ductile brittle failure

DUCTILE AND BRITTLE FAILURE MECHANISM
BY
DR. ANURAG GUPTA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
KIET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
DELHI- NCR, GHAZIABAD
CONTENT
 Introduction
 Ductile Failure Mechanism
 Brittle Failure Mechanism
 Comparison between Ductile and Brittle Failure
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA

INTRODUCTION
• Failure of Material sometimes misinterpreted by only fracture of material but in engineering it is not
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always true .
• The failure of the material in engineering is termed as “ the behavior of the material which renders it
not suitable for intended purpose”
• Fracture is a form of failure and is defined as the separation or fragmentation of a solid body into two
or more parts under the action of stress.
• The failure of a material is usually classified into brittle failure (fracture) or ductile failure (yield).
• Depending on the conditions (such as temperature, state of stress, loading rate) most materials can
fail in a brittle or ductile manner or both.
• However, for most practical situations, a material may be classified as either brittle or ductile.
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA
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HOW FAILURE TAKE PLACE
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA

MECHANISM OF DUCTILE FAILURE (FRACTURE)
 Most often ductile fracture in tension occurs after appreciable plastic deformation. It
occurs by a slow tearing of the metal with the expenditure of considerable energy.
 Ductile fracture in tension is usually preceded by a localized reduction in cross-sectional
area, called necking.
 The mechanism of ductile failure can be better understood in three steps.
 After on set of necking, cavities form, usually at inclusions at second-phase particles, in
the necked region because the geometrical changes induces hydrostatic tensile stresses.
 The cavities grow, and further growth leads to their coalesce resulting in formation of
crack that grows outward in direction perpendicular to the application of stress.
 Final failure involves rapid crack propagation at about 45o to the tensile axis. This angle
represents the direction of maximum shear stress that causes shear slip in the final stage .
 During the shear slip, crack propagates at a rapid speed around the outer perimeter of
neck leaving one surface in form of cup, and the other in form of cone. Thus it is known as
cup-and cone fracture.
 In this central interior region has an irregular and fibrous appearance, which signifies plastic
deformation.
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA
MECHANISM OF DUCTILE FAILURE (FRACTURE)
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA

MECHANISM OF BRITTLE FAILURE (FRACTURE)
 Brittle fracture that takes place with little or no preceding plastic deformation.
 It occurs, often at unpredictable levels of stress, by rapid crack propagation.
 The direction of crack propagation is very nearly perpendicular to the direction of applied
tensile stress.
 This crack propagation corresponds to successive and repeated breaking to atomic bonds
along specific crystallographic planes, and hence called cleavage fracture.
 Most brittle fractures occur in a transgranular manner because crack propagates through
grains. Thus it has a grainy or faceted texture.
 However, brittle fracture can occur in intergranular manner i.e. crack propagates along
grain boundaries. This happens only if grain boundaries contain a brittle film or if the grain-
boundary region has been embrittled by the segregation of detrimental elements.
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA
MECHANISM OF BRITTLE
FAILURE (FRACTURE)
The mechanism of brittle failure can easily be understood in

three steps:
 Plastic deformation that causes dislocation pile-ups at
obstacles: the dislocations are moving inside the grain
until they reach the grain boundary, Since the dislocations
cannot pass the grain boundary because of the mismatch
between grains, the grain boundary acts as an obstacle.
 Micro-crack nucleation as a result of build-up of shear
stresses: The pile-up process continues until the stress
concentration induced by the array of Evolution of microstructures and shear stress with slip. At
dislocations reaches a critical value.
slip initiation (panel a), the asperities are strained: new
 eventual crack propagation under applied stress aided by
stored elastic energy.
dislocations are emitted and pile up at microstructural
obstacles (e.g., cleavage planes, grain boundaries). With
progressive slip (and strain, panel b) the stress exerted by
the piled-up dislocations overcomes the yield strength of
the obstacle and the dislocations are released in
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA
“avalanches” causing brittle failure.
DUCTILE FRACTURE VS. BRITTLE FRACTURE
Characteristic Ductile Failure Brittle failure
Stress strain curve
Strain Energy required Higher Lower

Stress, during cracking Increases Constant
Crack propagation Slow fast
Warning sign Plastic deformation None
Necking Yes No
Fractured surface Rough and dull Smooth and bright
Type of material Most metals (not too cold) Ceramics, Glasses
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA
Thank you
BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA

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DUCTILE AND BRITTLE FAILURE MECHANISM

BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA

BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA

BY DR. ANURAG GUPTA

The mechanism of brittle failure can easily be understood in

Strain Energy required Higher Lower

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