Physics Project Final

Radar Using Ultrasonic Sensor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to everyone
who assisted us in the completion of this project. We
would like to thank our Principal Shri P. G.
Subramanian, Vice Principals Smt. Sujatha Prakash
and Smt. R. Lalitha, Headmistress Smt. Jayanthy R.,
for providing us with excellent infrastructure and a
well-equipped physics lab. We would like to thank our
Physics teachers Smt. M. Ramani Nambi, and Kum. S.
Gomathi. We would also like to thank Lab Attender
Smt. Dhanalakshmi for her valuable assistance.
We thank the CBSE board for designing a dynamic
curriculum that makes provisions for students to
develop their research and documenting skills
through such investigatory projects. We thank our
parents, classmates and all teachers for their full
support and encouragement.
1
S.No Table of Contents Page No.
1. Introduction 3
2. Aim 4
3. Apparatus 4
4. Theory 5
5. Procedure 6
6. Observation 7
7. Sources of Error 8
8. Precautions 8
9. Conclusion 9
10. Bibliography 9
11. Future 10
Development or
Improvisation
2
Introduction
An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device
that measures the distance of a target object
by emitting ultrasonic sound waves and
converting the reflected sound into an
electrical signal. These sensors are used in
various fields for precise distance
measurement and object detection. This
document explores the working principles,
structure, and applications of ultrasonic
sensors, focusing on their importance in
modern technology.
3
Aim
To understand the working principles of
ultrasonic sensors and evaluate their
performance in measuring distance using
sound waves.
Apparatus
- HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
- Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino)
- Power supply (+5V)
- Oscilloscope (optional)
- Connecting wires
- Measuring scale for verification
- Computer with simulation software (if
required)
4
Theory
Ultrasonic sensors operate by emitting sound
waves at frequencies above human hearing
(above 20 kHz). They utilize the time-of-flight
principle to measure the distance to an object.
The sensor emits a pulse of ultrasonic sound
and detects the time taken for the echo to
return, using the formula:
D=½T×c
Where:
- D is the distance
- T is the time for the sound to return
- c is the speed of Sound wave (~343 m/s)
Ultrasonic sensors are effective in a wide

range of conditions, including environments
with dust or mist, and they are capable of
detecting almost any material.
5
Procedure
1. Setup the Sensor: Connect the HC-SR04
ultrasonic sensor to the microcontroller using
the specified pins:
- VCC to +5V
- TRIG to the microcontroller trigger pin
- ECHO to the microcontroller echo pin
- GND to ground
2. Trigger the Sensor: Apply a 10 µs pulse to
the TRIG pin to emit the ultrasonic wave.
3. Measure the Echo: Monitor the ECHO pin
for the returning pulse and calculate the time
interval.
4. Calculate the Distance: Use the formula D =
½ T × c to compute the distance.
5. Validate Results: Compare the sensor
readings with a physical measuring scale for
accuracy.
6
Observation
- The sensor accurately measures distances
within the range of 2–400 cm.
- Observed that sound wave reflections
depend on the material and surface
orientation of the target.
- Interference from environmental noise or
obstacles may cause minor variations in
measurements.
Software
Shows
Red For
detection
Obstacle
(here,
hand)
Sensor
Sensor Detecting the Obstacle

7
Sources of Error
1. Environmental factors like dust, mist, or
irregular surfaces affecting sound wave
reflection.
2. Misalignment of the sensor with the target
object.
3. Inaccuracies in timing due to
microcontroller clock deviations.
4. Electrical noise interfering with the signal
processing.
Precautions
1. Ensure proper alignment between the
sensor and the target.
2. Minimize environmental noise and avoid
obstructions in the sensor's path.
3. Use stable power supply to avoid voltage
fluctuations.
4. Calibrate the sensor before use for
maximum accuracy.
8
Conclusion
The ultrasonic sensor is a highly efficient and
versatile device for non-contact distance
measurement. Its ability to operate in diverse
conditions makes it an essential component
in modern applications such as robotics,
automation, and safety systems.
Bibliography
1. "Ultrasonic Sensors: Principles and
Applications" - Technical Journal.
2. Official HC-SR04 Datasheet.
3. Online tutorials on Arduino and Ultrasonic
Sensors.
4. Microsonic Ultrasonic Sensors Product
Manual.
9
Future Development or Improvisation
- Improved Signal Processing: Integration of
advanced algorithms for better noise
cancellation and increased measurement
precision.
- Enhanced Material Detection: Developing
sensors capable of distinguishing between
different types of materials based on sound
reflection properties.
- Wireless Integration: Incorporating wireless
communication modules for real-time
monitoring in IoT-based applications.
- Miniaturization: Reducing sensor size for
use in compact and portable devices.
10

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Radar Using Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors are effective in a wide

Sensor Detecting the Obstacle

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