Computer System Organization

Module Number: 01

Module Name: Introduction to Computer Systems

Version Code: CFO2

Released Date: 7-Aug-2018 1
Introduction to Computer Systems

AIM:
To equip students with fundamentals and characteristics of Introduction to Computer Systems.

2
Introduction to Computer Systems

Objectives:
The Objectives of this module are:
• Explain the types of computer systems.
• Explain the computer work environments.
• Describe the computer components and their function.
• Outline the hardware used in computer.
• Explain about software used in computer.
• Explain about peripherals used in computer.

3
Introduction to Computer Systems

Outcome:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• Define computer system and it’s type.
• Classify the hardware, software and peripherals used in computer.
• Creating computer work environments.
• Differentiate different computer components and their function in computer system.

4
Introduction to Computer Systems

Content
• Types of Computer Systems: Micro Computers, Mini Computers, Mainframes and Super Computers.
• Computer Work Environments: Home, Business, Gaming and Networking.
• Computer Components and their Function: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit, Memory and
Input/output Devices).

• Hardware: Motherboard, Power Supply Unit, Cooling Units, Hard Disc Drive, Controllers,
Ports, Main Memory, Memory Types, Storage Devices, Battery, Specialized Cards, Accelerated
Graphics Port (AGP), Network, Graphics, Modem, Sound and Optical Drives.

• Software: Operating Systems, Utility Programs, Library Programs, Translator Programs and
Applications Software.

• Peripherals: Printers, Plotters, Cameras, Scanners, Keyboard and Mouse, Monitors, Display
Adapters, Multimedia Devices, Storage Media, Networking, Portable Drives, Plug and Play
Components.
5
Introduction to Computer Systems

What is a Computer?
• A computer is an electronic machine that takes input from the user, processes the given input
and generates output in the form of useful information.
• Input: data, programs, user reply.
• Data: the raw details that needs to be processed to generate some useful information.
• Programs: the set of instructions that can be executed by the computer in sequential or
non-sequential manner.
• User reply: the input provided by the user in response to a question asked by the computer.

6
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) What is a Computer?

A computer includes various devices:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Monitor
• Keyboard and Mouse
The unique capabilities and characteristics of a computer are:
• Speed
• Storage capacity
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Versatility
• Diligence 7
Introduction to Computer Systems

Evolution of Computer
Manual Computing Devices: Sand table, Abacus.
Automated Computing Devices: Difference engine, analytical engine, Colossus.
Charles Babbage: A professor of mathematics, from the Cambridge University, is considered to be
the father of modern computer.

8
Introduction to Computer Systems

First Generation Computers

• Employed during the period 1940-1956.
• Used the vacuum tubes technology for calculation as well as for storage and control purpose.
Advantages:
1. Fastest computing devices of their time.
2. These computers were able to execute complex mathematical problems in an efficient manner.
Disadvantages:
3. The functioning of these computers depended on the machine language.
4. There were generally designed as special-purpose computers.
5. The use of vacuum tube technology make these computers very large and bulky.

9
Introduction to Computer Systems

Second Generation Computers

• It was employed during the period 1956-1963.
• Use transistors in place of vacuum tubes in building the basic logic circuits.
Advantages:
• Fastest computing devices of their time.
• Easy to program because of the use assembly language.
• Could be transferred from one place to other very easily because they were small and light.
• Require very less power in carrying out their operations.
• More reliable, did not require maintenance at regular intervals of time.
Disadvantages:
• The input and output media were not improved to a considerable extent.
• Required to be placed in air-conditioned places.
• The cost of these computers was very high and they were beyond the reach of home users.

10
Introduction to Computer Systems

Third Generation Computers

• Employed during the period 1964-1975
• Use of Integrated Circuits
Advantages:
• Fastest computing devices.
• Very productive.
• Easily transportable from one place to another because of their small size.
• Use high-level languages.
• Could be installed very easily and required less space.
• Can execute any type of application.
• More reliable and require less frequent maintenance schedules.
Disadvantages:
• The storage capacity of these computers was still very small.
• The performance of these computers degraded while executing large applications,
involving complex computations because of the small storage capacity.
11
• The cost of these computers was very high.
Introduction to Computer Systems

Fourth Generation Computers

• Employed during 1975-1989.
• Use of large scale integration technology and very large scale integration technology.
• The term personal computer (PC) became known to the people during this era.
Advantages:
• Very powerful in terms of their processing speed and access time.
• Storage capacity was very large and faster.
• Highly reliable and required very less maintenance.
• User-friendly environment.
Disadvantages:
• The soldering of lsi and vlsi chips on the wiring board was not an easy task and required
complicated technologies to bind these chips on the wiring board.
• The working of these computers is still dependent on the instructions given by the programmer.
12
Introduction to Computer Systems

Fifth Generation Computers

• Different types of modern digital computers come under this category.

• Use Ultra Large Scale Integration technology that allows almost ten million electronic components
to be fabricated on one small chip.

Advantages:

1. Fastest and powerful computers till date.

2. Being able to execute a large number of applications at the same time and at a very high speed

3. Decreasing the size of these computers to a large extent.

13
Introduction to Computer Systems

Computers can be classified by three sets of characteristics:

14
Introduction to Computer Systems

Classification of Computers
We can classify the computers according to the following three criteria:

1. Based on operating principles.

2. Based on applications.

3. Based on size and capability.

15
Introduction to Computer Systems

1. Based on operating principles:

Analog computers: Represents data in the form of continuous electrical signals having a specific
magnitude.

Digital computers: Stores and process data in the digital form.

Hybrid computers: A combination of analog computer and digital computer because it encompasses
the best features of both.

16
Introduction to Computer Systems

2. Based on applications:
General purpose computers: Can work in all environments.

Special purpose computers: Can perform only a specified task.

17
Introduction to Computer Systems

3. Based on size and capability

Microcomputers: Designed to be used by individuals.

Mini Computers: Can handle more data and more input and output than micro computers.

Mainframe Computers: A very large computer.

Super Computers: The fastest type of computer that can perform complex operations at a very
high speed.

18
Introduction to Computer Systems

I. Micro Computer
• A personal computer; designed to meet the computer needs of an individual.

• Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, photo
editing, e-mail, and internet.

19
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Micro Computers

• These are the smallest range of computers. They were
introduced in the early 70’s having less storing space and
processing speed.
• Micro computers of todays are equivalent to the mini
computers of yesterday in terms of performing and
processing. They are also called “computer of a chip”
because its entire circuitry is contained in one tiny chip.
• The micro computers have a wide range of applications
including uses as portable computer that can be plugged
into any wall.

20
Introduction to Computer Systems

II. Mini Computers

• Mini computers are smaller than mainframes, both in
size and other facilities such as speed, storage capacity
and other services.
• They are versatile that they can be fitted where ever they
are needed.
• Their speeds are rated between one and fifty million
instructions per second (MIPS).
• They have primary storage in hundred to three hundred
megabytes range with direct access storage device.

21
Introduction to Computer Systems

III. Mainframe
• Large expensive computer capable of simultaneously
processing data for hundreds or thousands of users.
• Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of
data that need to be reliable, secure, and centralized.
• Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.

22
Introduction to Computer Systems

IV. Super Computers

• Large scientific and research laboratories as well as the
government organizations have extra demand for
processing data which required tremendous processing
speed, memory and other services which may not be
provided with any other category to meet their needs.
• Therefore very large computers used are called as Super
Computers.
• These computers are extremely expensive and the speed
is measured in billions of instructions per seconds.

23
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Supercomputer
• A computer that was the fastest in the world at the time it was constructed.

• Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for other computers.

• Typical uses

• Breaking codes.

• Modeling weather systems.

24
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

1. Which is also called “computer of a chip”?

a. Micro Computers
b. Main frames Computers
c. Mini Computers
d. Super Computers

Answer: Micro Computer

25
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

2. Which computers have primary storage of Hundred to Three hundred megabytes range with direct access
storage device?

a. Micro Computers
b. Mini Computers
c. Super Computers
d. None of the above

Answer: Mini Computers

26
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

3. What is the main difference between a mainframe and a super computer?

a. Super computer is much larger than mainframe computers

b. Super computers are much smaller than mainframe computers
c. Supercomputers execute programs concurrently where as mainframe execute single
program as fast as possible
d. Supercomputers execute single program as fast as possible while mainframe is focused
to execute as many programs as possible concurrently

Answer: Supercomputers execute single program as fast as possible while mainframe is focused to
execute as many programs as possible concurrently
27
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

4. Integrated Circuits (Ics) are related to which generation of computers?

a. First generation
b. Second generation
c. Third generation
d. Fourth generation

Answer: Third generation

28
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

5. A hybrid computer

a. Resembles digital computer

b. Resembles analogue computer
c. Resembles both a digital and analogue computer
d. None of the above

Answer: Resembles both a digital and analogue computer

29
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

6. First generation computer was based on which technology?
a. Transistor
b. VLSI
c. Vacuum tube
d. LSI

Answer: vacuum tube

30
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

7. Chief component of first generation computer was

a. Transistors
b. Vacuum Tubes and Valves
c. Integrated Circuits
d. None of above

Answer: Vacuum Tubes and Valves

31
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

8. Modern Computers are very reliable but they are not

a. Fast
b. Powerful
c. Infallible
d. Cheap

Answer: Infallible

32
Introduction to Computer Systems

Document Links
Topics URL Notes

Types of http://www.byte-notes.com/four-types-c This link explains about the four basic types of
computer system omputers computers

33
Introduction to Computer Systems

Video Links

Topics URL Notes

This video explains about Device
Types of computer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X59
Driver, Software, Hardware, Process,
system PnYnHEjQ
Multitasking, Partitions.

34
Introduction to Computer Systems

Uses of Computers in Daily Life

• Accounts

• Games

• Educational

• On-line banking

• Smart ID cards

• Supermarkets

• Working from home (Tele-working)

• Internet

35
Introduction to Computer Systems

Uses of Computer
PC at Home
Common uses for the computer within the home are:
• Computer games

• Working from Home

• Banking from Home

• Connecting to the Web

36
Introduction to Computer Systems

Computers in Education
CBT (Computer Based Training)

• Computer Based Training (CBT) offers a low cost solution to training needs where you need to
train a large amount of people on a single subject.

• These programs are normally supplied on CD-ROM and combine text, graphics and sound.

• Packages range from general encyclopaedias right through to learning a foreign language.

37
Introduction to Computer Systems

Office Applications
Automated Production Systems

• Many car factories are almost completely automated and the cars are assembled by
computer-controlled robots.

• This automation is becoming increasingly common throughout industry.

Design Systems

• Many products are designed using CAD (Computer Aided Design) programs to produce exact
specifications and detailed drawings on the computer before producing models of new products.

38
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Office Applications

Stock Control

• Stock control is ideal for automation and in many companies, it is now completely computerized.

• The stock control system keeps track of the number of items in stock and can automatically order
replacement items when required.

Accounts / Payroll

• In most large organizations the accounts are maintained by a computerized system.

• Due to the repetitive nature of accounts a computer system is ideally suited to this task and
accuracy is guaranteed.

39
Introduction to Computer Systems

Create a Good Working Environment

• Frequent breaks away from the computer.
• Appropriate positioning of screens, chairs and keyboards.
• Provision of adequate lighting and ventilation.

40
Introduction to Computer Systems

Health and Safety Precautions

• Make sure that cables are safely secured.
• Make sure that power points are not overloaded.
• Also be aware of:

• Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI).

• Glare from screens.

• Bad posture.

41
Introduction to Computer Systems

Likes and Dislikes of Computer

Things computer like:
• Good ventilation
• Clean environment
• Stable, vibration free surface

Things computer do not like:

• Dust
• Drinking and eating over the keyboard
• Heat, Cold or Moisture
• Do not place objects on top of monitors.
• Do not place floppy disks near monitors.

42
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

9. Which of the following things computer dislikes
a. Heat, Cold or Moisture
b. Clean environment
c. Good ventilation
d. Vibration free surface

Answer: Heat, Cold or Moisture

43
Introduction to Computer Systems

Document Links
Topics URL Notes

Computer Work http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.

1080/01449290310001624356
You will learn about the computer environment.
Environments

44
Introduction to Computer Systems

Video Links

Topics URL Notes

This video explains about the
Computer Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBff
computer environment (i.e. How and
Environments plJwLZs
where computer systems are used)

45
Introduction to Computer Systems

Assignment 1

1. What is a computer? List different functions of computer.

2. Explain all types of digital computers.
3. Explain the differences between mini computer and mainframe computer.
4. What are the uses of computer system?
5. What is a Super computer?

46
Introduction to Computer Systems

The components of Computer System are:

• Hardware

• Software

• Data

• People

47
Introduction to Computer Systems

Computer Organization and Architecture

• Computer architecture: the definition of basic attributes of hardware components and their
interconnections, in order to achieve certain specified goals in terms of functions and
performance.

• Computer organization: the design and physical arrangement of various hardware units to
work in tandem, in a orderly manner, in order to achieve the goals specified in the architecture.

48
Introduction to Computer Systems

Major Components of a Computer System

• Processor (CPU)
• Runs program instructions.
• Main Memory
• Storage for running programs and current data.
• Secondary Storage
• Long-term program & data storage (hard disk, CD, etc,.)
• Input Devices
• Communication from the user to the computer (e.g. keyboard, mouse).
• Output Devices
• Communication from the computer to the user (e.g. monitor, printer, speakers).

49
Introduction to Computer Systems

Parts of a PC
• System Unit - the metal box that houses the processor, main memory, and secondary storage
devices.

• Input and output devices - attached to the system unit via a device controller.

• The terms "input" and "output" tell you, if data flow is into or out of the system unit.

• Abbreviated to “I/O”

50
Introduction to Computer Systems

Computer Systems
System Unit
Output device

Output device

Output device

Input device

Input device

51
Introduction to Computer Systems

Component Interaction
The CPU controls all of the other resources within the system, in order to accomplish a task.

52
Introduction to Computer Systems

Central Processing Unit

The CPU is a silicon chip that contains millions of tiny electrical components.
The CPU’s three main parts are:
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Registers
The main operations of the CPU include four phases:
1. Fetching instructions from the memory.
2. Decoding the instructions to decide what operations to be performed.
3. Executing the instructions.
4. Storing the results back in the memory.

53
Introduction to Computer Systems

Central Processing Unit

Performs calculations and

Arithmetic / Logic Unit
decisions

Coordinates processing
Control Unit steps

Small, fast storage

Registers areas for instructions
and data

54
Introduction to Computer Systems

The Processor
• The processor is the "brain" of the computer system.
• Main processor is called the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
• A particular computer will have a particular type of processor, such as a Pentium or a
SPARC chip.

• Co-processors assist the CPU with some of the processing functions.

Examples:
• Math co-processors handle heavy duty math processing.
• Graphics coprocessors speed up the display of graphics onto the monitor.

55
Introduction to Computer Systems

Registers
• Registers are small, fast memory within the CPU

• Different registers hold different things

• Instructions and addresses of instructions.

• Data (operands).

• Results of operations.

56
Introduction to Computer Systems

Special Purpose Registers

Special Purpose Registers contain specific information the CPU needs.
• Instruction Register (IR) contains the actual instruction which is currently being executed
by the CPU.
• The Program Counter (PC) contains the address of the next instruction to be executed by
the program.

57
Introduction to Computer Systems

General Purpose Registers

• General Purpose Registers hold:
• The operands for arithmetic and logical operations (i.e., The values on which the operation
will be performed).

• The results of such operations.

• So General Purpose Registers are used for holding and manipulating data used by the CPU.

58
Introduction to Computer Systems

Arithmetic Logical Unit

• An arithmetic-logic unit, or ALU, performs many different arithmetic and logic operations. The
ALU is the “heart” of a processor—you could say that everything else in the CPU is there to
support the ALU.
• Arithmetic Unit is a part of the CPU, that performs arithmetic operations on the data. The
arithmetic operations can be addition, subtraction, multiplication or division.
Example

• We will show an arithmetic unit first, by building off ideas from the adder-subtractor circuit.
• Then we will talk about logic operations a bit, and build a logic unit.
• Finally, we put these pieces together using multiplexers.
• We use some examples from the textbook, but things are re-labelled and treated a little
differently.

59
Introduction to Computer Systems

Control Unit
• Control Unit is an important component of CPU that controls the flow of data and information. It
maintains the sequence of operations being performed by the CPU.

60
Introduction to Computer Systems

Memory and Storage Systems

• Primary Memory: Storing the data that are being currently handled by the CPU; generally known
as “memory”.

• Secondary Memory: Storing the results and the data for future use; generally known as “storage”.

• Internal Process Memory: Placed either inside the CPU or near the CPU.

61
Introduction to Computer Systems

Memory Representation
• In the memory, values are represented by sequences of binary digits, know as bits. Most computers
use a group of eight bits, known as a byte, to represent a character.

• Memory is a “bunch” of bytes or cells into which we can place data. Each cell, known as a data
item, is assigned a unique number known as “address”. The CPU can identify each cell by its
address.

62
Introduction to Computer Systems

Memory

Computer Memory
millions/billions of on/off charges divided into:
• Bits: 0 or 1
• Bytes: Groups of 8 bits A byte is the smallest unit of storage. (Can hold one text character)
• Words: Groups of bits/bytes (8, 16, 32, 64-bits)

63
Introduction to Computer Systems

Memory
Storage is usually too large to be expressed in bytes or words. Instead we use:
• Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (210 bytes).
• Megabyte (MB) = 1024 x 1024 bytes or one million bytes (220 bytes).
• Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes or one trillion bytes (230 bytes).
• Terabyte (TB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes one quadrillion bytes (240 bytes).

64
Introduction to Computer Systems

Main Memory
• Each computer has a specific word size
• Word sizes vary from computer to computer.
• Word size is an even multiple of a bytes.
• Each word within memory can hold either
• Data or
• Program instructions

65
Introduction to Computer Systems

Main Memory

Each memory cell has a 5248 Each memory cell stores a set
numeric address, which 5249 number of bits (some
10011010
uniquely identifies its 5250 computers use 8 bits/one byte,
location 5251 others use words)
5252
5253 A word is stored in
5254 consecutive
5255 memory bytes.
5256

66
Introduction to Computer Systems

CPU and Memory

CPU can interact with main memory in two ways:

• It can write a byte/word to a given memory location.

• The previous bits that were in that location are destroyed.

• The new bits are saved for future use.

• It can read a byte/word from a given memory location.

• The CPU copies the bits stored at that location and stores them in a CPU register.

• The contents of the memory location are NOT changed.

67
Introduction to Computer Systems

Main Memory Unit

• The main memory is referred to as the internal memory of primary memory of the computer. It is
also known as Random Access Memory (RAM).

Cache Memory
• Cache memory is a small, fast and expensive memory that stores the copies of data that needs to be
accessed frequently from the main memory.

68
Introduction to Computer Systems

Main Memory Characteristics

• Very closely connected to the CPU.
• Contents are quickly and easily changed.
• Holds the programs and data that the processor is actively working with.
• Interacts with the processor millions of times per second.
• Nothing permanent is kept in main memory.

69
Introduction to Computer Systems

Secondary Storage Characteristics

• Connected to main memory through a bus and a device controller.
• Contents are easily changed, but access is very slow compared to main memory.
• Only occasionally interacts with CPU.
• Used for long-term storage of programs and data.
• Much larger than main memory (GBs vs. MBs).

70
Introduction to Computer Systems

Internal Communications
The internal communication of a processor in the computer system can be divided into two major
categories:

1. Processor to memory communication.

2. Processor to I/O devices communication.

71
Introduction to Computer Systems

Processor to Memory Communication

The direct communication between the processor and memory of the computer system is implemented
with the help of two registers:

1. Memory Address Register

2. Memory Buffer Register

The reading and writing operations performed by the processor are called memory read and memory
write operations.

72
Introduction to Computer Systems

Processor to I/O Devices Communication

• The communication between I/O devices and processor of the computer system is implemented
using an interface unit. The interface unit acts as an intermediary between the processor and the
device controllers of various peripheral devices in the computer system.

73
Introduction to Computer Systems

Hardware Components
• Input Devices -- "How to tell it what to do“?
• A keyboard and mouse are the standard way to interact with the computer. Other devices include
joysticks and game pads used primarily for games.
• Output Devices -- "How it shows you what it is doing“?
• The monitor (the screen) is how the computer sends information back to you. A printer is also an
output device.

74
Introduction to Computer Systems

Input Devices
• Input devices are electro-mechanical devices that are used to provide data to a computer for storing
and further processing, if necessary.

We can provide the input to a computer in two ways:

• Manually through devices such as keyboard and mouse.

• Directly from documents using devices such as scanners.

75
Introduction to Computer Systems

Input Devices
Depending upon the type or method of input, the input device may belong to one of the following
categories:

1. Keyboard

2. Pointing devices

3. Scanning devices

4. Optical recognition devices

5. Digital camera

6. Voice recognition devices

7. Media input devices

76
Introduction to Computer Systems

The Bus
• A bus is a set of wires that is used to connect the different internal components of the computer system
for the purpose of transferring data as well addresses amongst them.
• Early computer buses were parallel electrical wires with multiple hardware connections, but the term is
now used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical function as a parallel electrical
bus. Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit serial connections, and can be wired in either
a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case
of USB.

• Data bus: It is used to transfer data amongst the different internal components. Modern computer
systems use 32-bit data buses for data transfer.
• Address bus: Transfers the memory addresses for read and write memory operations.
• Control Bus: The CPU transmits a variety of control signals to components and devices to
transmit control signals to the CPU using the control bus.

77
Introduction to Computer Systems

Computer bus architecture

78
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

10. The difference between memory and storage is that memory is _____ and storage is __

a. Temporary, permanent
b. Permanent, temporary
c. Slow, fast
d. All of above

Answer: Temporary, permanent

79
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

11. Algorithm and Flow chart help us to

a. Know the memory capacity

b. Identify the base of a number system
c. Direct the output to a printer
d. Specify the problem completely and clearly

Answer: Specify the problem completely and clearly

80
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

12. Why do we need to have a secondary storage?

a. To store large volume of data that exceed the capacity of main memory
b. To perform arithmatic and logical operations
c. To give power to the system too
d. To help processor in processing

Answer: To store large volume of data that exceed the capacity of main memory

81
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

13. Which one of the given option determines the address of I/O interface?

a. Register select
b. Chip select
c. Both of above
d. None of above

Answer: Both of above

82
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

14. In which of the given options, the results of an arithmetic and logical operation are stored?

a. Accumulator
b. Cache Memory
c. ROM
d. Instruction Registry

Answer: Accumulator

83
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

15. The two major types of computer chips are

a. External memory chip

b. Primary memory chip
c. Microprocessor chip
d. Both b and c

Answer: Both b and c

84
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

16. Microprocessors as switching devices are for which generation computers

a. First Generation
b. Second Generation
c. Third Generation
d. Fourth Generation

Answer: Fourth Generation

85
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

17. The brain of any computer system is

a. ALU
b. Memory
c. CPU
d. Control unit

Answer: CPU

86
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

18. The two kinds of main memory are:

a. Primary and secondary

b. Random and sequential
c. ROM and RAM
d. All of above

Answer: ROM and RAM

87
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

19. CD-ROM is a

a. Semiconductor memory
b. Memory register
c. Magnetic memory
d. None of above

Answer: None of above

88
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

20. Which of the following storage devices can store maximum amount of data?

a. Floppy Disk
b. Hard Disk
c. Compact Disk
d. Magneto Optic Disk

Answer: Hard Disk

89
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

21. A byte consists of

a. One bit
b. Four bits
c. Eight bits
d. Sixteen bits

Answer: Eight bits

90
Introduction to Computer Systems

Hardware
Hardware is basically anything that you can touch with your fingers.-

• Computer Case
• CPU (central processing unit...Pentium chip)
• Monitor
• Keyboard & Mouse
• Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM, DVD,
• Hard Drive
• Memory (RAM)
• Speakers
• Printer
Introduction to Computer Systems

Motherboard
• A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, baseboard, planar
board or logic board) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in general purpose
microcomputers and other expandable systems.

• It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a
system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other
peripherals.

• Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems such as the central
processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other
components integrated for general purpose use.

92
Introduction to Computer Systems

Motherboard

93
Introduction to Computer Systems

Power supply or power supply unit (PSU)

• Power supply or power supply unit (PSU)

• Box inside a computer case supplying power to motherboard and other installed devices
• Both a rectifier and transformer
• Converts AC house current to DC
• Steps down voltage from 110 V or 220 V to 3.5, 5, and 12 V

94
Introduction to Computer Systems

Types and Characteristics of Power Supplies

Important power supply feature considerations:

• Form factor determines power supply size
• Type and number of power cables, and connectors
• Voltage selector switch
• Fans
• On/off switch
• Wattage ratings
• Warranty and overall quality

95
Introduction to Computer Systems

Computer cooling unit

• Computer cooling is required to remove the waste heat produced by the computer component, to
keep component within permissible operating temperature limits.
• As processors, graphic cards, RAM and other components in computer have increased in speed and
power consumption, the amount of heat produced by these components as a side effect of normal
operation has also increased.
• So to prevent computer from heating cooling fans are necessary.

96
Introduction to Computer Systems

Types of fan
• CPU fans
• CPU uses a lot of energy when it is running and as a result, there are large amounts of heat
generated by the operating components. The heat generated must be dispersed immediately to
keep the equipment cool, and to avoid any damage or a complete breakdown of the system.
• Case fans
• CPU coolers alone cannot dissipate the heat of the components, especially if the surrounding
air gets too hot inside the computer case.
• Hard drive fans
• Hard drives do not generate as much heat as the processor or video cards, and depending on the
configuration of the system, they consume about ten or twelve watts under load and about
seven watts when they are not in use

97
Introduction to Computer Systems

Storage Systems
Hard Drives
• 2 Types: SCSI and IDE

IDE drives-
• originally developed as alternative to more expensive SCSI drives.
• Modern versions called EIDE drives.
• Support up to 4 multigigabyte drives.
• If you want more devices, use SCSI or USB
• Low-level formatted at the factory
Introduction to Computer Systems

SCSI
• Pronounced Scuzzy
• Small Computer Systems Interface
• For wide range of peripheral devices, including hard disks, tape drives, optical drives,
CD-ROMs and disk arrays.
• 8 devices can connect to a daisy chain
• This chain must be terminated at both ends
• Each device on chain is assigned unique device ID number that is determined by jumpers or
DIP switches
Introduction to Computer Systems

Hard Disk
• IDE: Obsolete, also called PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment), I/O Rate: 16 MB/s
originally later 33, 66, 100 and 133 MB/s ,
• SATA (Serial ATA): Used in Desktops/Laptops, I/O Rate: 1.5/3 Gbps, 5400/7200 RPM.
• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface): Used in Servers, 10/15K RPM, I/O Rate: 160/320 MB/s
• SAS (Serial Attached SCSI): Used in Servers, 10/15K RPM, I/O Rate: 3 Gbps.
• FC (Fiber Channel): I/O Rate 4 Gbps, Expensive and used in storage.
• iSCSI: I/O Rate 4 Gbps, Expensive and used in Storage.
• Solid State Drive: non-volatile flash memory.

100
Introduction to Computer Systems

I/O Ports
Parallel port
Parallel because it can move a whole byte at a time.
Mainly used for connection to a printer.
Serial port (Com port)
One bit at a time-- Uses thin cable.
Universal serial bus (USB) replaces those
4 wires (2 for power and 2 for communication).
Upto 60 MB/s.
USB Pen Drives, Printers, External Disks, Drives etc.

101
Introduction to Computer Systems

Random Access Memory

• Random Access Memory (RAM) is a volatile memory and loses all its data when the power is
switched off.

• It is the main memory of the computer system that stores the data temporarily and allows the data
to be accessed in any order.

• RAM can be categorized into two main types, namely, Static RAM and Dynamic RAM.

102
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Random Access Memory

• Static RAM: is a type of RAM in which data is stored till the power of the computer system is
switched on. SRAM uses a number of transistors to store a single bit of digital information.

• Dynamic RAM: is the RAM in which data is stored in a storage cell, consisting of a transistor and
a capacitor. The DRAM needs to be continuously refreshed with power supply because the
capacitor has the tendency to get discharged. DRAM retains the data for a very short span of time,
even after the power supply is switched off.

103
Introduction to Computer Systems

Read Only Memory

• ROM is the memory that stores the data permanently.

• The data can be easily read from this type of memory but cannot be changed.

• ROM is most commonly used in devices such as calculators, laser printers, etc.

• ROM does not allow the random access of data, and allows sequential access of data.

104
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Read Only Memory

ROM is divided into four types:

1. Programmable ROM: a memory chip on which the write operation of data can be performed
only once. PROM is reliable and stores the data permanently without making any change in
it. It is mostly used in video games and electronic dictionaries.
2. Erasable PROM: a type of ROM in which data can be erased or destroyed using Ultraviolet
Light.
3. Electrically Erasable PROM: a type of ROM in which data can be erased or destroyed by
exposing it to an electric charge.
4. Flash ROM: a type of EEPROM that stores the information using floating-gate transistors,
which can store electric charge for a longer period of time as compared to the normal
transistors. This memory is mainly used in the memory cards of mobile phones, digital
cameras and iPods for storing data. Flash ROM has faster speed of reading data, as compared
to any other type of ROM.
105
Introduction to Computer Systems

Storage Devices -- "How it saves data and programs“?

Hard disk drives are an internal, higher capacity drive which also stores the operating system which
runs when you power on the computer.
"Floppy" disk drives allow you to save work on small disks and take the data with you.

106
Introduction to Computer Systems

Storage Systems
Storage systems are the devices used for data storage. The main objective of the storage system is to
permanently store data. The storage systems can be classified as follows:

• Magnetic

• Optical

• Solid state

• Magneto Optical

107
Introduction to Computer Systems

Magnetic Storage Systems

• Magnetic storage systems can be defined as the storage systems that store the data on a
magnetized medium, with the help of magnetized particles. Magnetic tapes, magnetic disks,
hard disks, floppy disks are examples of magnetic storage systems.
• Can store any type of data, such as text, audio, video, image.
• Magnetic tapes: The plastic tapes with magnetic coating that are used for storing the data. They
are similar to the normal recording tapes. The data stored on the magnetic tapes can be accessed
using the sequential access method.
• Magnetic Disks: A flat disk that is covered with magnetic coating for holding information. It is
used to store digital information in the form of small and magnetized needles. These needles
help in encoding a single bit of information by getting polarized in one direction represented by
1, and opposite direction represented by 0. It allows the random access of data and provides the
facility of erasing and re-recording the data as many times as required.

108
Introduction to Computer Systems

Optical Storage Systems

• The optical storage systems use the laser light as the optical medium to retrieve as well as record data.

• The optical storage devices are either read-only or writable.

109
Introduction to Computer Systems

Solid-State Storage Devices

• Solid-state Storage Devices were developed in 1978, by Storage Tek Company.

• Do not use magnetic and optical medium to store data. Instead, use the semiconductor devices.

• Contains all the properties of hard disk drives to store the data and use solid-state memory, which
has no moving parts.

• The examples of SSD are flash memory cards and Universal Serial Bus (USB) devices.

110
Introduction to Computer Systems

Optical Recognition Devices

• Optical recognition devices are used for recognising the characters optically. The optical recognition
devices basically make use of optical scanner for inputting data. Unlike keyboards, the optical
recognition devices do not enter the data by pressing the keys. They help the users in saving a lot of
time. Commonly used optical recognition devices are:

• Optical Character Recognition (OCR) devices: scan a particular document by recognizing its
individual characters and converting it into the editable form.

• Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) devices: help in obtaining the data from the marked fields.
These devices prove to be of great use in recognizing characters in question sheets, enrolment
forms, registration forms, employee payroll, etc. Most popularly, the OMR devices are used for
scanning the documents having multiple choices as in the question papers used in schools,
colleges, etc.

111
Introduction to Computer Systems

CD-ROM Disks
• Speed:
• Much slower than hard disks. The original CD-ROM is given a value of 1x speed, and later, faster
CD-ROMs are quoted as a multiple of this value.
• Capacity:
• Around 650 Mbytes and more.

• DVD Drives
• Speed:
• Much faster than CD-ROM drives but not as fast as hard disks.
• Capacity:
• Up to 17 Gbytes.
• Cost:
• Slightly higher than CD-ROM drives.
112
Introduction to Computer Systems

Battery
• Convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy
• Reaction between chemicals take place
• Consisting of electrochemical cells
• Contains
• Electrodes
• Electrolyte

113
Introduction to Computer Systems

Electrodes and Electrolytes

• Cathode
• Positive terminal
• Chemical reduction occurs (gain electrons)
• Anode
• Negative terminal
• Chemical oxidation occurs (lose electrons)
• Electrolytes allow:
• Separation of ionic transport and electrical transport
• Ions to move between electrodes and terminals
• Current to flow out of the battery to perform work

114
Introduction to Computer Systems

AGP

• The Accelerated Graphics Port (also called Advanced Graphics Port) is a high-speed point-to-point
channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer’s motherboard, primarily to assist in the
acceleration of 3D computer graphics.

• Some motherboards have been built with multiple independent AGP slots. AGP is currently being
phased out in favor of PCI Express.
Introduction to Computer Systems

Advantages over PCI

• Texturing: Also called Direct Memory Execute mode, allows textures to be stored in main
memory.

• Throughput: Various levels of throughput are offered: 1X is 266 MBps, 2X is 533 MBps; and 4X
provides 1.07 GBps.

• Sideband Addressing: Speeds up data transfers by sending command instructions in a separate,

parallel channel.

• Pipelining: Enables the graphics card to send several instructions together instead of sending one
at a time.
Introduction to Computer Systems

Networks

• A network is a group of computers that share information and hardware.

• The computers are connected together using copper phone wires, fiber optic cables, or radio
waves.
• Our computers are on a network here at school...Look under the table and see the blue wires that
connect your computer to the network.
• The internet is many networks around the world that are all connected together to make 1 huge
network.
Introduction to Computer Systems

Information Network
• LAN
• A LAN (Local Area Network) is a system whereby individual PCs are connected together within
a company or organization.

• WAN
• A WAN (Wide Area Network) as the name implies allows you to connect to other computers over
a wider area (i.e. the whole world).

Uses of Network
• If 10 people are working together within an office it makes sense for all to be connected.
• In this way,the office can have a single printer and all 10 people can print to it.
• In a similar way, other devices such as modems or scanners can be shared.
• Even more useful is the ability to share information when connected to a network.
118
Introduction to Computer Systems

Computer Accessories
• Modem

• Short for “MODulate/DEModulate”. The modem sends information from your computer across
the telephone system.
• The modem at the other end of the phone line, converts the signal back into a format that can be
used by the receiving computer.

119
Introduction to Computer Systems

Voice Recognition System

• The voice recognition devices generally record the voice of a person and transform it into electrical
signals. The electrical signals are then converted into the machine readable code.

• The voice recognition system only recognizes the voice of the speaking person rather than what he
speaks.

• The voice recognition devices are used for various purposes such as dictation, training air-traffic
controllers, etc. These systems allow users to communicate with computers directly without using a
keyboard or mouse.

120
Introduction to Computer Systems

Data Acquisition Sensors

• Sensors are the devices that are used for detecting and measuring the physical quantities, such as
heat, temperature, and converting them into electrical signals. The sensors are most commonly
used in data acquisition systems.

• The data acquisition system collects the electrical signals from various devices and converts them
into the digital signals for further assessment.

121
Introduction to Computer Systems

Media Input Devices

• The input devices, which are generally used in media for communicating with the mass audiences,
are known as media input devices. The following are the most popularly used media input devices:

• Microphone

• Webcam

• Graphics tablet

122
Introduction to Computer Systems

Output Devices
• Output devices receive the processed data (information) from the CPU and present it to the user in a
desired form. They act as an interface between the computer and the user. The main task of an output
device is to convert the machine readable information into human-readable from which may be in the
form of text, graphics, audio or video. Depending upon the form of output required, the output device
may belong to one of the following categories:

• Display monitors

• Printers

• Plotters

• Voice output systems

• Projectors
123
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Output Devices

• While the printers and plotters provide the physical form of output known as hard copy, the display
monitors, voice output systems and projectors provide temporary output known as soft copy.
Unlike hard copy, soft copy is not a permanent form of output.

124
Introduction to Computer Systems

Voice Output Systems

• Voice output systems record the simple messages in human speech form and then combine all these
simple messages to form a single message. The voice response system is of two types:

1. A reproduction of human voice and other sounds

2. Speech synthesis.

The basic application of a voice output system is in Interactive Voice Response systems, which are used
by the customer care or customer support departments of an organization, such as telecommunication
companies, etc.

125
Introduction to Computer Systems

User view of Computer Systems

Applications
e.g. Word, Netscape, etc

Operating System – -
the user interface

Software that
controls the
hardware devices

126
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

22. Which one of the given options can be considered as most advanced ROM ?

a. DRAM
b. EEPROM
c. RAM
d. PROM

Answer: EEPROM

127
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

23. One byte is equal to __________ bits.

a. 4 bits
b. 8 bits
c. 12 bits
d. 16 bits

Answer: 8 bits

128
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

24. Which one of the given options is Volatile?

a. ROM
b. EPROM
c. DROM
d. RAM

Answer: RAM

129
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

25. Where are the results of an arithmetic and logical operation stored?

a. In Accumulator
b. In Cache Memory
c. In ROM
d. In Instruction Registry

Answer: In Accumulator

130
Introduction to Computer Systems

Document Links
Topics URL Notes
This link explains about Whether a laptop, mini
computer, tower or all-in-one, computers share common
Computer https://www.techwalla.com/articles/diff
parts. Understanding these parts helps you make an
Components And erent-parts-of-the-computer-and-their-fu
informed purchase, estimate the value of a repair or
Their Function nction
simply better understand the tools literally at your
fingertips

131
Introduction to Computer Systems

Video Links

Topics URL Notes

This video will help in understanding
Computer Components https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EC_f
various component of the computer
And Their Function OWfmtPA
system

132
Introduction to Computer Systems

Assignment 2

1. Differentiate between Input and Output Devices.

2. What is a storage device? What is the common classification?

3. Explain various types of memory in computer system?

4. Differentiate between serial and parallel port?

5. What is main memory in a computer?

133
Introduction to Computer Systems

Software
The software is the instructions that makes the computer work. Software is held either on your
computers hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD or on a diskette (floppy disk) and is loaded (i.e., copied) from
the disk into the computer's RAM (Random Access Memory), as and when required.

134
Introduction to Computer Systems

Software
• Software is the programs and applications that tell the computer what to do and how to look.
• Computer programmers write the codes/instructions that make-up software applications/programs.
• HTML is a type of computer programming language that allows programmers to make web pages.
• The next 2 slides show what HTML codes look like and the web page the codes produce.
Introduction to Computer Systems

Software Component
• Operating systems software
Application
• The operating system is a special type of program that loads automatically Software
when you start your computer.
• The operating system allows you to use the advanced features of a modern Operating
System
computer without having to learn all the details of how the hardware works.
Driver Driver
• The link between the hardware and the user.
• Makes the computer easy to use without having to understand bits and bytes.
Hardware

136
Introduction to Computer Systems

Operating System Software

• Directs all the activities and sets all the rules for how the hardware and software will work
together.

Examples would be:

DOS, Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, XP, Vista, Windows 7
Unix, Linux,
MAC system OS 6,7,8,9,10
Introduction to Computer Systems

Operating System Utility Programs

• What is a utility program?

✔ System software that performs

maintenance-type tasks
✔ Also called
utility
Introduction to Computer Systems

Utility Programs
• What is a file manager?
✔ Performs functions such as copying, renaming,
deleting, and moving files
✔ Image viewer
displays contents
of graphics file
when you double
click on it
Introduction to Computer Systems

Utility Programs

• What is an uninstaller?

Removes a In Windows XP,

program and uninstaller is in
all associated files Add/Remove
Programs in Control
Panel
Introduction to Computer Systems

Utility Programs

• What is a disk scanner?

✔ Detects and corrects

problems on hard disk
✔ Searches for and removes
unnecessary files
Introduction to Computer Systems

Program Libraries

What is a program library?

A library is a collection of implementations of behavior, written in terms of a language, that has a
well-defined interface by which behavior is invoked
– Wikipedia
A "program library" is simple a file containing compiled code (and data) that is to be
incorporated later into a program; program libraries allow programs to be more modular, faster
to recompile, and easier to update.
- The Linux Documentation Project

14
2
Introduction to Computer Systems

Program Libraries

• Program libraries can be divided into three types: static, shared and dynamically loaded.

• Static libraries are incorporated into a program executable before the program is run.

• Shared libraries are loaded at program start-up and may be shared by different programs.

• Dynamically loaded libraries are loaded while the executable is running.

14
3
 Nat 4/5
Introduction to Computer Systems

Why do we need translators?

• The source code you write is instructions for the computer

• They are in a High Level Language

• The computer needs these instructions translated into machine code

• It’s the only language it understands!
 Nat 4/5
Introduction to Computer Systems

Types of Translators

• These programs convert High Level Language Source code into machine
code (binary)

• Interpreter
• Translates and executes one line at a time

• Compiler Think complete!

• Translates and executes the entire program at once
• This program can then be ran repeatedly
Introduction to Computer Systems

Applications software
An application program is the type of program that you use once the operating system has been loaded.
Examples: word-processing programs, spreadsheets and databases.

Word processing applications

• Microsoft Word
• Lotus Word Pro
• WordPerfect
Spreadsheets
• Microsoft Excel
• Lotus 123
Database
• Microsoft Access
• Lotus Approach
146
Introduction to Computer Systems

Applications software
• Payroll

• Sage software.

• Presentation tools

• Microsoft PowerPoint.

• Lotus Freelance.

• Desktop publishing

• Abode Photoshop.

• Multimedia applications

• Microsoft's Encarta CD-ROM based encyclopedia.

147
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

26. Machine language is

a. Machine dependent
b. Difficult to program
c. Error prone
d. All of above

Answer: All of above

148
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

27. A compiler is a translating program which

a. Translates instruction of a high level language into machine language

b. Translates entire source program into machine language program
c. It is not involved in program’s execution
d. All of above

Answer: All of above

149
Introduction to Computer Systems

Document Links
Topics URL Notes
This link explains about Software as a set of programs,
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/compute which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A
Computer Software
r_fundamentals/computer_software.htm program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a
particular problem.

150
Introduction to Computer Systems

Video Links

Topics URL Notes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJf6 This video explains computer
Computer Software
AnD9RJY software and its types

151
Introduction to Computer Systems

Peripherals
A peripheral device is an internal or external device that connects directly to a computer but does not
contribute to the computer's primary function, such as computing. It helps end users access and use the
functionalities of a computer.
Peripheral devices include the following:

• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Printer
• Webcam
• Printer
• Scanner
• External drives
• Graphics cards
• CD-ROM 152
Introduction to Computer Systems

Printers
A printer is a computer hardware that generates the hard copy of the information processed by a
computer system.

• Impact Printers: there exists a mechanical contact between print head and paper. Print head is the
part of the printer that resembles a hammer and is responsible for transferring the ink to the paper in
the form of required characters. Impact printer contains an individual print head for each character.

• Non-Impact Printers: there exists no mechanical contact between the print head and paper. These
printers spray ink on the paper with the help of a nozzle. The most popular ones are ink-jet printers
and laser printers.

153
Introduction to Computer Systems

Plotters
Plotter is a device used to print high quality graphics and images. It uses one or more pens to produce
a high quality drawing. These pens change their positions and draw continuous lines to produce an
image. The plotters were used as a substitute to the colored printers when the printers were very
expensive and were also not capable of drawing bigger images such as graphs.

154
Introduction to Computer Systems

Projectors
• A projector is a device that is connected to a computer or a video device for projecting an image from
the computer or video device onto the big white screen.

• A projector consists of an optic system, a light source and displays, which contain the original images.

• Projects were initially used for showing films but now they are used on a large scale for displaying
presentations in various situations.

155
Introduction to Computer Systems

Digital Camera
• A digital camera is a handheld electronic device that is used to capture the image of an object
electronically. The digital camera consists of a built-in computer, which helps in recording the
images electronically.

The following are the main features of the digital camera:

• Capturing and storing thousands of images on a single memory chip.

• Editing as well as deleting the images.
• Recording the video clip with sound.
• Showing the just recorded video clip on the camera screen.

156
Introduction to Computer Systems

Digital Camera
• The image captured by a digital camera is in the digital format and can be easily downloaded on a
computer system.

• The quality of the pictures captured by a digital camera depends on the resolution factor. The more
the resolution of a digital camera, the better is the image quality.

157
Introduction to Computer Systems

Scanning Devices
• Scanning devices are the input devices that can electronically capture text and images, and convert
them into computer readable form.

• The basic task of a scanning device is to convert an image or the textual data into digital data, i.e., in
the form of boxes, where each box represents either zero or one. The resultant matrix is known as bit
map and is displayed on the screen.

The scanning devices can be differentiated from each other on the basis of the following characteristics:

• Resolution: the closeness of the pixels in the bit map, and vary from 72 to 600 dots per inch (dpi).

• Size: the small sized scanning device can scan approximately two to five inches of the document,
whereas the large sized one can scan approximately up to forty inches of the document.
158
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Scanning Devices

On the basis of these characteristics, the scanning devices can be categorized as follows:

• Hand-held scanners: are suitable for scanning small images rather than the whole page of
text or pictures, and are generally used for identifying the bar-code label of the products.

• Flat-bed scanners: consists of a flat surface composing of glass pane on which the documents
are kept for scanning. Under this glass pane, there is xenon light and a CCD, which consists of
an array of red, green and blue filters.

159
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Scanning Devices

• Drum scanners: consist of a large drum, which is used for scanning the documents. These scanners
make use of the PMT technology, instead of the CCD technology. The resolution image of these
scanners is very high, ranges form 8000 dpi to 11000 dpi.

• Slide scanners: are used for scanning slides as well as film negatives. These scanners are also known
as film scanners as they can easily scan the original image of the film. The dark areas appear light and
the light areas appear dark.

160
Introduction to Computer Systems

Keyboard
Keyboard is the most commonly used input device. We can use a keyboard to type data and text and
execute commands. A standard keyboard consists of the following groups of keys:

1. Alphanumeric keys: The alphanumeric keys include the number keys and alphabet keys. These
keys are arranged in the same style as in the normal typewriters, popularly known as QWERTY
layout.
2. Function keys: Arranged in a row on the top of the keyboard. Help perform specific tasks, such
as searching a file or refreshing a web page.
3. Central keys: Used for controlling the movement of cursor and screen display. Include arrow
keys, modifier keys such as SHIFT, ALT, CTRL.
4. Numeric keypad: Located on the right side of the keyboard. This looks like a calculator’s
keypad.
5. Special purpose keys: Escape, Insert, Delete, Print Screen, Pause, Tab, Spacebar.

161
Introduction to Computer Systems

Pointing Devices

Pointing devices are the input devices that are generally used for moving the cursor to a particular
location to point an object on the screen. With the help of pointing devices, we can easily select
the icons, menus, windows, etc, on the Graphical User Interface. Some of the commonly used
pointing devices are:

1. Mouse
2. Trackball
3. Light pen
4. Joystick
5. Touchscreen

162
Introduction to Computer Systems

Mouse
A small hand-held pointing device that basically controls the two-dimensional movement of the cursor
on the displayed screen. The most commonly used types of mouse are:

1. Mechanical mouse

2. Optical mouse

163
Introduction to Computer Systems

Display Monitors
• Earlier the display monitors were capable of displaying the characters only in a single font and in a
single color. These characters were arranged in a rectangular grid on the screen.

• The display screens, which are available today, support many fonts and colors.

• Different types of display monitors use different technology for displaying the data.

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor: contains an empty glass tube with a phosphor coated fluorescent
screen and a source of electrons known as electron gun. A CRT monitor has many advantages, such as a
high contrast ratio and color depth. It also provides a change in the resolution without affecting the
clarity of the picture. But it is very bulky and occupies a lot of space on the desk. It also consumes a lot
of power and produces a large amount heat.

164
Introduction to Computer Systems

(Continued) Display Monitors

• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor: Use liquid crystals technology to display the images. An
LCD monitor is small in size and light in weight, so it occupies less space on the desk. Also, the
power consumption by an LCD monitor is very less. However, it has a weak color quality as
compared to a CRT monitor.

• Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Monitor: A TFT monitor is similar to an LCD monitor except for one
difference that it uses thin film transistor technology along with liquid crystal technology to improve
the quality of the image.

165
Introduction to Computer Systems

Plug and Play technology

• Allows operating systems to configure newly installed hardware without user interaction
• To support plug and play, a hardware device must:
• Uniquely identify itself to the operating system
• Communicate with the OS to indicate the resources and services the device requires to
function properly
• Identify the driver that supports the device and allows software to configure the device (e.g.,
assign the device to a DMA channel)

166
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

28. The mouse pointer moves erratically, what is the possible cause? The mouse
a.ball is dirty
b.is not connected
c.driver is not installed properly
d.has an incorrect IRQ setting

Answer: a

167
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

29. Peripherals are:
A. Additional devices connected to the computer
B. Needed for the CPU to keep running
C. Programmes we use
D. None of the above

Answer: A

168
Introduction to Computer Systems

Self Assessment Question

30. What are the three general types of peripheral devices?:
A. Mouse, keyboard and monitor
B. Audio, video and print output
C. Input, output and storage
D. Internal, wired external and wireless external

Answer: C

169
Introduction to Computer Systems

Assignment 3

1. What are computer hardware?

2. What is an operating system?

3. What is system utility?

4. Explain the use of peripheral devices in computer.

5. What is the application program?

170
Introduction to Computer Systems

Summary
• Various types of computer system.
• General construction and relationship between basic components of computer system.
• Hardware/software technology background for information systems personnel.
• Basic components of the Computer System (Software and Hardware).
• Hardware topics include CPU and a variety of input/output devices.
• Software topics include operating systems, disk and file management processes
• Peripheral devices used with the computer system.

171
Introduction to Computer Systems

Document Links
Topics URL Notes
In this link, you will learn about Any devices that you
connect to your computer, like a webcam, mouse or flash
Computer https://www.techwalla.com/articles/wha
drive are all considered peripherals. However, the lines
Peripherals t-are-computer-peripherals
between peripheral and necessary are a little blurry
within the system itself

172
Introduction to Computer Systems

Video Links

Topics URL Notes

In this Video, you will learn about
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0F
Computer Peripherals different types of computer peripheral
4cc2dkV8
devices

173
Introduction to Computer Systems

E-Book's Links
Topics URL
https://inspirit.net.in/books/academic/Computer
William Stallings. Computer Organization and Architecture –
%20Organisation%20and%20Architecture%20
Designing for Performance
8e%20by%20William%20Stallings.pdf
http://www.ecs.csun.edu/~cov/comp222s16/not
William Stallings. Computer Organization and Architecture
es/CH04PPT.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25833
Fundamentals of Computer 9295_FUNDAMENTALS_OF_COMPUTER_
STUDIES
http://iips.icci.edu.iq/images/exam/Abraham-Sil
Memory Management in Operating System berschatz-Operating-System-Concepts---9th201
2.12.pdf

174