Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA) 4(2) (2023) 45-49

Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA)

DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/rfna.02.2023.45.49

ISSN: 2735-0312 (Online)

CODEN: RFAEAW

RESEARCH ARTICLE
PRECISION AGRICULTURE: REVIEWING THE ADVANCEMENTS, TECHNOLOGIES,
AND APPLICATIONS IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE FOR IMPROVED CROP
PRODUCTIVITY AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Shikha Sharma

Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University

Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
*Corresponding Author Email: sajjsharma44@gmail.com

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

Article History: Precision agriculture is a rapidly advancing field that combines advanced technologies and data analytics to
improve crop productivity and resource management. This article reviews the advancements, technologies,
Received 18 May 2023 and applications in precision agriculture. It explores the role of sensing technologies, such as remote sensing,
Revised 21 June 2023 ground-based sensors, and GPS/GIS applications, in data collection and analysis for informed decision-
Accepted 24 July 2023
making. The article also examines the impact of variable rate technologies, including variable rate seeding,
Available online 31 July 2023
nutrient application, and irrigation, on optimizing input usage and improving crop performance.
Furthermore, it discusses the integration of precision crop management techniques, such as remote sensing,
artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT), in enhancing farming practices. While precision
agriculture offers significant benefits, challenges related to cost, accessibility, data management, and
education need to be addressed. It is crucial to overcome these challenges to fully harness the potential of
precision agriculture for sustainable and efficient food production. By acknowledging and addressing these
challenges, farmers and stakeholders can work towards the widespread adoption of precision agriculture,
leading to improved crop productivity, resource management, and environmental sustainability.
KEYWORDS
Remote sensing, Data Analytics, Robotics and Automation, Sustainability

1. INTRODUCTION 2008).

Imagine a future where each plant receives personalized care, optimizing Precision agriculture refers to the implementation of hardware and
its growth and minimizing resource waste. This is the promise of precision software technologies that enable farmers to make informed and
agriculture, a cutting-edge field that combines advanced technologies and customized decisions about various agricultural activities, including
data analytics to revolutionize crop productivity and resource planting, fertilizing, pest control, and harvesting (Dutta et al., 2021).
management. Given the projected global population of nearly 10 billion by Precision agriculture enhances resource allocation efficiency and overall
2050, there is a pressing need to increase food production by farm management effectiveness (Liaghat and Balasundrsm, 2010). The
approximately 50% compared to the levels achieved in 2013 (FAO, 2017). allocation of energy resources in agricultural production varies
Unpredictable factors such as weather, soil conditions, pests, and changing significantly depending on the specific activities, production practices, and
crop conditions influence the dynamic nature of crop growth and its geographic locations involved, and the increasing reliance on imported
potential outcomes (Phupattanasilp and Tong, 2019). With the increasing energy sources for lubricants and nutrients raises concerns regarding its
global demand for sustainable food production and the need for efficient impact on the agricultural sector (Dhaya and Kanthavel, 2022). Precision
resource management, the development of Precision Agriculture has Agriculture (PA) offers a paradigm shift towards a safe, sustainable
emerged as a promising solution. It was developed in the mid-1980s with approach, providing numerous benefits in terms of profitability,
an objective to enhance crop yield production and quality while productivity, sustainability, crop quality, environmental protection, and
simultaneously reducing operational expenses and minimizing rural economic development through efficient resource utilization and
environmental pollution (Chlingaryan, et. al., 2018) as well as enhancing variability management (Liaghat and Balasundrsm, 2010). The success of
the utilization of resources and minimize uncertainties associated with precision agriculture lies in its ability to effectively utilize and analyze
monitoring farm responses to spatial and temporal variations (Gorevlisi spatial and temporal data to assess, manage, and evaluate crop production,
and Kekec, 2023). It encompasses a set of tools and technologies that making it a fundamental principle for sustainable soil and crop
enable farmers to make informed decisions for optimal resource management in the modern era (Pierce and Nowak, 1999).
management (Pierpaoli, et al., 2013). By focusing on the right actions, in
the right location, at the right time, and in the right manner, Precision In recent years, precision agriculture has witnessed remarkable
Agriculture strives to maximize efficiency and productivity in farming advancements, with the application of artificial intelligence (AI) playing a
practices (Franca, et al., 2022). In the past decade, there has been a pivotal role. AI has addressed challenges related to climate changes,
significant global increase in investments directed toward research and population growth, employment, and food security while optimizing
technological advancements in Precision Agriculture (Schellberg et al., resource usage and improving crop productivity and quality (Talaviya et

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Cite The Article: Shikha Sharma (2023). Precision Agriculture: Reviewing the Advancements, Technologies, and Applications in Precision
Agriculture for Improved Crop Productivity and Resource Management. Reviews In Food and Agriculture, 4(2): 45-49.
 Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA) 4(2) (2023) 45-49

al., 2020). The advancement of precision agriculture is further supported 3.2 Variable rate nutrient
by the application of blockchain technology, which enables transparent
and trustworthy food supply chains, ensuring the traceability and Variable rate nutrient application (VRNA) is a precision agriculture
provenance of agricultural products (Xiong et al., 2020). The integration technique that involves the application of varying fertilizer or manure
of IoT-based technologies in agriculture, such as sensor networks and rates across different sections of a field growing the same crop, according
automated systems, has also significantly advanced precision agriculture to a predetermined prescription. The practice of variable rate fertilizer
practices. These technologies enable precise monitoring and control of management is expected to result in reduced fertilizer usage, increased or
environmental parameters, leading to improved crop quality and quantity sustained yield, improved crop quality, and ultimately improved
in controlled environments like greenhouses. Additionally, IoT-enabled environmental quality (Teoh, et al., 2016). The advantage of variable rate
systems in hydroponics and vertical farming optimize resource nutrient application is the potential for improved profitability and
consumption, enhance production efficiency, and reduce water usage environmental benefits. VRNA for phosphorus (P) can lead to long-term
compared to traditional farming methods, further contributing to the economic benefits by building up soil-test phosphorus, while VRNA for
advancement of precision agriculture (Dhanaraju et al., 2022) nitrogen (N) has the potential for economic and environmental benefits,
although its adoption by producers is currently low. The use of real-time
2. SENSING TECHNOLOGIES sensors for VRNA-N offers the potential to optimize nitrogen application
based on crop needs, further enhancing the benefits of variable rate
Sensing technologies form a vital component of precision agriculture, nutrient management (Grisso, et al., 2011).
facilitating data collection and analysis for informed decision-making in
various aspects of crop management (Lee et al., 2010). The combination of 3.3 Variable Rate Irrigation
cutting-edge sensing and actuating technologies, along with
Variable Rate Irrigation can be defined as the ability to apply water with
advancements in information and communication systems, creates the
varying depths across a field in a spatially specific manner, taking into
potential for significant progress in agricultural operations (Bochtis et al.,
account specific crop needs and other relevant conditions. VRI technology
2014). There are various technologies encompassed within sensing
offers varying degrees of benefits and drawbacks depending on the
technologies, including remote sensing techniques such as satellite
specific field characteristics, with outcomes differing from field to field
imagery, aerial photography, and drones, as well as ground-based sensors
(Pokhrel, et al., 2018). Factors such as crop type, equipment lifespan,
like weather stations, soil moisture sensors, and nutrient sensors
water cost, and pumping expenses play a crucial role in determining the
(Sishodia, et al., 2020). Furthermore, the utilization of global positioning
return on investment associated with VRI implementation (Marek, et al.,
system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) applications in
2001). The states site specific Variable Rate Irrigation technology has the
precision agriculture further enhances data collection and analysis for
capacity to generate positive effects on crop water productivity, while also
informed decision-making in crop management as well as precise location
promoting water and energy conservation, and contributing to
tracking, mapping, and informed decision-making in crop management,
environmental sustainability (Envas et al., 2012). A study conducted in a
optimizing resource utilization (Tagung et al., 2022; Tayari et al., 2015).
vineyard resulted in a significant reduction of water use by 18% without
Another study claimed that GPS and GIS technologies, when combined
compromising yield and product quality (Ortuani et al., 2019). The study
with other digital tools, play a crucial role in monitoring and optimizing
also demonstrated that variable-rate irrigation in vine cultivation can
agricultural practices, facilitating precision farming and sustainable food
effectively optimize water management and improve crop uniformity. In a
production (Ghosh and Kumpatla, 2022). The utilization of precision
study comparing variable rate irrigation (VRI) management to uniform
agriculture technologies, such as GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and active
rate irrigation (URI) management, it was demonstrated that VRI resulted
canopy crop sensors, including sensor-based N optimization algorithms,
in a 25% reduction in irrigation water usage and a 2.8% increase in
can optimize crop yields with minimal input usage, making them valuable
soybean yield by (Sui and Yan, 2017). Despite the potential benefits of
tools for maximizing profitability and sustainability in developing
variable rate irrigation technology in improving water management and
countries (Farid et al., 2023). The use of remote sensors in precision
increasing crop yields, its implementation may encounter challenges such
agriculture involves both passive and active sensors. Passive sensors
as insufficient leaching of salts, unintentional yield reductions in large
detect and record natural energy, typically reflected sunlight from the
fields, and the need to address the attitude and philosophy of the
Earth's surface, while active sensors emit internal stimuli to collect data
owner/operator (Oshaughnessy, et al., 2019).
about the earth.
4. PRECISION CROP MANAGEMENT
3. VARIABLE RATE TECHNOLOGIES
Precision Crop Management (PCM) is a data-driven approach in
Variable rate technologies (VRT) have revolutionized modern agriculture
agriculture that optimizes profitability, sustainability, and environmental
by enabling farmers to apply inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, pesticides,
protection through the integration of diverse data sets and precision
and irrigation water in a site-specific manner, taking into account the
agriculture techniques. Various types of data, including yield distribution,
spatial variability of soil properties and crop needs. A survey conducted
soil characteristics, remote sensing, crop scouting observations, and
has resulted in a decrease in input use for fertilizer, lime, and seed inputs,
weather information, can be collected at a site-specific level during the
leading to potential cost savings and improved resource efficiency by
growing season to aid farm managers in optimizing crop management
implementing variable rate technology in cotton production (Mooney et
practices (Fountas, et al., 2015). It enables farmers to make informed
al., 2009). Additionally, for inputs such as irrigation and sprayer-applied
decisions based on precise information, maximizing crop productivity
substances, an increase in application has been reported, suggesting more
while minimizing resource waste and environmental impacts (Jones and
precise and targeted use of these inputs, potentially enhancing crop
Barnes, 2000). The analysis and interpretation of collected data in
performance and yield outcomes.
precision agriculture enable the delineation of management zones,
allowing for the optimization of crop management practices (Arno et al.,
3.1 Variable Rate Seeding(VRS)
2009). Management zones formed based on data analysis and geostatistics
Variable rate seeding (VRS) is an accurate agricultural technology that in precision agriculture facilitate the implementation of variable rate
adjusts seed quantities based on soil variability and other factors, leading application of inputs, enhancing crop management effectiveness (Taylor
to increased crop yields and improved farm profitability (Sarauskis, et al., et al., 2007). GIS applications encompass land suitability assessment,
water resource management, soil health and fertility management, biotic
2022). VRS in corn production, compared to uniform rate seeding (URS),
and abiotic damage assessment and intervention, crop monitoring and
resulted in a potential economic benefit ranging from $0.15 to $12.83 per
yield prediction, and biomass assessment (Ghosh and Kumpatla, 2022).
hectare, depending on the availability of information and technology
adoption (Bullock et al., 1998). In addition, implementing variable rate Remote sensing (RS) technology offers the capability to monitor the
seeding using the soybean VRS simulator resulted in potential profit dynamic conditions of soil, plants, and the area under cultivation with high
improvements ranging from $5 to $57 per hectare compared to typical accuracy, achieving 95% accuracy in assessing the cultivated area and
fixed seeding rate choices (Correndo et al., 2022). This demonstrates the 90% accuracy in identifying single crop cultivation areas within a 10-day
potential economic benefits of adopting VRS in different crop production timeframe (Sahu, et al., 2019). The use of drones in agriculture has
systems. The implementation of variable rate seeding (VRS) in agriculture emerged as a valuable tool for inspecting large areas, implementing smart
has been limited globally, but with advancements in technology and easier irrigation, and targeted fertilization (Gago et al., 2015). Infrared sensors in
implementation, there is increasing interest. The integration of high- drones optimize crop monitoring and management, leading to improved
precision satellite systems with Variable rate seeding (VRS) solutions crop conditions and increased yields, while also serving as valuable tools
empowers farmers to develop and implement customized strategies for for power and pipeline inspections (Ahirwar et al., 2019). Drones
precise seed placement, resulting in enhanced yield outcomes (Fulton, equipped with infrared cameras enable the detection of irrigation needs
2018). and the spread of foliage diseases, leading to significant time and resource

Cite The Article: Shikha Sharma (2023). Precision Agriculture: Reviewing the Advancements, Technologies, and Applications in Precision
Agriculture for Improved Crop Productivity and Resource Management. Reviews In Food and Agriculture, 4(2): 45-49.
 Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA) 4(2) (2023) 45-49

savings for agronomists while reducing the use of agrochemicals (Daponte and cost savings while minimizing environmental impact, with the
et al., 2019). GIS-enabled cloud technology serves as a decision support potential to reduce pesticide usage by up to 80% and navigate challenging
system for soil fertility management, utilizing soil test and crop response terrain for more efficient cultivation.
data to provide accurate fertilizer recommendations. This enables farmers
to optimize fertilizer usage and maximize crop yield (Leena, et al., 2016) 6. CONCLUSION
Furthermore, Remote sensing enables precise identification and mapping
of weed patches within fields, allowing targeted herbicide applications In conclusion, precision agriculture is a promising solution for improving
and minimizing environmental contamination while optimizing weed crop productivity and resource management. By leveraging advanced
control (Jr et al., 2003). technologies like sensing, variable rate applications, and automation,
precision agriculture optimizes farming practices. It enables informed
The application of GPS guidance in sugarcane farming enables the decision-making, reduces resource waste, and enhances sustainability.
implementation of controlled traffic systems with wider row spacing and However, challenges remain in terms of cost, accessibility, data
permanent cropping beds, which can help mitigate yield decline caused by management, and education. With further research and collaboration,
wet conditions and soil compaction, leading to potential yield increases precision agriculture has the potential to revolutionize farming and meet
(Palaniswani, et al., 2011). Ground-based or near-range sensors, such as global food demand while minimizing environmental impact.
cameras, spectrometers, fluorometers, and distance sensors, have the
potential to be employed for the detection and quantification of weed
presence and infestation levels in precision agriculture (PA)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
applications(Peteinators et al., 2013). Moreover, these advanced farming
The authors would like to acknowledge the academic community for their
techniques contribute to increased crop productivity and improved
valuable contributions in the form of research papers, publications, and
quality by precisely identifying and addressing issues such as water
scholarly works. Their work provided the foundation for this review
deficiency, nutrient stress, and diseases. The use of thermal indices
article and greatly contributed to its development.
derived from infrared radiation has been investigated for precise water
management in agriculture. These methods allow for monitoring plant
water status, estimating evapotranspiration rates, and optimizing
FUNDING
irrigation timing and quantities based on crop water requirements (Jr et
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in
al., 2003). CIR (Color Infrared) photography from remote sensing
the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
technology is used to identify areas affected by specific diseases, estimate
yield losses caused by disease in crops, and detect diseases that hinder
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Agriculture for Improved Crop Productivity and Resource Management. Reviews In Food and Agriculture, 4(2): 45-49.
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Cite The Article: Shikha Sharma (2023). Precision Agriculture: Reviewing the Advancements, Technologies, and Applications in Precision
Agriculture for Improved Crop Productivity and Resource Management. Reviews In Food and Agriculture, 4(2): 45-49.