Suppose that the vorticity over the area of this

circle has the constant value 2ω. Outside the and .

circle, the vorticity is zero.
In two-dimensional motion,

Take , .

. We have, from Stoke’s theorem,

Suppose that is a function of r
only.
where and

For .

where are constants. The circulation is defined as a strength

Since must be finite at the origin, of vortex, .
.

Both and (velocity) will be

continuous at .

.
 y y

2a x x
O O

The complex potential for the system is

The stream function for the system is .

Let U be the velocity of or , which is in the direction of X-axis.

 , where is the stream function due to the vortices and is a
constant.
The relative stream function due to the vortices is

The streamlines relative to the vortices are .

Image of a vortex inside a circular cylinder

a
K
C

A rectilinear vortex within a circular cylinder of liquid will remain at rest if it lies at the
centre of the cylinder but not in any other position.

If C is the centre of the section of radius a and the position of a vortex of strength K
inside the cylinder, produce to a point which is outside the cylinder such that
. Place a vortex of strength at .
The complex potential for such a combination with the cylinder is

where .
 If P be any point on the circle (section of the cylinder through C) and are the
inverse points.

If , then .

Since ,

Thus, the circle is a streamline due to a vortex pair at . The vortex at describes a
circle around C with uniform velocity

perpendicular to .
Thus, the complex potential for the system
 Y

O
X

Take the planes for axes, let the vortex be at . Then the image system is at
, at , K at .

The velocity at is .

In polar coordinates,

………………. (1)

…………………. (2)

Equation (1) (2),

 ……………… (3)
We have .

From (3),

O X
 In the figure, are the position of given vortices. are the respective
image of them with respect to the given cylinder with centre O.

Position of

Position of

Position of

They are the roots of the equation .

Position of

Position of

Position of

They are the roots of the equation .

The complex potential for the system is

The velocity of the vortex at is

The angular velocity is .
 a

O X

In the figure, are the position of given vortices. are the respective
image of them with respect to the given cylinder with centre O.

Position of

Position of

Position of

They are the roots of the equation .

Position of

Position of

Position of

They are the roots of the equation .

The complex potential for the system is

The velocity of the vortex at is

The angular velocity is .
Complex potential for a standing wave
Assume that the free surface varies according to

at the surface of a liquid of depth h. The velocity potential satisfies the Laplace equation

( )
The boundary conditions are

at y  h, ( )

at y  0, ( )

and at y  0. ( )
The condition ( ) gives

Assume that 
then ( ) becomes

so that

where A and B are integrating constants. Therefore

( )
The boundary condition ( ) gives

where D is a constant. Thus ( ) becomes

( )

From ( ),

at y  0, a

Therefore ( ) becomes

( )

Using ( ), we obtain

( )

The velocity of propagation or phase velocity is given by

Hence

we have
 u

thus

Again

we have

thus


Comparing these results for , shows that F(x)  G(y)  0.

Thus  ( )

Therefore, the complex potential may be expressed as

Complex potential for a progressive wave in deep water

Assume that the free surface varies according to
 .
The velocity potential satisfies the Laplace equation

(1)
We consider the surface of the liquid whose depth is so large. Thus, the boundary condition in
becomes

at , (2)

at y  0, (3)

and at y  0. (4)

From (4)

Assume that

Eq (1) becomes

(5)
where A and B are integrating constants.

If the depth h is sufficiently grate in comparison with wavelength for must be

neglected, then in (5) we must have .

Thus (5) becomes (6)

From (4),

at y  0, a
Therefore (6) becomes

(7)

Using (3), we obtain

The velocity of propagation or phase velocity is given by

(8)

From (7)

Since u

thus

From (7)

Since

thus


Comparing these results for , shows that F(x)  G(y)  0.

Thus 

Therefore, the complex potential may be expressed as

W
The energy of standing waves
Consider a train of standing waves at the surface of a liquid of depth h, given by


We shall now calculate the potential and kinetic energies of the liquid in the region between
two vertical planes parallel to the direction of wave propagation and at unit distance apart.
For a single wave length, the potential energy is

Thus, V ( )
The kinetic energy is

T
at y  0, 
Again

at y  0,

at y  0,

Since

Thus T ( )
Hence the potential and kinetic energies of a simple harmonic standing wave of small amplitude are
equal to the order of and the total energy per wave length is

TV .
For deep water, the velocity potential is given by

Since and ,

.
The pressure at any point within the water is given by

where A is a constant.

At , so and hence

The pressure at a point of disturbed depth is given by

and the pressure at the same point of undisturbed depth is given by .

Therefore

,
 where .

K K K K K

a a a a

Suppose there are vortices each of strength K a distance “a” apart along a given line.
Such an arrangements is called a vortex street.
Choosing this line as real axis and the origin of coordinates at the middle vortex, then the
position of the vortices are

.
The complex potential can be written

Ignoring constant term,

.
For large n (as ), the complex potential for an infinite row of vortices becomes

.
The stream function is given by

for large y the streamlines are approximately parallel to the street.

At a point in the liquid

At a grate distance from the street (as ),

.
 The Path of Fluid Particle below a Progressive Wave
We consider a progressive wave travelling on a liquid of infinite depth. Since we have the
velocity potential for this wave as

where
If the depth of h is sufficiently large, the velocity potential may be expressed as

.
The velocity of propagation or phase velocity is given by

we get
The velocity components of the particle are

Following the procedure of the case for a liquid of depth h, we obtain the displacement
of a particle from its mean position as

and

Hence

Thus, the path of the particle is a circle of radius