Unit 4: Simple Geometry and Patterns

Topic 1: Basic Shapes and Patterns

Time Allotment: 3 hours

Learning Objectives
Upon the completion of this topic, you are expected to:
 Familiarize with the basic geometric shapes;
 Employ techniques in finding patterns; and
 Determine the next item in the given sequence.

Presentation of Content
Geometric Shapes
Geometric shapes can be defined as figure or area closed by a boundary which is
created by combining the specific number of curves, points, and lines. Different
geometric shapes are Triangle, Circle, Square, etc. Before we shift our focus to
rather advanced and competitive mathematical concepts of geometry and algebra,
it is important that you acquire the necessary understanding of the geometric
shapes. All of us know about the common shapes in geometry like a square,
rectangle, circle, and triangle. Let us get more idea on basic geometric shapes.

Everything we see in the world around us has a shape. We can find different
basic shapes such as the two-dimensional square, rectangle, and oval or
the three-dimensional rectangular prism, cylinder, and sphere in the objects we
see around us. These geometric shapes appear in objects we see as credit
cards, bills and coins, finger rings, photo frames, dart boards, huts, windows,
magician’s wands, tall buildings, flower pots, toy trains, and balloons.

Different Types of Shapes

Shapes can be classified into open and closed shapes.

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Closed geometric shapes can further be put into two broad categories, namely
two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes.

Here’s a list of 2-D or two-dimensional shapes with their names and pictures:
Two-Dimensional Geometric Shapes
Name of the shape : Picture of the shape :

Circle

Semi - circle

Oval

Triangle

Square

Rectangle

Parallelogram

Rhombus

Trapezium

Kite

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Pentagon

Hexagon

Heptagon

Octagon

Nonagon

Decagon

Square
A square is a four-sided figure which is created by connecting
4 line segments. The line segments in the square are all of the
equal lengths and they come together to form 4 right angles.

Circle
On the other hand, a circle which is another shape of geometry
has no straight lines. It is rather a combination of curves that
are all connected. In a circle, there are no angles to be found.

Rectangle
Similar to a square, a rectangle is also created by connecting
four-line segments. However, the only difference between a
square and a rectangle is that in a rectangle, there are two-line
segments which are longer than the other two line segments.

So, in geometry, a rectangle is also described as an elongated square. Also, in a

rectangle, the four corners come together to form four right angles.

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Triangle
Triangle comprises three connected line segments. Unlike, a
rectangle or a square, in a triangle, the angles can be of distinct
measurements. They aren’t always the right angles. Triangles
are named, depending upon the type of angles which is found
within the triangle itself. For instance, if a triangle has one right
angle, it will be known as a right-angled triangle.

However, in case all the angles of a triangle are less than 90 degrees, then it will
be called as an acute-angled triangle. If any, one of the angles in the triangle
measures more than 90 degrees, then it will be known as an obtuse angled
triangle. Finally, there is an equiangular triangle, in which all the angles of the
triangle are 60 degrees. On the other hand, the triangle can also be identified or
labeled on the type of sides they have.

 A scalene triangle has no congruent sides.

 An isosceles triangle has two congruent sides.

 An equilateral triangle has three congruent sides.

Please note that equilateral and equiangular triangles are the two distinct terms
for the same triangle.

Polygon
Another in the geometric shapes that you need to know about is a polygon. A
polygon is made up of only lines and has no curves. It may not have any open
parts. In this case, a polygon is basically a broader term to several shapes such as
a square, triangle, and a rectangle.

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Parallelogram
A parallelogram is another in the geometric shapes in which the opposite side of
the shape are parallel. To be able to examine, if the sides are parallel or not, you’ll
have to closely examine the shape. The key
property of a parallelogram is that parallel
lines never cross or intersect each other, no
matter how long you extend them. So, if you
go on extending the lines through eternity and
they never intersect each other, then they can
be called a parallelogram.

However, if the lines touch or meet at any given point, then that shape cannot be
considered a parallelogram. So, a triangle cannot be considered a parallelogram
since the lines opposite to a triangle meet at the point of the triangle. And since the
lines intersect, it cannot be called a parallelogram.

Area of Parallelogram= bh
Perimeter of Parallelogram = 2(a+b)

Properties of Parallelogram
 Opposite sides are congruent, AB = DC
 Opposite angles are congruent D = B
 If one angle is right, then all angles are right.
 The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Example:
The base and the corresponding altitude of a parallelogram are 10 cm and 3.5 cm
respectively. The area of the parallelogram is:
A. 30 cm²
B. 35 cm²
C. 70 cm²
D. 17.5 cm²

Answer: B. The area of parallelogram is given by, base × height cm². Therefore,
the area of the given parallelogram = 10 (3.5) = 35 cm²

Here’s a list of 3-D or three-dimensional shapes with their names and pictures:
Three-Dimensional Geometric Shapes
Name of the shape: Picture of the shape :

Sphere

Cube

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Cuboid or Rectangular Prism

Cone

Cylinder

Geometric Patterns
A pattern is an ordered set of numbers, shapes, or other math objects, arranged
according to a rule.

Number Patterns
A number pattern is a sequence of numbers that follows a specific rule
(repeating or growing).

To develop a more abstract understanding of pattern by exploring ways of

describing the general term of a sequence. For example:

 For the sequence of even numbers

(2, 4, 6, 8 …),
any term can be determined by doubling the term number. For example,
the 3rd term in the sequence of even numbers is 6. The term number of
this term is 3, since it is the 3rd number in the sequence. If we double
the term number, we get 2 x 3 = 6. Likewise, the 5th term in the sequence
is 2 x 5 = 10. This relationship between term and term number can be
expressed using an algebraic expression: the general term in the
sequence of even numbers is given as 2 times the term number.

 For the sequence of odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7 …), any term can be
determined by doubling the term number and then subtracting 1.
Therefore, the 5th term in this sequence is 2 x 5 - 1 = 10 - 1 = 9. Using
the variable n, where n represents the term number, the general term can
be expressed as 2 times the term number minus 1, or 2 x n - 1.

Growing Patterns
Number patterns and geometric patterns can be growing patterns.

Examples:
Skip counting: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …
Repeating Numbers: 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, …

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In the pattern below, the first figure is a square. The rows of squares are added
repeatedly to form the subsequent figures.

As each row is added, the total number of squares increases. So there is a

numerical aspect to this pattern that can be recorded in a table as follows:

Rows 1 2 3 4
Squares 1 4 7 10

The numbers in the second row of this table form a number sequence. A rule for
this sequence is "add 3." By continuing the sequence, it is possible to find how
many squares are in subsequent figures without actually drawing them. So, a
figure with 5 rows would have 13 squares, a figure with 6 rows would have 16
squares, and so on.
In this lesson, you will use tables like the one above to regulate geometric
patterns and number patterns.

You may watch this video for more information

https://youtu.be/Nv93iLdyZU8

The pattern shown may be presented using a diagram or using concrete

materials such as square tiles. The pattern may then be investigated so that it
develop an understanding of how it grows numerically as well as geometrically.

Methods in Finding Pattern

1. Understanding the Pattern: Learn to Generalize

How can we investigate the relationships in the pattern and develop a rule for
finding the 20th stage without having to draw all the diagrams that precede it?
Learning how to solve this type of problem is very important for mathematical
development and understanding of pattern.

One way to solve the problem is to extend the pattern until we reach the 10th
stage. However, such a method would not be very efficient if we wanted to find
the 20th stage or the 100th stage. A more powerful solution involves looking
for a more general way to understand the pattern.

2. Extending the Problem

The skills identified in the first method need to be practiced with a variety of
growing patterns and in a variety of contexts: numbers, diagrams, concrete
materials, and real-life applications.