American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering (EEE)

Introduction to Electrical
Course Name : Course Code :
Circuit Lab
Semester : Fall 2022-2023 Sec : F

Lab Instructor : Md. Sajid Hossain

Experiment No : 8
Experiment Name :

Student Name: Md. Saimur Rahman Student ID: 22-46097-1

Group Members ID Name

1. 21-44568-1 Zarif Al Afraim
2. 21-44589-1 Rianul Amin Rian
3. 21-44731-1 Hamida Akter Abiha
4. 22-46104-1 Sabbir Hossain

5. 22-46097-1 Md.Saimur Rahman

Performance Date : Due Date :

Marking Rubrics (to be filled by Lab Instructor)

Proficient Good Acceptable Secured
Category Unacceptable [1]
[4] [3] [2] Marks

Theoretical All information, All Information Most information

Much information
Background, measures and provided that is correct, but some
missing and/or
Methods variables are provided sufficient, but more information may be
inaccurate.
& procedures sections and explained. explanation is needed. missing or inaccurate.
Experimental results
All of the criteria are Most criteria are met,
don’t match exactly Experimental results
met; results are but there may be some
Results with the theoretical are missing or
described clearly and lack of clarity and/or
values and/or analysis incorrect;
accurately; incorrect information.
is unclear.
Demonstrates
Hypotheses are clearly
thorough and Conclusions don’t
stated, but some Some hypotheses
sophisticated match hypotheses, not
concluding statements missing or misstated;
Discussion understanding. supported by data; no
not supported by data conclusions not
Conclusions drawn are integration of data
or data not well supported by data.
appropriate for from different sources.
integrated.
analyses;
 Title page, placement
of figures and figure
Minor errors in Major errors and/or Not proper style in
General formatting captions, and other
formatting. missing information. text.
formatting issues all
correct.
Writing is strong and
Writing is clear and
easy to understand;
easy to understand; Most of the required
ideas are fully
ideas are connected; criteria are met, but
elaborated and
Writing & effective transitions some lack of clarity, Very unclear, many
connected; effective
organization between sentences; typographic, spelling, errors.
transitions between
minor typographic, or grammatical errors
sentences; no
spelling, or are present.
typographic, spelling,
grammatical errors.
or grammatical errors.

Total Marks
Comments:
(Out of 20):

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPICS Page no.

I. Title Page 1
II. Table of Content 2

1. Abstract 3
2. Introduction 3
3. Theory and Methodology 3-8
8
4. Apparatus
8 5. Precautions
9-10 6. Experimental Procedure and Experimental Data:
11-17
7. Simulation Results
17-20
8. Theoretical Calculation
20
9. Discussion
21 10.Conclusion
21
11.References

III.

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Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment is to develop an understanding of circuits containing R,L and C components and
also is to be able to analyze the outputs of RC & RL series circuit obtained practically with simulated or
theoretical results along with the determination of phase relationship between V and I in an RLC series circuit
and finally to draw the complete vector diagram of an RLC series circuit which is designed and where KVL is
verified in this experiment

Introduction:
The RC & RL circuit is used to determine the input and output relationship of voltage and current for different
frequencies. In RC series circuit the voltage lags the current by 90˚and in RL series circuit the voltage leads the
current by 90˚. An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor,
connected in series. The RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for
resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively. Series RLC circuits are classed as second-order circuits
because they contain two energy storage elements, an inductance and a capacitance. The primary objectives of
the lab experiment are-

• To determine the reactance of the RL and RC circuits and the impedance equation both practically and
theoretically.
• To determine phase relationship between voltage and current in and RLC circuit.
• To draw the complete vector diagram.
• Design and RLC series circuit and verify KVL.

Theory and Methodology:

RC Series Circuit:

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A resistor–capacitor circuit(RC circuit), or RC network, is an electric circuit composed of resistors and
capacitor is in series driven by a voltage or current source(See the Figure-1). A

first order RC circuit is composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest type of RC circuit.

Figure 1: RC series Circuit.

Analysis of a Series RC Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RC circuit, given the values of R, C, f, and V T.
Step 1. Calculate the value of XC:
XC = 1 / (2πfC)
Step 2. Calculate the total impedance Z:

𝑍= 𝑋 +𝑅

Step 3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current IT:

IT = VT / Z
Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:
• In Rectangular form:
ZT = R - j X C
• In Polar form:

ZT= 𝑋 + 𝑅

θ = tan-1(-XC/R) = tan-1(-1/ωRC)
Impact of frequency on the value of capacitance:
Figure 1.1 will shows the impact of frequency by varying the value of Capacitance in series resonance.

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 Figure 1.1: the impact of frequency by varying the value of Capacitance in series
resonance.

RL Series Circuit:

A resistor–inductor circuit (RL circuit), or RL network, is an electric circuit composed of resistors and inductor
is in series driven by a voltage or current source (See the Figure-2). A first order RL circuit is composed of one
resistor and one inductor and is the simplest type of RL circuit.

Figure 2: RL Series Circuit.

Analysis of a Series RC Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RC circuit, given the values of R, C, f, and V T.
Step 1. Calculate the value of XC:
XC = (2πfC)
Step 2. Calculate the total impedance Z:

𝑍= 𝑋 +𝑅

Step 3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current IT:

IT = VT / Z
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Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:
• In Rectangular form:
ZT = R - j X C
• In Polar form:

ZT= 𝑋 + 𝑅

θ = tan-1(-XC/R) = tan-1(-1/ωRC)
Impact of frequency on the value of capacitance:
Figure 2.1 will shows the impact of frequency by varying the value of Inductance in series resonance.

Figure 2.1: the impact of frequency by varying the value of Inductance in series
resonance.
RLC Series Circuit:

Three basic passive components- R, L and C have very different phase relationships to each other when
connected to a sinusoidal AC supply. In case of a resistor the voltage waveforms are "in-phase" with the current.
In case of pure inductor, the voltage waveform "leads" the current by 90 o whereas in case of pure capacitor, the
voltage waveform "lags" the current by 90 o. This phase difference depends upon the reactive value of the
components being used. Reactance is zero if the element is resistive, positive if the element is inductive and
negative if the element is capacitive. Instead of analyzing each passive element separately, we can combine all
three together into a series RLC circuit. The analysis of a series RLC circuit is the same as that for the dual
series RL and RC circuits we studied in the last experiment, except this time we need to take account the
magnitudes of both inductive reactance and capacitive reactance to find the overall circuit reactance.

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 Figure 3: RLC series circuit.

Relevant Equations: Inductive reactance, X L =

2пfL
Capacitive reactance, XC = 1/2п𝑓𝐶
Net reactance, X = XL - XC
Total impedance, Z
Current, I =V/Z
Resistive voltage drop, VR = I*R
Reactive voltage drops = VL – VC, where VL = I*XL and VC = I*XC

Total voltage drop = √VR2 + (VL − VC)2

Figure 4: Impedance diagram.

Apparatus:
1. Function Generator.
2. Oscilloscope.
3. Probes and Connecting Wires.
4. Capacitor.
5. Inductor.
6. SPST switch.
7. Resistor.
8.Bread Board.

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Precautions:
• Oscilloscopes should be properly calibrated using the information provided at the calibration port before
obtaining the wave shapes using the experimental set up.
• Do not short any connections. Short connection can produce heat (due to high current flow) which is
harmful for the components.

Experimental Procedure and Experimental Data:

1. First, we constructed the circuit as shown in Figure 1. Then connected channel 1 of the oscilloscope
across function generator and channel 2 of the oscilloscope across R.
2. Set the amplitude of the input signal 5V peak and the frequency at 1kHz, Then selected sinusoidal wave
shape.
3. We measured peak value of the both wave shapes.
4. Then determined phase relationship between the waves.
5. Wrote down the wave equations for I and E.
6. Then calculated resistance and reactance from the relevant date.

Data Table 1: For RC Series Circuit.

f E I= Z= Z(Rectangular) R XC = 1 𝑽𝑹 𝑽𝒄 =
E/I(Polar) / (2πfC) I*𝑿𝒄

1KHz 5 0.0266 187.96∠ - 100-159.155j 100 159.155 2.66 4.234

57.86°

5KHz 10 0.0953 104.94∠ - 100-31.831j 100 31.831 9.53 3.0335

17.66°

10KHz 15 0.148 101.26∠ - 100-15.9155j 100 15.9155 14.81 2.356

9.04°

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Page 9 of 21
 Data Table 2: For RL Series Circuit.
f E I= Z= Z(Rectangular) R 𝑿𝑳= 𝑽𝑹 𝑽𝑳 =
E/I(Polar) 2πfC I*𝑿𝑳

1KHz 5 0.0494 101.131∠ 100+15j .09 100 15.08 2.66 4.234

8.58°

5KHz 10 0.0799 125.24∠ 100+75.398j 100 75.308 9.53 3.0335

37.016°

10KHz 15 0.083 180∠ 100+150.797j 100 15.9155 14.81 2.356

56.45°

Data Table 3: For RLC Series Circuit.

f E(V) θ = tan-1 VR I=𝑽𝑹/R 𝑿𝑳= 2πfC 𝑽𝑳=I𝑿𝑳 XC = 1 / 𝑽𝒄 (V) 𝑿𝑳

X/R (V) (A) (V) (2πfC) (V)

1kHz 5 ∠-55.236° 2.85 0.0285 15.08 0.4298 159.155 4.536 4.998

5kHz 10 ∠12.927° 9.17 0.0917 75.398 6.914 31.831 2.919 10.002

10kHz 15 ∠53.447° 8.93 0.0893 150.797 13.466 15.9155 1.421 14.994

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Simulations Results:
Readings: We have used the NI Multism Software to get the readings. The results are given
below:

RC Circuit:
For f = 1kHz,

Figure 9: RC circuit Simulation for f = 1kHz.

For f = 2kHz,

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 Figure 10:RC circuit Simulation for f = 2kHz.
For f = 4kHz,

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 Figure 11: RC circuit Simulation for f = 4kHz.

RL Circuit:
For 1kHz,

Figure 12: RL circuit Simulation for f = 1kHz.

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For f = 2kHz,

Figure 13: RL circuit Simulation for f = 2kHz.

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For f = 4kHz,

Figure 14: RL circuit Simulation for f = 4 kHz.

RLC Circuit:
For f = 1kHz,

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 Figure 15: RLC circuit Simulation for f = 1kHz. For f =
2kHz,

Figure 16: RLC circuit Simulation for f = 2kHz

For f = 4kHz,

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 Figure 17: RLC circuit Simulation for f = 4 kHz

Calculation:
For RC circuit:
At 1kHz,
𝑋 = 1 / (2πfC) = 1/(2×3.4616×1000×10 ) = 159.155 Ω

𝑍= 𝑋 + 𝑅 = √159.155 + 100 = 187.96 Ω

𝑍 = R - j XC = 100 – j159.155 Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛

(-𝑋 /R) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (-159.155/100) = 57.86°
I = E/Z = 5/187.96 = 0.0266 A
𝑉 = IR = 0.0266 ×100 = 2.66 V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.0266 × 159.155 = 4.234 V

At 5kHz,
𝑋 = 1 / (2πfC) = 1/(2×3.4616×5000×10 ) = 31.831Ω

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𝑍=𝑋 + 𝑅 = √159.155 + 100 = 104.95 Ω

𝑍 = R - j 𝑋 = 100 – j31.831 Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (-

X/R) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (-1.831/100) = -17.66°
I = E/Z = 10/104.94 = 0.0953 A
𝑉 = IR = 0.953 ×100 = 9.53 V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.0957 × 31.831 = 3.0335 V

At 10kHz,
𝑋 = 1 / (2πfC) = 1/(2×3.4616×10000×10 ) = 15.9155 Ω

𝑍=𝑋 + 𝑅 = √159.155 + 100 = 101.26 Ω

𝑍 = R - j 𝑋 = 100 – j15.9155 Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (-

X/R) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (-15.9155/100) = -9.04°
I = E/Z = 15/104.94 = 0.148 A
𝑉 = IR = 0.049 ×100 = 14.81 V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.148 × 15.08 = 2.356 V

For RL circuit:
At 1kHz,
𝑋 = 2πfL= 2×3.4616×1000×10 × 2.4 × 10 = 15.08 Ω

𝑍 = 101.131 Ω
𝑍 = R +j 𝑋 = 100 + j15.08Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑋 /R) =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (159.155/100) = 8.58°
I = E/Z = 5/101.131 = 0.0494 A
𝑉 = IR = 0.0266 ×100 = 4.94 V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.0494 × 15.08 = 0.745 V

At 5kHz,
𝑋 = 2πfL= 2×3.4616×5000×10 × 2.4 × 10 = 75.39Ω

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𝑍 = 125.24 Ω
𝑍 = R +j 𝑋 = 100 + j75.398 Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑋 /R) =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (79.398/100) = 37.016°
I = E/Z = 5/101.131 = 0.0799 A
𝑉 = IR = 0.0799 ×100 = 7.99 E
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.0799 × 75.398 = 6.024 E

At 10kHz,
𝑋 = 2πfL= 2×3.4616×10000×10 × 2.4 × 10 = 150.797 Ω

𝑍
𝑍 = R +j 𝑋 = 100 + j150.797Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
(𝑋 /R) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (150.797/100) = 56.45°
I = E/Z = 15/101.131 = 0.083 A
𝑉 = IR = 0.83 ×100 = 8.3V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.83 × 75.398 = 12.516V

For RLC Series Circuit:

At 1 kHz,
X = 𝑋 -𝑋 = 15.08 – 159.155 = -144.075Ω

𝑍
𝑍 = R +j X = 100 + j175.34Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (X/R)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (-144.075/100) = -55.236°
I = E/Z = 5/175.34 = 0.0285A
𝑉 = IR = 0.83 ×100 = 8.3 V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.83 × 75.398 = 12.516 V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.148 × 15.08 = 2.356 V

V = 𝑉 2 + (𝑉 − 𝑉 )2 = 2.885 + (0.4298 − 4.536) = 4.998V

At 5 kHz,

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X = 𝑋 -𝑋 = 75.398 – 31.831 = 43.567Ω
𝑍 = 109.078 Ω
𝑍 = R +j X = 100 + j109.078 Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
(X/R) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (109.078/100) = 62.46°
I = E/Z = 10/109.078 = 0.0917 A
𝑉 = IR = 0.0917 ×100 = 9.17 V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.0917 × 75.398 = 6.914V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.0917 × 31.831 = 2.919V

V = 𝑉 2 + (𝑉 − 𝑉 )2 = 9.17 + (6.914 − 2.919) = 10.002V

At 10 kHz,
X = 𝑋 -𝑋 = 150.797 – 15.9155= 134.8815Ω
𝑍
𝑍 = R +j X = 100 + j134.8815Ω θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
(X/R) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (134.8815/100) = 71.45°
I = E/Z = 15/167.91 = 0.0893 A
𝑉 = IR = 0.0893 ×100 = 8.93V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.0893 × 150.797 = 13.466V
𝑉 = I𝑋 = 0.0893 × 15.9155 = 1.421V

V = 𝑉 2 + (𝑉 − 𝑉 )2 = 8.93 + (13.466 − 1.421) = 14.994V

Discussion:
In this experiment, first of all we checked the oscilloscope and if the probs were perfect we
started calibration. Then we converted the probs to the channels and gave frequency to the
function generator to get respective sinusoidal wave. We made sure that the peak to peak value
was 5V. After doing all these things we got a value which was very close to our expected
value.

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Conclusion:
By completing this experiment, we had become familiar with the function generator and
oscilloscope and measuring RC, RL and RLC series circuits and verified of KVL in RLC
series circuit.

References:
[1] Russell M. Kerchner, George F. Corcoran, ″Alternating Current Circuits″, 4 th
Edition, Wiley, New York, 1960, pp. 48-50.
[2] Robert L. Boylestad, ″Introductory Circuit Analysis″, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall,
New York, 2005-2006, p. 524.
[3] Er. R.K. Rajput, ″Alternating Current Machines″, 3rd Edition, Laxmi Publications,
New Delhi, 2002, p. (xi).

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