IAS BABA

SUBJECT WISE THEMES FOR

UPSC PRELIMS 2024

GEOGRAPHY HISTORY ECONOMICS

ENVIRONMENT POLITY SCIENCE & TECH

REPEATED THEMES
(2013 – 2023)
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 Polity-Important Topics for Prelims 2024
Most Repeated Topics from 2013-23

REPEATED THEMES: REPEATED TOPICS:

Preamble and Historical • The main objectives of the Preamble and their importance. (2020)
underpinning of Constitution • Various Philosophies in Preamble like Sovereignty, Socialist, Secular,
Republic, Democratic, Justice and their features. (2019)
• Chief Purpose of Constitution of a Country (2023)
Important Amendments in • The 42nd Amendment Act,1976 and salient features. (2018)
Indian Constitution • The 44th Amendment act,1978 and its Salient features (2020)
Fundamental • Features of fundamental Rights v/s DPSPs (2020)
Rights • Features of Fundamental Duties (2017)
Fundamental
• Difference between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties
Duties
(2013)
Directive principles of State
• Judicial Interpretations of Fundamental Rights (2023)
Policy
• Due Process of Law (2023)
Fundamental Rights • Art. 16(4)- Reservation Policies (2023)
• Art.14-RighttoEquality (2021)
• Art.19-RighttoFreedom (2019)
• Art.21-RighttoPrivacy (2018,2021)
• Art.23-24-Rightagainstexploitation (2015)
• Art.29-30- Cultural and Educational Rights (2015)
• Preventive Detention (2023)
Important Schedules in • 5thand6th Schedules (2015, 2022)
Indian Constitution • 7th Schedule (2016)
• 10th Schedule (2019)
Various forms of Government • Difference between Presidential and Parliamentary form of
Government (2020)
• Constitutional Government and
Representative Government (2021)
Legislature • Differences between Rajya Sabha and LokaSabha (2018,2020)
• Speaker of the Lok Sabha – Roles and responsibilities (2018)
• Provisions and restrictions to contest in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
Elections (2021)
• Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha (2022)
• exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha (2022)
• Procedure of Constitution Amendment Bill (2022)
Executive • President of India – Powers and previleges (2020)
• Vice-President of India (2013)

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 • Governor (2019)
• Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (2017)
• Chief Minister and Council of Ministers (2015)
• Powers of President v/s powersofGovernor (2013)
• Attorney General of India and Solicitor General of India (2013,
2022)
• Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2013)
• Difference between Union and State Executive (2014)
• Prisons Act, 1894 and Prisons Management (2023)
• Elections of President of India (2023)
• Powers of President in determining Scheduled areas (2023)
Judiciary • Supreme Court of India and High Court (2019)
• Judicial Review (2015)
• Various Jurisdictions Advisory, Appellate, Original, Writ Jurisdictions
(2014)
• Difference of powers between Supreme court Judges and High
Court Judges (2013,2021)
• Writs Issued by the Courts in India (2022)
• Bar Councils (2022)
• Advocates (2022)
• Contempt of Court (2022)
Devices of Parliamentary • Parliamentary Committees (2015,2018)
Proceedings • Various Sessions of Parliament and its Proceedings (2017)
• How a bill is passed in the Parliament (2016)
Citizenship in India • Constitutional provisions for Citizens and Non-Citizens. (2017,2021)
Types of Bills • Private memembers Bill (2017)
• Difference between Finance Bill v/s Money Bill v/s Ordinary Bill
(2015, 2023)
List of Important Committees • Sarkaria Commission
and Commissions in India • Narasimhan Committee
• Bhagwati Committee
• Rangarajan Committee
• H.N. Sanyal Committee (2022)
• 1stand2ndARCReports (2019)
• 15th Finance Commission (2023)
Types of Writs • Quo warranto (2022)
• Mandamus (2022)
• Habeas corpus
• Certiorari (2014)

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 Emergency Provisions • Art.352–Art.360
• Powers of President and Governor during Emergencies (2015,2018)
Representation of people’s act • RPA act,1950(2017)
• RPA act,1951(2013)
Local Self Government • 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments and their salient features
(2013)
• Jurisdictions of various Panchayat raj institutions, Municipal
Committees (2014)
Relationship between various • Law and Liberty (2017)
philosophies • Constitution and Law (2018)
• Difference between Communalism, Regionalism and Secularism
(2020)
Constitutional Bodies • National Commission for Backward Classes (2023)
Statutory Bodies • National Human Rights Commission (2023)
Non Statutory Bodies • National Law Commission (2023)
Centre and State Relations • Centre’s duty towards State (2023)

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 Economics – Important Topics for Prelims 2024
Most Repeated Topics from 2013-23

REPEATED THEMES: REPEATED TOPICS:

Banking system in India • Regional Rural Banks in India (2013)
• National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
(2013)
• Basel– 3Norms (2015)
• Bank Rate (2015)
• Payment Banks (2016)
• Non-Profitable Assets (NPAs) (2016)
• Core Banking Solutions (2016)
• Small Finance Banks (2017, 2022)
• Capital Adequacy Ratio of a Bank (CAR) (2018)
• Bank Board Bureau (2019)
• Reserve Bank of India and its roles in Banking system (2019)
• Co-operative Banks in India (2020)
• Urban Co-operative Banks in India (2021)
• Money Multiplier (2018,2021)
Money Supply in India • Inflation in the Economy (2013,2021, 2022)
• Open Market Operations (2015)
• Fiscal Deficit (2017)
• Monetary Policy Committee (2017)
• The Financial Responsibility and Budget Management Act,2003
(2018)
• RBI’s role in money supply (2019)
• Cash Reserve Ratio-CRR (2019), Statutory Liquidity Ratio-SLR (2019)
• Monetary Policy (2020)
• Economic Contagion (2020)
• Demand-Pull Inflation (2021)
• Economic Recession (2021)
• Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (2022)
• Sterilization (2023)
• Call money (2023)
Digital/Cashless Economy in • Bitcoins (2016)
India • National Payments Corporation of India-NPCI (2018)
• Bharat Interface for Money-BHIM (2018)
• Unified Payment Interface-UPI (2017)
• Merchant Discount Rate-MDR (2018)
• Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) (2022)
Taxation System in India • Sales Tax in India (2014)
• Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (2016)
• Tax and Non-Tax Revenue (2017)
• Goods and ServiceTax-GST (2017)
• InvITs (2023)

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Investment and Infrastructure • Venture Capital (2014)
• National Investment and Infrastructure Fund-NIIF (2017)
• Foreign Direct Investments (2021)
• Public Investment Model in Agriculture (2020)
• External Commercial Borrowings (2022)
• Intangible Investment (2023)
Various Financial Reports and • Index of 8core Industries (2015)
Indices • Consumer price Index number for Industrial Workers (2015)
• Ease of doing Business Report (2016)
• Global Financial Stability Report (2016)
• Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) (2020)
• Inflation Indexed Bonds (2022)
• Convertible Bonds (2022)
• credit rating agencies (2022)
Currency in India • Convertibility of Rupee (2015)
• Under-valuationofCurrency (2019)
• De-valuation of Currency (2021,2022)
• Digital Currency (2023)
Foreign Exchange Reserves • Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves. (2013)
• Special DrawingRights (2016)
• U.S federal reserve (2022)
RBI and its functions (2022) • Marginal Standing facility rate (2014)
• Net Demand and Time liabilities (2014)
• Open Market Operations (2015)
• Governor of RBI (2021)
Economic Planning in India • Five-year plans–5thFive-yearplan and its objectives (2014)
India and other financial • Central Banks (2023)
Institutions (2022) • G20 (2023)
• European Union (2023)
• India and WTO (2020)
• India and World Bank, ASEAN, IMF (2016)
Various Investment methods in • Sovereign Gold BondS cheme (2016)
India • Masala Bonds (2016)
• Government Securities (2021)
• Treasury Bills (2018,2021,2023)
• Government Bonds (2021,2023)
• Stock Market and concept of Beta (2023)
Financial Regulatory • SEBI and its roles (2018)
Institutions • RBI and its roles (2014)
• Bank Board Bureau (2019)
Economic Survey and Union • Deficit Budget (2015)
Budget • Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme (2016)
• Policies like Kisan Credit Card Scheme (2020)
• Production Linked Incentive Scheme (2023)
• Janani Suraksha Yojana (2023)
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 Geography - Important Topics for Prelims 2024
Most Repeated Topics from 2013-23

REPEATED THEMES REPEATED TOPICS

Origin and evolution of the • Terms like “Eventhorizon”, “Singularity”, “Stringtheory”,etc which
Earth are in the news.
(2017,2023) • Cepheids, Nebulae, Pulsars
Earthquakes (2018,2019) • Recent Delhi earthquakes, Uttarakhand flash floods etc.
Continental drift theory (2014) • Recently Zea land ia continent found which marks the
correctness of the drift theory.
Volcanoes (2018) • Active and dormant volcanoes across India and the World.
Plate tectonics (2015) • Mountain building process.
Ex: Himalayan formation.
Types of landforms (2013, • Deep gorges
2023) • River courses.
• Parallel mountain ranges
• Steep gradients causing landslides and other physical features.
• Hills and Mountains Ranges – Amarkantak, Biligiri Rangana Hills,
Sheshachalam hills
Soil formation (2014,2017, • Different types of soils like laterite soil, alluvial soil etc.
2023) • Colour of the soil.
• Chemical Composition
• Regions comprising of a particular variety of soil.
• Crops grown
• Niger seed
Solar radiation and heat • Global warming
budget of the Earth (2013, • Variations in lengths of day time and nigh time.
2023) • Latitudinal and longitudinal positions of particular places
and physical features.
• Temperature Contrast between continents and oceans
• Specific Heat of water and land
Atmospheric • Recent Amphan cyclone.
circulation- • Inter tropical convergence zones.
Cyclones, • Coriolis force.
westerlies, jet
• Westerlies etc
streams (2015)
Evaporation, Condensation and • Thunderstorm and lightning in Bihar and U.P
Precipitation (2013,2019) etc
World climate and climate • Savannah, Equitorial, Monsoon, Meditteranean
change (2015) Climates etc.
Relief of the oceans (2014) • Oceanbed sand critical resources available.
Temperature and • Acidification of Oceans.
salinity • Causes and concern
distribution in the • Effect on flora and fauna.
ocean (2013,2018)

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 Types of Ocean • Equitorial counter current
currents (2015) • Convergence of 2currents.
• Effect of salinity of water etc.
Ecosystem • Ecosystem productivity.
(2013,2017) • Marine Upwelling zones.
• Nutrients over and below the soil surface
• Bottom dwelling etc.
Biodiversity and • Various biosphere reserves, their unique features and the places
conservation associated with them.
(2013, 2023) • Exotic and invasive species.
• Biogeographical zones.
• Marsupials
Physiography of • Geographical spread of a particular feature–
India- • Like over 5 states, 3districts etc.
Mountains,Hills, • Important features of the physiographical
plateau,plains • areas.
etc.(2015,2017,20
22)
Drainage system in India • Source and the course of a particular water body.
(2016,2017,2022,
2023)
Climate of India – Indian • Seasonal reversal of winds.
monsoon (2014) • Important features of Indian monsoon and its socio-economic
effects.
Natural vegetation and soils of • Various flora and fauna in the regions.
India- National parks, Biosphere • Climatic conditions.
reserves, Mangroves etc • Soil composition
(2015,2017,2018, 2023) • Agriculture and irrigational facilities
• Deciduous Trees
• Micro-Organisms and their characteristics
• Bhitarkanika Mangroves
• Marakkanam salt pans, Naupada swamp, Ran of Kutch
• Tropical Rain Forest
Natural disasters-Floods, • Causes, effects and conditions favouring these disasters.
Droughts, Landslides, • Seismograph, P & S waves
Cyclones, Earthquake,
Tsunamis etc.
(2013,2014,2023)
Indian agriculture and types • Various gases released by agricultural soils.
(2019,2022,2023) • Cattle and dairy industries etc.
• Arable land, irrigated area, productivity per hectare
• Small farmer and Large field
Coral reefs (2018) • Geographical spread.
• Comparison between animal phyla and flora in coral reefs along
with other Geo physical features.
El-Nino (2016) • Causes for the occurrence.

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 • Effects on different parts of the world
• Socio-economic concerns
La-Nina (2014,2017) • Unique characteristics
• Regions covered.
Indian ocean dipole (2017) • Characteristics.
• Reasons for Occurrence.
• Impact on El-Nina and La-Nina.
Madden Julian oscillations • Effect on Indian monsoons.
(2016) • Unique features.
Polar vortex (2014) • Ozone depletion and Ozonehole
Pacific decadal oscillations • Effect on Indian monsoon.
(2015) • Geographical spread.
Heatwaves (2018) • Criteria.
• European heatwaves
Sun spot cycles (2017) • Effects on climate change
Forest fire (2016,2019) • Amazon fire, Australian bush fire.
Tribes of the world and India • Particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTGs)
(2019) • Geographical spread
Heat Islands (2017) • Increasing air pollution in metro cities
Seismic noise (2014) • Causes and adverse effects on flora and fauna
Environmental Impact • NewEIAdraftbill,2020
Assessment (2019)
Ring of fire(2018) • Volcanic eruptions in Pacific Ocean
• Indonesian and Philippine volcanic eruptions
Wetlands and their • Total geographical area under wetlands.
conservation (2013,2018,2022) • Coastal and inland wetlands.
Distribution of wildlife and • Unique fauna in news.
their conservation (2013) • IUCN status.
• Geographical spread.
• Conservation initiatives if any.
Places in news • Important places of geographical importance
(2016,2018,2022, 2023) • And countries assiciated.
• Arab Peace Initiative
• Ukraine and its surrounding countries
Mountain passes and lakes • Artificial lakes and natural lakes.
(2018, 2022) • Occurrence
Major straits of the world • Occurrence.
(2015) • Regions connected to it.
Major water bodies- • Unique features if any.
Mediterranean, Caspian, • Countries bordering them.
Red Sea, • Congo basin
Black sea etc. (2019,2022,2023)
Population and • Labour migration
relatedissues (2014,2017) • Sex ratio
• Relatedschemes.
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Minerals and their • Role of state and central Governments in mineral mines.
distribution (2018,2022, • Occurrence
2023) • Importance of Uranium and Coal
• Ilmenite and Rutile
• Cobalt, Gold
International trade (2017) • Trade deficit of India with U.S and China etc.
• Causes and measures.
Energy resources and • Sulphur content, ash content in fuels.
crisis (2013,2017,2023) • Fusion temperature
• Coal based Thermal Power Plant
Industrial setup ( • SEZs, NIMZs etc.
2015,2016,2023) • Bharat Mala, Sagar Mala projects etc.
• MSMED Act, 2006
Transportation and • Various sea ports and their importance
communication (2016, 2023) • Major project on Roadways
• Air India Nationalization
• Adjusted gross revenue of telecom companies etc.
Water conservation (2014) • Reasons and measures taken for water conservation.
• Water deficit and its percentage in various countries.
• Ground water table and percentages of water present.
• Integrated watershed development programme etc.
Reservoirs and states (2022)

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 History - Important Topics for Prelims 2024
Most Repeated Topics from 2013-23

ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY

REPEATED THEMES REPEATED TOPICS
Travellers during Pre- • Hiuen-Tsang, Abdul Razak, Megasthenese etc.
Mourya, Mourya, Post – • Their interpretation about the socio-cultural setup of kingdoms
Mouryan period, during their visits.
Vijayanagar kingdom,
Mughal
Period (2013, 2023)
Jain doctrine and Buddhism • Annihilation of karma
(2013,2014, 2023) • Soul v/s objectivism
• Karma v/s Soul
• Important principles of the Jain Doctrine.
• Major differences between Buddhism and Jainism.
• Kingdoms associated with the life of Buddha.(Avanti, Kosala,
Gandhara, Magadha etc)
• Important Buddhist followers and their teachings.
• Differences between Viharas and Chaityas.
• Concept of Nirvana in Buddhism
• Famous Jain and Buddhist Philosophers
• Play wrights and their literary works.
• Monks
• Important towns associated with Buddhism and Jainism.
• Jaina texts (2022)
• Buddhists Sites – Dhanyakatak, (2023)
• Buddhist Stupa (2023)
Important Ancient Indian • Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Ghantasala,
towns of archaeological Kaduraetc
importance like the • Site of Ashoka’s major rock edicts (2022)
Harappan sites • Somnath Temple (2022)
(2019,2021,2023)
Various kingdoms in North, • The Guptas of Magadha
North-West, Central India • The Paramaras of malwa
and their arrangement from • The Maukharis of Kannauj
North to South (2021)
• The yadavasofDevagiri
• The maitrakas of vallabhi etc
Differences between rig- • Religious customs and beliefs
vedic Aryans v/s Indusvalley • Socio-cultural conditions
civilisation
(2017)
Famous art and literary works • During various dynasties like Swapna
(2016, 2023) vasavadatta,Malavikagnimitra.
• Megha doota etc and their story lines.

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 • Kautilya’s Arthashastra , Sangam literature (2022)
Terms and descriptions • Eripatti, Taniyurs, Ghatikas etc.
(2016,2023) • Vattakirutal

MEDIEVALINDIANHISTORY
The Mughals (important • Arrival of Mughals to India
rulers like Babur, Akbar, • Important rulers of the dynasty.
Jahangir etc) (2015, 2022) • Introduction of various cultural changes.
• Art and Architecture
• Establishment of various dynasties
• Famous literary works and their features.
The Feudal system arrangement • Administrative structure
(2015) • Land reforms
• Feudal lord v/s Overlord
Important monuments • Contributions of Mughal rulers in monument constructions like
(2014,2018) Ibadat khana, Buland darwaza–Akbar, Babur etc.
• Materials used for monument construction like red
sandstone, white marble etc.
Various designations in court • Mahattara, Pattakilaetc
hall • Names of military officers, village headmen,chiefs of craft
(2014) guilds, vedicrituals etc.
Vijayanagara and Bahmani • Important rulers
kingdoms • Unique taxation system
(2015)
Medieval Indian states • Champaka–Himachal pradesh
and their present • Durgara–Jammu
names. (2015) • Trigarta–Jalandhar etc.
The Marathas (2015) • Territorial consolidation
• Important positions in the administrative
• And military systems
Various writers and their • Rulers during their period.
descriptions (2013,2021) • Important observations mentioned in their Literary works.(socio-
cultural-political)
Important terms and • Paragana, suba, sarkar etc.
descriptions • Fanam, Kulah-Daran (2022)
(2021)
Chronological order of events • Rise of various dynasties like pallavas,
(2019,2023) • Chola, Pratiharas, Pandyasetc
Delhi Sultanates(2019) • Administrative features.
• Land reforms and revenue system
Contemporary Saints and Rulers • Annamayya, Saint nimbaraka,Saint Kabir
(2019) And their literary works.
• Ramanuja (2022)
Important trading centers, • Machilipatnam, Marmagoa, Nelluru,
seaports, Kakinada, Motupalli etc.
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Searoutes (2018,2023)
Kings and Dynasties • Bahadur Shah
(2022,2023)
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY:
British conquest (2014) • Annexation of Indian states
• Regulation of EastIndia Company v/s Crown rule
British reforms (2015) • Regulating act
• Charter acts
• Government of India acts, 1909,1919,1935 and their features.
Various committees and their • Radcliffe Committee and its objectives.
Objectives (2014)
Revolts and their consequences • Quit India Movement
(2015) • Simon Commission
• Cripps Proposal etc.
Philosophies and Teachings • Bijak, pushtimarg etc
(2014) • Various proponents/philosophers and their teachings.
Indian Philosophies (2014) • Mimamsa, Vedanta
• Nyaya, Vaisheshika
• Sankhya, Yogaetc
Important Leaders and • Home Rule Movement
related Movements • Indian National Congress
(2013) • Theosophical Society
• Brahma Samaj, AryaSamaj etc.
Freedom Struggle (2015) • Various Satyagraha, Movements and related committees.
• Ex: Rowlatt Satyagraha-Sedition committee.
• Various personalities included in the movement.
• Ex: Gandhiji, Tilak, Dadabhainaoroji, Sarojini
Naidu etc.
Critics and Favours of • Personalities who supported and revolted against the colonial
colonialism policies
(2015) • Ex: Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C.Dutt, Subramania
Iyer etc.
Various Parties and their • Congress Socialist Party advocated Parliamentary democracy.
Objectives (2015) • Communist and Marxist Parties advocated
Dictatorship of the proletariat.
Various Missions • Cabinet Mission recommended federal government
and their • Cripps Mission recommendations etc (2022)
objectives (2015)
Moderates, Extremists and • Ideologies and differences
Revolutionaries (2014,2015) • Various parties formed by them.
Indian National Congress (2015) • Various sessions and their chairmen.
• Resolutions passed like attainment of poorna swaraj etc.
Indians’response to various • Review of the commission
Commissions (2014) • No membership
• Complete revolting against it.
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Constituent assembly (2014) • Important features.
• Whether elected by provincial legislative assemblies or nominated by
Indian national congress and muslim league.
Peasant, Tribal movements • Tebhaga movement
(2013,2019,2020) • Birsamunda revolt
• Mapilla rebellion of 1921 etc.
Newspapers and • Amrita bazaar patrika, SomPrakesh, Tahzib–ul-akhlaq
magazines published in
various languages
(2013)
Parties established by • Dr.B.R.Ambedkar established All India scheduled caste
famous personalities federation,The independent labour party etc.
(2013) • Ghadar Party (2022)
Contributions by famous • Mahatma Gandhi, Tilak, Dadabhai Naoroji, Tilaketc.
personalities to Indian
national
Movement (2014)
Round table conferences • Main objectives
(2015,2016) • Demands put forward
• Important pacts signed
Acts passed during the british • Regulating act,GOI-1909,1919,1935 etc
colonial rule (2017,2022,2023) • Governors/viceroys during the acts
• Major contributions of governors/viceroys.
• The Official Secrets Act 1923, The Indian Evidence Act 1872
Chronological order of the • Sequential order of the events from the First war of Indian
events during Indian Independence to post Independent India.
national • National Handloom Day, Swadeshi Movement
Movement (2019,2017,2023) • Constitution Day
Important literary works • Gandhi, Nehru, Sarojininaidu etc like“Songs from prison”.
(2021)
Colonial policies and • On agriculture
impacts (2017, 2023) • On land reforms
• On artisans, peasants, arts and handicraftsmen, Zamindarsetc.
• On Railways
Firsts during Indian • First woman president of INC.
national movement (2015) • First Muslim president of INC.
Factories, seaports, sea • Broach, Trichinopoly, Chicacoleetc
routes of the English
EastIndia
Company (2021)
Important personalities • Leaders of Swadeshi and boycott movement.
associated with respective • Members of the Interim Government,1946
movements (2021,2022) • Officers of INA etc.
Persons and positions held • President of All India liberalfederation
during national movement • Members of the constituent assembly
(2019) • Members of the communist party of India.

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 Environment and Ecology- Important Topics for Prelims 2024
Most Repeated Topics from 2013-23

REPEATED THEMES: REPEATED TOPICS:

General Environmental • Glossary of the terms like,
Ecology (2022) • Ecosystem (2015)
• Legume Intensification (2020)
• Carbon Sequestration (2017,2023)
• Biological Oxygen Demand (2017)
• Vertical Farming and Crop Diversification (2020)
• Blue Carbon (2021)
Sustainable Development • Green Hydrogen (2023)
Initiatives • Biofilters (2023)
• Hydrog enenriched CNG(H-CNG) (2019)
• The partnership action for Green Economy (2018)
• Bio-remediation and its Environmental advantages (2017)
• Bio-char and its uses (2020)
• Algae based Bio-fuels (2017)
• Sustainable Development Goals and their Objectives.(2016)
• Bio-carbon fund initiative for sustainable forest landscapes. (2015)
• ‘Earthhour’ and its objectives (2014)
• Green Climate Fund (2015)
• Climate Smart Agriculture and Climate Smart Village(2021)
• Environmental Impact Assessment-(EIA) (2021)
• ‘R2codeof Practices’ (2021)
• Polar code (2022)
• Miyawaki method (2022)
• Biorock technology (2022)
• polyethylene terephthalate (2022)
Laws, Regulatory Bodies, • The Wildlife Protection Act,1972 and schedules (2020)
Policies and Conferences for • National Policy on Bio-Fuels (2020)
Environment and its
• The Environmental Protection Act,1986 and its provisions (2019)
protection at the National
• Central Ground Water Authority (2020)
level.
• Indian ForestAct,1927 (2019)
• Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Rights) Act, 2006. (2019)
• Animal Welfare Board of India (2014)
• National Green Tribunal (2018)
• Central Pollution Control Board (2018)
• Green India Mission (2016)
• National Tiger Conservation Authority (2014)
• National Ganga River Basin Authority (2014)
• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and its Provisions (2022)
• Carbon Markets (2023)
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Laws, Regulatory Bodies, •UNOPS (S3i) (2023)
Policies, Conferences for •Invasive Species Specialist Group (2023)
Environment and its •TheRamsarConvention(2019)
protection at the
•The Wetlands (Conservation
International level.
andManagement)Rules,2010.(2019)
• Global Alliance on Climate-Smart Agriculture(GACSA) (2018)
• ‘MomentumforChange-ClimateNeutral
Now’initiative (2018)
• Trade related analysis of flora and fauna incommerce(TRAFFIC)-
2017)
• GlobalClimateAlliance(2017)
• Un-HabitatinUnitedNationsProgramme
(2017)
• Climate and Clean Air coalition-(CCAC) (2017)
• UN-REDD+ Programme (2016)
• ‘Agenda-21’initiative (2016)
• Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (2015)
• Bird life International (2015)
• IUCN and Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (2015)
• Rio+20 Conference (2015)
• Organisations like UNEP, OECD, ADB, WorldBank and their
Environmental initiatives(2015)
• NewYorkDeclarationon Forests(2021)
• CommonCarbonMetric(2021)
• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and its
Provisions(2022)
• UNFCCC (2022)
Environmental Pollution and • Mercury Pollution (2023)
Control • Hydroflurocarbons and industrial applications (2023)
• BenzenePollution(2020)
• Pollutants released by Coal-fired ElectricPowerPlants(2020)
• SocialCostofCarbon(2020)
• MicrobeadsandEnvironmentalconcerns
(2019)
• Gases released due to burning of Bio-massresidues(2019)
• Gases released through agriculture activities,soil, cattle rearing,
Poultry industry etc.(2019)
• Consequencesof heavymininginriverbeads.
(2018)
• AirQualityIndex andgases consideredtomeasurethem.(2016,2022)
• Carbon Cycle and causative factors addingCarbon (2014)
• CoalbedMethaneandShaleGas(2014)
• Acidrainandcauses. (2013,2022)
• Greenwashing(2022)
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 • nitrogen-fixing plants(2022)
Wildlife Sanctuaries, • PakhuiWildlifeSanctuary(2018)
ProtectedAreas, Bio-sphere • ProtectedareaaroundCauverybasin(2020)
reserves,National Parks and • Protected areas well known for conservationofIndian
Eco-sensitivezones. SwampDeer(2020)
• National Parks in Temperate Alpine Zone(2019)
• AgasthyamalaBio-spherereserve(2019)
• Eco-sensitivezones(2014)
• DesertNationalPark(2020)
• Criticalwildlifehabitat andhabitatrights (2018)
• Community Reserve (2023)
Bio-DiversityandConservation • Mushrooms and its uses (2023)
• Indian Squirrels (2023)
• Bio-diversity Management Committees (2023)
• Characteristic Features – Lion Tailed Macaque, Malabar Civet,
Samabr Deer (2023)
• Adaptation – Waggle Dance (2023)
• LichensandEcologicalsuccession(2014)
• VariousfoodchainsinEco-system(2013)
• MuskDeer’snaturalHabitat(2020)
• Natural habitat of Asiatic lion, One-hornedRhinoceros(2019)
• UniquefaunalikeCeylonfrogmouth,GraychinnedCivetetc(2020,
2023)
• IndianElephantsandtheircharacteristic features(2020).
• Certain species are well known for(2022, 2023) – Fishing cat,
Orangutan, Otter, Sloth Bear

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 Science and Technology- Important Topics for Prelims2024
Most Repeated Topics from2013-23

IMPORTANT THEMES IMPORTANT TOPICS:

Biotechnologyand • Mycorrhizal Technology and its applicationsinAgriculture(2013)
itsApplications • RecombinantDNATechnology(2013)
• GeneticEngineeringAppraisalCommittee (2015)
• Transcriptome–Bioinformatics(2016)
• GenomeSequencinganditsapplications
(2017)
• SomaticCellNuclearTransferTechnology
(2017)
• CRISPRCas9protein (2018,2019)
• GMmustard anditsfeatures(2018)
• RNA interference technology (RNAi) and anti-
senseRNAtechnology(2019)
• Functional Chromosomes and ArtificialfunctionalDNA(2019)
• Genetics – Human induced pluripotent stemcells (2020)
• Pronuclear Transfer – Advances in
HumanReproductiveTechnology(2020)
• DNAgenomes(2021)
• Bollgard–1 andBollgard –2technologies.
(2021)
• ACE–2technologyanditsprocedures.
(2021)
InformationTechnology • PublicKeyInfrastructure(2020)
• CyberSecurity(2017)
• SmartIndiaHackathon –2017 (2017)
• BlochchainTechnology.(2018)
• Digitalsignatureanditsapplications(2017)
• Wannacry,Petya,Ransomware,EternalBlue
– Cyberattacks (2018)
• InternetofThings(2018)
• ArtificialIntelligenceanditsapplications.
(2020)
Software as a Service(SaaS)(2022)
CommunicationTechnology • Near field communicationTechnology(2015)
• Applications GPS technology (2018)
• Visible Light Communication Technology
(VLC technology) (2020)
• ProjectLOON (2016)
• Differences between LTE (Long termevolution) and VOLTE (Voice
over long termevolution)(2019)
• AugmentedReality(AR)v/sVirtualReality.(VR) (2019)
• OLED sand their applications (2017)
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 • Li-fi v/s Wi-fi (2016)
• built on top of open-source digital plat forms qubit (2022)
• Short-Range devices/technologies (2022)
Nano-Technology • Carbon Nanotubes–Properties and their applications in Health sector
(2015,2020)
Missile Technology • Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (2022)
• Types of missiles and technologies involved (2023)
Diseases, Causative agents and • Vitamin deficiency diseases.(2014)
Vaccines • Diptheria, Chickenpox, Smallpox (2014)
• H1N1virus (2015)
• Hepatitis-Band HIV virus (2019)
• Multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens.
(2019)
• Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines. (PCVvaccine) – (2020)
• Viruses–Adenovirus and Retrovirus (2021)
• Hereditary Diseases-Mitochondrial Diseases.
(2021)
• Recombinant Vector Vaccines (2021)
• Biofilms vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic role
of B cells and T cells in the human body (2022)
• Anemia Mukt Bharat Strategy (2023)
SpaceTechnology • Cassini Huygens, Messenger, Voyager and their purposes (2014)
• Indian Remote sensing Satellites and their applications (2015)
• Mangalyaan (2017)
• International Thermonuclear experimental Reactor– The Miniature
Sun (2017)
• Termslike ‘EventHorizon, ‘Singularity’,
‘String theory’ and‘standard model’– (2017)
• Domestic content requirement (2017)
• Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (2018)
• Satellite Navigation System (2023)
Miscellaneousconcepts. • Dispersion, Refraction and Internal reflection (2013)
• Fuel cells –Hydrog enrich fuel and oxygen.
(2015)
• Chemicals like Brominated vegetable oils, Monosodium Glutamate
and their concerns. (2017)
• Aadhar and Application Programme Interface. (API) (2018)
• 3D-printing and its applications.(2018)
• Belle-2 Experiment (2018)
• Wearable Technologies and their applications (2019)
• Denisovan.(2019)
• Drones and their applications (2020)
• Differences between plant cell and Animal cell.(2020)
• Triclosan and its concerns (2021)
• Bisphenol –A(BPA)–Plastic composition.
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 (2021)
• Sodium lamps v/s LED lamps (2021)
Probiotics - major solar storm (solar flare) effects on Earth(2022)
• Biotechnology and its Applications – DNA Barcoding (2022)
• Home Guards (2023)
• The Arms (Amendment) Act,2019 (2023)
• Aerial Metagenomics (2023)
• Microsatellite DNA (2023)
• Carbon Fibers (2023)
• Technology/Functions involved in - Detection of Car crash/
Collision, Detection of accidental free fall of laptop on ground,
Detection of tilt of smart phone (2023)

Current Affairs

Miscellaneous • GCM – Global Compact for Safe Orderly and Regular Migration
(2023)

• Flag Code of India (2023)

• Wolbachia method (2023)
• UN World Water Development Report (2023)
• Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (2023)
• Sports Awards (2023)

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