animal kingdom

Basics of classification
1. Levels of organization
➢Though all members of Animalia are multicellular, all of them do

not exhibit the same pattern of organization of cells
➢For example , in sponges , the cells are arranged as loose cell
aggregates, i.e they exhibit cellular level of organization
➢For example, jellyfish, the arrangement of cells is more complex.

Hence the cells performing the same function are arranged into
tissue, thus is called tissue level of organization
➢ A still higher level of organization, i.e. organ level is exhibited by
members of Platyhelminthes and other higher phyla where tissues
are grouped together to form organs, each specialized for a
particular function.
Basics classification of animal
2. Symmetry
Animals can be categorized on the basis of their

symmetry.
• Sponges are mostly asymmetrical, i.e any plane
that passes through the centre does not divide
them into equal halves.
• When any plane passing through the central axis

of the body divides the organism into two
identical halves, it is called radial symmetry.
• The body can be divided into identical left and

right halves in only one plane, bilateral
symmetry
Basics classification of animal
3. Diploblastic and triploblastic organization
• Animals in which the cells are arranged in

two embryonic layers , an external ectoderm
and an internal endoderm, are called
diploblastic animals .An undifferentiated
layer, mesoglea , is present in between the
ectoderm and the endoderm
• Those animals in which the developing

embryo has a third germinal layer,
mesoderm, in between the ectoderm and
endoderm are called triploblastic.
4. Coelom
Presence or absence of a cavity between the body

wall and the gut wall is very important in
classification. The body cavity which is lined by
mesoderm is called coelom.
▪ Animals possessing coelom are called

coelomates
▪ The animals in which the body cavity is absent are
called acoelomate
▪ In some animals the body cavity is not lined by
mesoderm, instead , the mesoderm is present as
scattered pouched in between the ectoderm and
the endoderm. ( pseudocoelom, the animals
possessing them are called pseudocoelomates )
Phylum – Porifera ( sponge )
• Commonly known as sponges
• They are generally marine and
mostly asymmetrical
• They are primitive multicellular
animals
• Cellular level of organization
• Pores --- filter feeders
• Not motile ( sessile )
• Consist of two layers only (
ectoderm and endoderm with
mesoglea )
• Acoelomate
Phylum – Cnidaria ( jellyfish, coral )
• Radial symmetry
• Two layers of cells
• Tissue level of organization
• Have central gastro-vascular cavity with
single opening
• Body plan is with sessile polyp ( vase
shaped ) and motile medusa
( inverted bowl shape)
• Corals provide important habitat for fish
Phylum – Platyhelminthes ( tapeworm, flatworm )
• Bilateral symmetry
• Three distinct layer ( ectoderm,
endoderm and mesoderm )
• Acoelomate ( no body cavity )
• Organ level of organization
• Incomplete digestive tract ( one opening
)
• Some are parasites in digestive tract ,
including human beings
• Cephalization with head and brain
Phylum – Nematoda ( roundworms )
• Three distinct cell layer
• Pseudocoelomate
• Organ level of organization
• Complete digestive system with
separate mouth and anus ( 2
openings )
• Many are parasitic
Phylum – Annelida ( earthworms, leeches )
• Bilateral symmetry with

segmented
• True coelom present, coelomate
Phylum- Mollusca
• Three distinct cell layers
• Have soft body with or without shell
• The second largest animal phylum
Phylum – Arthropoda Arthro – jointed
Poda – appendages
• Bilateral symmetry with

jointed appendages
• Three distinct cell layer (
coelomate )
• Exoskeleton present
• The largest phylum of
animal
Phylum – Echinodermata ( spiny – skinned )
• Bilateral symmetry in embryo

and radial symmetry in adult
• Water vascular system which
helps in locomotion, capture
and transport of food and
respiration
Phylum chordata ( vertebrate )
The chordates have the following
characteristics.
1. Bilateral symmetry
2. Three cell layers ( ectoderm,
mesoderm, endoderm )
3. Notochord
4. Dorsal hollow nerve chord
5. Pharyngeal gill slits
6. Postanal tail
Notochord
❖ A rod-like structure between the

digestive system and the dorsal hollow
nerve chord.
❖In vertebrate, this develops into the

BACKBONE.
❖It anchors muscles and allows rapid

movements.
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord
❖ A tube of cells surrounding a fluid-filled

canal above the Notochord.
❖ This develops into the SPINAL CHORD.
❖ The anterior portion develops into the

brain and pairs of nerves connect to
blocks of muscles.
Pharyngeal Pouches /
Pharyngeal gill slits
❖ Paired opening located in the

pharynx, behind the mouth.
❖In terrestrial chordates, these

develop into the jaws, inner ear and
tonsils.
❖In aquatic chordates, these

develop into gill slits.
Phylum of Vertebrate
Mammals
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles Birds
Fish
❖ live in water
❖ Have gills
❖ Have fins for swimming
❖ scaly skin expect a few are
scaleless
❖ Reproduce sexually
❖ Have 2 chambered heart
❖ Poikilothermic ( cold-blooded
animals )
Amphibians
❖ Amphibia = double life
❖ Adults are terrestrial but rely on water for
reproduction
❖ Eggs laid in water, larva ( tadpole lives in
water which metamorphoses into adult )
❖ Larva has gills and adult has lungs
❖ Poikilothermic
❖3 chambered heart
❖ Have moist, scaleless skin
Reptiles
❖ Have scaly skin , some
limbless
❖ Lungs present
❖ 4 chambered heart
❖ Lay eggs with shell
❖ Poikilothermic
Birds
❖ Have feathers and beak

❖ Fore limbs have become wings for
flight
❖ Lungs present
❖ 4 chambered heart
❖ Lay eggs with hard shells
❖ Homoiothermic ( warm-blooded )
Mammals
❖ Vertebrate with hair
❖ Have specialized teeth ( incisors ,
canines, premolars and molars )
❖ Highly developed brain
❖ 4 chambered heart and lungs ,
diaphragm
❖ Produce milk for young ( mammary
glands )
❖ Have placenta
❖ Homoiothermic
Diaphragm aids in breathing PLACENTA
• Muscle beneath the lungs ,
separating the THORACIC ( chest • young develop in the UTERUS
) cavity from the ABDOMINAL
cavity • nourished by a PLACENTA
• Expands the chest cavity,
bringing in air
• Contracts and pushes air out

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animal kingdom

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Basics of classification

➢Though all members of Animalia are multicellular, all of them do

➢For example, jellyfish, the arrangement of cells is more complex.

Animals can be categorized on the basis of their

• When any plane passing through the central axis

• The body can be divided into identical left and

• Animals in which the cells are arranged in

• Those animals in which the developing

Presence or absence of a cavity between the body

▪ Animals possessing coelom are called

• Bilateral symmetry with

• Bilateral symmetry with

• Bilateral symmetry in embryo

❖ A rod-like structure between the

❖In vertebrate, this develops into the

❖It anchors muscles and allows rapid

❖ A tube of cells surrounding a fluid-filled

❖ This develops into the SPINAL CHORD.

❖ The anterior portion develops into the

❖ Paired opening located in the

❖In terrestrial chordates, these

❖In aquatic chordates, these

❖ Have feathers and beak

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