, vitam habebitis, Atkins excepto. » Scilicet ille
seditionis concitor fuerat. Tum universi statim arma abjicere. Atkins
autem exclamans, præfectum obtestatur ut sibi parcat ignoscatque
commune esse omnium scelus. Præfectus respondet, se, quod
unum posset, procuratoris eum clementiæ commendaturum ; quod
illi placuerit, exspectet.
 Quo facto, Vendredi cum tribus nautis ad illos vinciendos
mittitur. Jam Robinson, qui procuratoris personam agebat, accessit
cum præfecto. Hic autem de captivis eos elegit, quibus eam naturæ
bonitatem noverat ut ipsos sceleris commissi verè pœ [256]niteret : hi
ad arcem, cæteri ad speluncam ducuntur. Ex iis qui in antrum anteà
conjecti erant, duos etiam adduci jussit, de quibus benè quoque
sperabat. Quomodo autem cum illis egerit, et quæ posteà acciderint,
restat ut narretur.
[257]
 Caput trigesimum.

Fundata colonia. — Robinson relinquit insulam. — Quod accidit

in patriam redeunti. — Quomodo vitam deinde honestam et beatam
degit.

Q uibus culpa remissa fuerat, hi, ante arcem collecti, decem

numero erant. Robinson, procuratoris nomine, qualem eum
esse ducebant, declarat, eâ lege ipsos seditionis veniam
impetraturos ut præfectum legitimum in recuperandâ nave adjuvent.
Quæ sententia etiam captivis denuntiatur. Tum utrisque captivis
simul et liberis unà conversandi copia data est, ut sese mutuò in fide
servandâ confirmarent, cùm hæc sola sontibus pateret salutis via.

Interim fabro lignario mandatur ut al [258]terius scaphæ

perforatæ carinam reficiat. Tum altera præfecto, altera gubernatori
traditur, nautis inter utrumque divisis, cunctique apparato bellico
instructi vela faciunt.

Robinson, cujus fortuna ex eventu hujus incœpti pendebat,

tantâ animi perturbatione sollicitudineque agitabatur, ut stare loco
nesciret : nunc in speluncâ sedere, nunc in collem adscendere ; et
quia noctu oculorum cessabat usus, auribus captare si fortè aliquid è
nave audiret. Augebatur sollicitudo exspectatione signi de quo inter
eos convenerat. Triplex scilicet explosio nondum audita erat, etsi
mediâ nocte ingruente.

Et jam spes omnis abierat, cùm subito fit sonitus è longinquo.

Robinson, quasi è somno repentè excitatus, aures erigit. Sequitur
altera explosio, et deinde tertia. Nunc constat navem esse
expugnatam ; nunc certò in Europam profecturus est. Tum amens
lætitiâ devolare, socium in [259]gramine recubantem excitare,
amplecti, deinde ad arcem currere, sarcinasque raptim colligere.

Die nondum exorto, ad collem rursus properat ; eòque ubi navis

in anchoris stabat, oculos intendit, lucem diei plenam exspectans :
ac brevì conspicit præfectum navis, collem, nonnullis ipsum
comitantibus, conscendentem. Robinson uno impetu ejus in
amplexus provolat. Tum præfectus narrat se nave feliciter admodum
potitum esse, nemine occiso, nec vulnerato quidem ; scilicet obscurâ
nocte ita evenisse, ut nec agnosceretur ipse, nec comites à nave
prohiberentur. Turbulentissimos seditionis auctores sibi quidem
obstitisse, captos verò in vincula fuisse conjectos. His dictis, cibos
quosdam delicatiores è nave afferri jubet, lætique omnes lautissimo
convivio recreati sunt.

Deinde præfectus Robinsonem rogavit, quidnam nunc sibi

faciendum mandaret, quo ipsi gratiam persolveret. Huic
Robin [260]son : « Præter hesterna promissa, hæc tria te rogabo :
primùm quidem ut hìc commoreris, donec pater socii mei redierit ;
tum ut me meosque in nave excipias ; denique ut seditionis
auctoribus veniam condones. Hæc sola delicti pœna sit in hâc insulâ
deseri. »
 Præfectus, hæc pacta conventaque quàm religiosissimè
servaturum se pollicitus, captivos adduci jubet, pessimisque eorum
designatis pœnam irrogatam denuntiat ; neque illi sine lætitiâ hoc
audierunt, conscii quippe capitalis admissi facinoris. Robinson eos
benignè docuit quomodo victum quærerent, illisque res suas omnes
relicturum se promisit.

Dum noster hæc loquitur, Vendredi magno cursu anhelans

nuntiat patrem cum Hispanis advenisse. Cuncti igitur illis obviam
properant. Vendredi, cæteros prævertens, in amplexus patris
præcurrerat. Robinson non sine admiratione duas mulieres inter
advenas conspexit ; Dominicusque [261]interrogatus docet uxores
esse duorum Hispanorum, quas illi in ipsâ regione susceperant. Hi
verò ubi audierunt Robinsonem mox profecturum, nonnullosque
remiges in insulâ relicturum esse, rogaverunt ut sibi quoque liceret in
eâ remanere ; se enim, omnibus auditis quæ alii memoraverant,
jucundiorem illâ sibi sedem non optare. Quibus precibus Robinson
annuit libentissimè ; gaudebat inprimis duos hìc spectatâ probitate
viros relinquere. Sperabat enim fore ut eorum operâ et exemplo
cæteri ad meliorem frugem reducerentur. Hâc mente alios omnes
eorum auctoritati subjicere constituit.

Itaque universos arcessi jubet : sex Angli erant, et duo Hispani

cum uxoribus. Quibus convocatis, suam Robinson declaravit
voluntatem, his verbis : « Neminem fore spero, qui mihi jus deneget
de rebus meis, id est, hâc insulâ, cum omnibus quæ in eâ sunt,
arbitrio meo statuendi. Opto autem ut omnium cujusque
ves [262]trûm, qui hìc remansuri estis, conditio sit beatissima ; atque
ad id assequendum, certas leges non habentibus meum est
instituere, vestrum autem sequi.
 « Hæc igitur accipite.

« Hos ambo Hispanos ego meos in insula vicarios constituo. Hi

præcipient ; vos parebitis. His committo apparatum omnem bellicum,
variaque instrumenta, eâ tamen lege ut illi vobis necessaria
præbeant ; vos autem cum iis honeste in pace vivatis.

« Ac principio Deum colite ; nulla enim civitas firma, nisi

fundamentum sit pietas.

« Proxima pietati sit justitia. Jus suum cuique tribuatur, ac ne cui

quis noceat.

« De cæteris ambo Hispani viderint. Illi fines agris assignabunt,

juraque, prout res postulabit, privata publicaque statuent.

« Forsan et olim dabitur de vobis audire, aut me aliquandò

juvabit extre [263]mum in hâc insulâ mihi carissimâ vitæ, tempus
agere. Væ illi qui intereà instituta mea transgressus fuerit ! Ego
hominem in cymbâ impositum fluctibus sævissima tempestate
agitatis tradam hauriendum. »

His auditis, assensêre omnes, obedientiamque polliciti sunt.

Tum noster ea notavit quæ secum aveheret : scilicet 1º. vestem

è pellibus à se ipso confectam, cum umbellâ ; 2º. hastam propriâ
quoque arte perfectam, arcum, securimque siliceam ; 3º. psittacum,
canem villosum, lamasque duos ; 4º. varia instrumenta, quæ, cùm
esset solitarius, fabricaverat. His cunctis in navem transportatis,
secundoque spirante vento, proximo die proficisci constituunt.
Jamque tempus adest. Tum Robinson lacrymans eos qui remansuri
erant ad concordiam pietatemque sequendam denuò hortatus,
ultimum vale acclamat, et comitibus Vendredi Dominico [264]que
navem conscendit. Hic inter transeundum morbo assumptus est.

Felicissimus ad Portsmuthiam cursus fuit. Cùm navem

Robinson opportunè hìc invenisset Hamburgum tendentem, ab
Anglicæ navis præfecto discessit, atque alteram conscendere
properavit : hæc brevì solvit anchoras.

Dulcissima jam Robinsonis patria è longinquo cernitur ; jam in

ostium Albis advenêre, cùm subitò sæva tempestas exoritur,
navemque vi magna in oram conjicit. Tum quidquid valet diligentia,
quidquid peritia, adhibetur ; sed frustrà : venti vehementia, omni
conatu major, navem abreptam in arenas agit tantâ vi, ut carina
disrumperetur. Irruit extemplo in eam ingens aquæ vis, adeò ut de eâ
conservandâ omnes desperarent. Navigantibus vix datur copia in
scaphas desiliendi, ut morti, si fieri possit, se eripiant.

Sic igitur Robinson cùm denuò naufragium fecisset, miser in

portum proximum [265]advenit, neque quidquam servavit præter
canem, qui vectum in scaphâ dominum natando secutus est, et
psittacum in humero ejus sedentem. Multis post diebus, accepit inter
varias res servatas umbellam vestemque pelliceam fuisse repertas.

Portus ad quem scapha appulerat, octo millia passuum ab

Hamburgo aberat. Audiit patrem suum senem bonâ valetudine
gaudere, matrem verò optimam vixisse ; quodquidem gravissimo
eum dolore affecit. Jam navi Hamburgum profectus, quatuor
horarum spatio eò advenit. Cùm sequente cane et psittaco humero
insidente in terram descendisset, per circumfusam spectantium
turbam in hospitium proximum se contulit. Inde nuntio ad patrem
misso, curavit ut bonus senex ad filium revisendum cautè
præpararetur, quòd pater tantæ non capax lætitiæ occubuisset.

Jam filius ipse per plateas satis sibi cognitas ad patrios penates
provolat, domumque assecutus in patris gaudio trepidantis
[266]amplexus ruit. « Ô pater ! — Ô fili ! » Hæc tantùm ambo eloqui
potuerunt. Muti, trepidi, spirituque intercluso, alter alterius è collo
pendent, donec vis benigna lacrymarum animum utriusque
oppressum levavit.

Intereà Vendredi miratur frequentem tectis urbem, stupetque

inhians innumera rerum miracula, quæ nunc undique oculis
obversantur. Quorum adspectu satiari non potuit. Ac primo die
nullam rem ab aliâ distinguebat, tantâ animi perturbatione, ut esset
quasi hebes oculis et animo.

Pater Robinsonis institor erat. Proptereà optavit ut filius in

mercaturâ exerceretur, seque præstaret eum qui sibi defuncto
succederet. Robinson verò, labori consuetudine induratus, patrem
rogavit, ut sibi liceret scriniariorum artem discere. Itaque cum socio
scriniarii cujusdam disciplinæ se tradidit, atque, intra unius anni
curriculum, uterque in eâ arte tantùm profecerat, ut ipsi magistrorum
dignitatem assequerentur. [267]Quo facto, officinâ communi institutâ,
amicitiam inter se, summo studiorum voluntatumque consensu, ad
extremum vitæ diem coluerunt.

Et sic perpetuâ tranquillitate, sanitate industriâque fortunati

ambo vixêre ad summam senectutem ; posterique libenter retinebunt
duorum memoriam hominum, qui cæteris documento erunt,
quomodo suæ quisque felicitatis artifex esse possit.
FINIS.
 RŌBINSON CRŪSŌEUS
Latīnē scrīpsit F. J. Goffaux, hūmāniōrum litterārum ōlim professor

Puerīs dant crustula blandī

Doctōrēs, elementa velint ut discere prīma.
Hor. Sat. 1, v. 25.
 Lēctōrī.

S aepe animadversum est adulēscentulīs prīmum Latīnārum

litterārum līmen ingressīs nōnnihil, fastīdiī rērum gravitāte
afferrī. Itaque exīstimāvī, nōn parum aetātī tenerae esse prōfutūrum,
sī quis susciperet aliquod ejusmodī opusculum, quod et docēret
simul et oblectāret. Atque is mihi vīsus est, quī fīnem hunc
assequerētur, scrīptus apud Anglōs dē Rōbinsōnis cāsibus liber, dē
quō Russoeus noster : Hunc prīmum leget Aemilius.

Cum autem Rōbinsōnis Anglicī fābulāris historia multa

dīgressiōne luxuriet, atque in omnibus, quae ad puerōs pertinent,
satietātī fastīdiōque sit occurrendum, placuit potissimum sēligere
optima ex similī dē eōdem [vi] Rōbinsōne fābulā, quam Germānicē
scrīpsit Henrīcus Campe. Hunc igitur auctōrem eō libentius secūtus
fuī, quod ejus nārrātiō aspersa sit sententiīs quibus juvenum animī
ad pietātem, cōnstantiam et sōbrietātem īnfōrmentur.

Habēs itaque, Lēctor benevole, libellum nūllā sānē aliā laude

commendandum, nisi meō dē juventūte bene merendī studiō. Quō
impulsus, in id praecipuē incubuī, ut, aptātō māteriae stylō,
grammaticās, quantum fierī poterat, rēgulās inculcārem ; nōn
splendidā gravīque (rēs enim nōn ferēbat), sed simplicī et ad captum
legentium accommodātā ōrātiōne. Quātenus scopum attigerim,
jūdicābunt, quī exiguum hoc opus legere nōn dēdignābuntur ; sed
ōrō meminerint mē tīrōnum grātiā scrīpsisse.
 Index capitum

I. Rōbinsōnis ortus, indolēs, ēducātiō. — Cupīdō peregrīnandī. —

Discessus ā parentibus. — Profectiō in Angliam. — Īnfausta initia.
— Tempestās. — Nāvis obruta flūctibus. — Rōbinson, aliā
exceptus, advenit Londinium, unde solvit ad Guineam.
II. Rōbinson pergit iter. — Mala ōmina. — Nāvis incēnsa. — Alia
flūctibus jactāta. — Advehitur ad īnsulās Canāriās. — Dēscrīptiō
locī illīus amoenissimī. — Inde profectus ad Americam naufragium
facit.
III. Sēra Rōbinsōnis paenitentia. — Dēspērātiō. — Vītam miserē
sustentat. — Habitat in spēluncā.
IV. Rōbinson reperit pōma eximiae magnitūdinis. — Sibi cōnficit
varia īnstrūmenta. — Fūniculōs. — Strātum. — Umbellam. —
Pēram. — Kalendārium.
V. Rōbinson īnsulam perlūstrat. — Magnus terror. — In gaudium
vertitur. — Dēscrīptiō lamae. — Ūnum occīdit. — Sed igne caret.
— Carnem mōre Tartarōrum coquit.
VI. Turbō ingēns. — Tempestās, unde magnum Rōbinsōnī
beneficium. — Taedium sōlitūdinis. — Arānea.
VII. Praeda ingēns. — Dēest rēs māximē necessāria. — Vōta irrita.
— Ambulātiō. — Natātiō. — Rēs variae.
VIII. Lama mānsuēfacta. — Pullī. — Rēs variae.
IX. Terrae mōtus. — Mōns ignivomus. — Lamae vī aquārum abreptī.
— Spēlunca Rōbinsōnis dīruta.
X. Rōbinson habitāculum reficit. — Parat sibi alimenta in hiemem. —
Imbribus continuīs impedītus domī, fingit vāsa. — Nectit rēte. —
Arcum et sagittās cōnficit.
XI. Summae Rōbinsōnis miseriae. — Ab īnsectīs īnfestātur. —
Vestēs ex pellibus sibi cōnficit. — Incidit in gravem morbum.
XII. Convalēscit ex morbō. — Māximī lūctūs. — Parva gaudia. —
Psittacus.
XIII. Multus labor in excavandā scaphā. — Rōbinsōnis cōnstantia. —
Quōmodo diem inter variās occupātiōnēs distribuit. — In bellicīs
artibus sē exercet.
XIV. Rōbinson īnsulam peragrat. — Vestīgia hominum reperit. —
Summus terror. — Prōspicit crānia, ossa, manūs, pedēs. — Quod
territō et fugientī accidit.
XV. Epulae atrōcēs. — Proelium. — Fortitūdō Rōbinsōnis. —
Vendredi servātus.
XVI. Rōbinson parātus ad obsidiōnem ferendam. — Vendredi
dēscrībitur. — Quārē sīc appellātus.
XVII. Orīgō rēgiae potestātis. — Rōbinson abundat opibus. — Habet
subditōs. — Vendredi novō vīvendī genere dēlectātur.
XVIII. Suspīciō in laetitiam et admīrātiōnem versa. — Cāsus quī
rīsum legentī movēbit. — Rēbus secundīs adversae levantur.
XIX. Rōbinson habitāculum fossā et pālīs mūnit. — Docet socium
Germānicē loquī. — Ambō scapham fabricāre statuunt.
XX. Pluviārum tempus. — Sociī nectunt strāgulās, rētia. — Cymba
cōnficitur.
XXI. Rōbinson et Vendredi, īnsulā relictā, marī sē committunt. —
Summa perīcula in quibus versantur.
XXII. Ambō ē perīculō sē expediunt. — Reversī in īnsulam, hortum
colunt. — Piscantur ; natant ; vēnantur. — Novum iter suscipiunt.
XXIII. Rēs multae et magnae. — Tempestās. — Fragor tonitruum. —
Sonitus aēneī tormentī. — Magna nāvis dērelicta. — Vendredi ad
illam adnatat. — Ignōta animālia. — Canis. — Capra. — Ratis.
XXIV. Multae opēs repertae. — Cibī. — Supellēx. — Īnstrūmenta. —
Vestēs. — Sclopēta. — Rōbinson repente dīves.
XXV. Vendredi servat Rōbinsōnem. — Opēs ā lītore domum
advectae auxiliō canis et lamārum. — Mūnīmenta arcī addita. —
Rōbinson, faber factus et agricola, vīvit beātē.
XXVI. Adsunt ! adsunt ! — Arma inter sociōs dīviduntur. — Parātur
bellum. — Duo virī adversus quīnquāgintā. — Victōris clēmentia.
XXVII. Vendredi patrem suum invenit. — Hispānus nārrat suōs
cāsūs.
XXVIII. Cōntiō advocāta. — Lēgātī missī. — Lēgēs īnstitūtae. —
Spēlunca. — Mōnstrum.
XXIX. Nāvis anglica appulsa ad īnsulam. — Quō cāsū. — Magna
Rōbinsōnis in praefectum merita. — Spēs līberātiōnis.
XXX. Fundāta colōnia. — Rōbinson relinquit īnsulam. — Quod
accidit in patriam redeuntī. — Quōmodo vītam deinde honestam et
beātam dēgit.

[1]

RŌBINSON CRŪSŌEUS.
 Caput prīmum.

Rōbinsōnis ortus, indolēs, ēducātiō. — Cupīdō peregrīnandī. —

Discessus ā parentibus. — Profectiō in Angliam. — Īnfausta initia. —
Tempestās. — Nāvis obruta flūctibus. — Rōbinson, aliā exceptus,
advenit Londinium, unde solvit ad Guineam.

E rat Hamburgī, in urbe apud Germānōs celeberrimā, vir

quīdam, cui nōmen Rōbinson : suscēpit ex uxōre trēs fīliōs.

Māximus nātū, armōrum studiōsior quam librōrum, tractāre ā

tenerīs gladiōs, ōr [2]dine mīlitārī puerōs īnstruere, aurēs vīcīnōrum
repetītō tympanī sonitū obtundere ; vixque adulēscēns factus, ē fictīs
certāminibus ad vēra prōcurrēns, mīlitiae nōmen suum dedit.

Cum ille didicisset per aliquot mēnsēs stāre et sequī, vertere

corpus ad sinistram dexteramve, exārsit bellum Turcās inter et
Germānōs, in quō cum multa ēgregiē fēcisset, cecidit adversō
cōnfossus vulnere.

Alter, quī litterās in gymnasiō discēbat, ut causās in forō ageret,

saepe prīncipātum inter aequālēs in solitīs concertātiōnibus
obtinēbat. Nec parva erat parentum magistrōrumque dē juvene
exspectātiō ; sed cum forte in fēriīs septembrālibus corpore adhūc
calidō aquam frīgidam imprūdentius bibisset, in morbum incidit, et
intrā paucōs diēs exstīnctus est.

Jam nūllus supererat praeter minimum nātū, quī Crusoe

appellābātur. Itaque suam in eō spem omnem ambō parentēs
collocāvērunt, quippe quī ipsīs esset ūni [3]cus. Nihil eō cārius in
terrīs habēbant ; sed amor eōrum nōn erat rēctae ratiōnī
cōnsentāneus.

Cum enim dēbuissent certam eī vīvendī disciplīnam trādere,

multaque ūtilia simul et jūcunda eum docēre, quae ipsum ōlim
bonum et beātum effēcissent, omnia fīliolō indulsērunt ; quī cum
lūdere quam studēre māllet, tōtam illam aetātem ; quae bonīs artibus
vacāre poterat, in ōtiō et nūgīs cōnsūmpsit.

Pater optābat ut ille mercātūrae sē addīceret : quā quidem

proximē ab agricultūrā nihil melius, nihil frūctuōsius, nihil homine
līberō dignius. Hoc vērō minimē fīliō placuit ; sē mālle ait orbem
terrārum peragrāre, ut multās rēs novās audīre, multās vidēre
posset.

Jam annum aetātis decimum septimum attigerat, plūrimum vērō

temporis trīverat in ōtiō. Quotīdiē autem patrem urgēbat, ut ab ipsō
peregrīnandī licentiam impetrāret, quam ille nōlēbat concēdere.
[4]Quādam diē, cum mōre suō praeter portum cursitāret, incidit in
ūnum ex aequālibus, nāvarchī cujusdam fīlium, quī in eō erat ut cum
patre Londinium nāvigāret.

Interrogāvit eum sodālis an adjungere sē socium itineris vellet :

« Libenter, ait Crūsōeus ; vereor autem ut parentēs id mihi
concēdant. — Hui ! respondet alter, sine veniā proficīscendum est.
Post trēs hebdomadēs reducēs erimus : parentibus vērō nūntiandum
cūrābis, quōnam terrārum migrāveris. — Careō autem pecūniā, ait
Crūsōeus. — Nihil rēfert, alter excipit, siquidem hoc tibi cōnstābit
grātīs. »

Rōbinson noster, rē paululum dēlīberātā, īlicō manum cum

alterō jungēns, « Eugē, ō bone, exclāmat ! ībō tēcum ; sed cōnfestim
nāvem cōnscendāmus. » Tum mandat cuidam, ut hōrīs aliquot
ēlāpsīs patrem conveniat, moneatque fīlium, ad Angliam invīsendam
prōfectum, mox reditūrum esse. Quibus perāctīs, ambō sodālēs
nāvem cōnscendunt.
[5]

Nec multō post nautae solvunt ancorās, vēlaque ventō

intendunt. Nāvis agī incipit ; nāvarchusque, tribus explōsīs tormentīs
bellicīs, urbī valedīcit. Stābat Rōbinson in stegā, et vix
praeconceptam ex optātō diū itinere laetitiam capiēbat.

Caelum serēnum erat, ventusque adeō secundus, ut brevī

Hamburgum ē cōnspectū abeuntium sē subdūxerit. Posterā diē, jam
eō dēvēnerant ubi Albis in mare effluit, et nunc altum tenent. Quantā
vērō Rōbinson admīrātiōne stupuit, cum maris immēnsitātem
intuēns, suprā sē nihil praeter caelum, atque nihil ante, pōne, circā
sē nisi aquam cōnspexit !

Fuit per bīduum āēr serēnus, ventusque bellē flāvit

nāvigantibus ; tertiō autem diē caelum nūbibus tegī, ventusque
vehementior esse coepit. Ac prīmō fulgura ēmicant, quasi tōtum
flammīs caelum ārdēret. Deinde ingruunt tenebrae velutī in altissimā
nocte : tonitrua cum ingentī fragōre resonāre, imber dē caelō ruere
torrentī [6]similis, mare intumēscēns flūctūs ciēre. Nāvis modo ad
nūbēs tollī, modo praeceps ferrī in profundum. Quantus fūnium
strepitus ! quantus in nāvī tumultus ! quod nactus erat, quisque
complectēbātur, nē dējicerētur ipse.

Rōbinson, īnsuētus maris adulēscēns, cum jactātiōnem maris

ferre nōn posset, nauseā correptus est, et tam male sē habuit, ut
exspīrantī similis vidērētur.

« Heu ! parentēs optimī ! heu ! iterum iterumque exclāmāvit,

numquam vōs ego revīsam. »

« Bone Deus ! exclāmant nautae pallidī dēspērantēsque,

periimus ! abreptī sunt mālī, nāvis aquā undequāque complētur. »
Hīs audītīs, Rōbinson, quī in cubīlī nauticō sedēbat, membrīs
fluentibus, retrō collāpsus est. Cēterī ad antliās accurrere, ut nāvem,
sī fierī possit, suprā aquam retineant. Nāvarchus interim tormenta
iterum iterumque explōsit, ut nāvibus, sī quae forte nōn longē
abessent, si [7]gnifīcāret sē magnō in discrīmine versārī. Rōbinson,
quī hujus fragōris causam ignōrābat, ratus omnia periisse, dēnuō
exanimātus est.

Et jam prō sē quisque aquam exhaurīre ; sed in īnfimō nāvis

tabulātō crēscēbat aquae altitūdō.

Nihil praeter mortem erat in exspectātiōne. Prōjiciuntur quidem

ad nāvem sublevandam tormenta, dōlia, mercium sarcinae ; sed nihil
haec omnia prōficiunt.

Intereā nāvis alia, audītō sonitū tormentōrum, quae ad

significandum discrīmen explōsa fuērunt, scapham ēmīserat ad
servandōs saltem nāvigantēs ; sed aestus flūctuum obstābat,
quōminus accēderet. Attamen propius ita dēmum subiit, ut iīs, quī in
nāvī essent, fūnis prōjicerētur. Cujus ope scapha tandem attracta
est, et in eam quisque dēsiliit, ut salūtī cōnsuleret. Rōbinson, quī
jacēbat dēfūnctō similis, ā quibusdam nautīs, quōs adulēscentulī
miserēbat, in eamdem conjectus [8]est. Vix paululum ā nāvī
recesserant, cum illa ante oculōs flūctibus obruta est. Et nunc
fēlīcius contigit, ut tempestās paulātim sēdārētur : aliter cymba, tot
hominibus onerāta ipsa quoque flūctibus absorpta fuisset. Tandem,
post multa perīcula, pervēnit ad nāvem, quam omnēs exceptī sunt.

Nāvis illa Londinium tendēbat. Quattuor ēlāpsīs diēbus, ad

ōstium Tamesis pervēnit, quīntā vērō in portū jēcit ancorās. Mox
quisque in terram dēscendit, laetus quod ē perīculō ēvāsisset. Vix
Rōbinson pedem ē nāve extulerat, cum eum incessit cupīdō
vīsendae immēnsae urbis Londiniī. Quidquid erat in oculīs
spectantem ita dētinuit, ut praeteritī immemor dē futūrō quidem
minimē cūrāret. Tandem suus eum stomachus admonuit, Londiniī
haud secus ac alibī terrārum cibīs opus esse. Itaque adiit praefectum
ejus nāvis quae ipsum advēxerat, rogāvitque ut licēret ipsīus
mēnsae assidēre. Ille vērō li [9]benter juvenem excēpit ; atque inter
prandendum ab hospite quaerit, quō cōnsiliō et quid factūrus hūc
vēnerit ? Tum Rōbinson ingenuē professus est, sē animī recreandī
causā hoc iter suscēpisse, atque īnsciīs parentibus ; jam autem sē
esse omnīnō inopem. « Īnsciīs parentibus tuīs ? clāmat nauta
exterritus : bone Deus ! utinam hoc ego prius rescīvissem ! numquam
sānē ā mē impetrāssēs, ut ego tē in nāvem meam admitterem. »
Rōbinson, dēmissīs oculīs, vultūque rubōre suffūsō, siluit. Nec dēsiit
bonus nauta monēre adulēscentem, quam graviter peccāvisset,
addiditque illum numquam aliquā ex parte beātum esse posse,
dōnec ā suīs veniam ōrāvisset. Rōbinson commōtus multum flēvit :
« Sed quid agam nunc ? » rogat ille cum singultū.