JOHNSON GRAMMAR SCHOOL, I.C.S.E.

& ISC
AP018
Mallapur School, Hyderabad-76
Class-10
Chapter -5 Refraction through lens
Unit A: LENS AND REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A LENS
1) Lens:
A lens is transparent refracting medium bounded by either two spherical surfaces or one surface spherical
and other surface plane.

2.Refraction of light through the equi-concave and equi-convex lens: An equi-concave or an equi-
convex lens has the radius of curvature same on both the sides of lens

Convex lens Concave lens

3. Action of lenses as a set of prism:

Converging lens Diverging lens

4) Technical terms related to a lens
a) CENTRE OF CURVATURE: The centre of the sphere whose
part is the lens surface, is called the centre of curvature of that
surface of the lens. C1 & C2 are respectively the centres of
curvature of the two surfaces .
b) RADIUS OF CURVATURE: The radius of sphere whose part
is the lens surface , is called the radius of curvature of that surface.
For an equi- convex lens or equi – concave lens , the radius of
curvature of both the surfaces are equal
c) PRINCIPLE AXIS : It is the line joining the centres of curvature
of the two surfaces of the lens . It can extend on either side of the
lens.
d) OPTICAL CENTRE: It is a point on the principal axis of a thin lens such that a ray of light directed
towards it , passes undeviated through it.

concave lens convex lens

It is marked by the letter ‘O’ in the diagrams , the optical centre is thus the centre of lens.
e) PRINCIPAL FOCI :
FIRST FOCAL POINT :
➢ For a convex lens , the first focal point is a point F1 on the principal axis of the lens such that the rays
of light coming from it, after refraction through the lens , become parallel to the principal axis of lens
➢ For a concave lens, first focal point is a point F1 on the principal axis of the lens such that the
incident rays of light appearing to meet at it, after refraction from the lens become parallel to the
principal axis of the lens.

SECOND FOCAL POINT :

➢ For a convex lens , the second focal point is a point F2 on the principal axis of the lens such that the
rays of light incident parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from the lens, pass through it.
➢ For a concave lens , second focal point is a point F2 on the principal axis of the lens such that the
rays of light incident parallel to the principal axis , after refraction from the lens , appear to be
diverging from this point.
f) FOCAL LENGTH: The distance of focus ( or focal point) from the optical centre of lens , is called its
focal length. A lens has two focal lengths f1 and f2 .
g) FOCAL PLANE : A plane normal to the principal axis , passing through the focus , is called the focal
plane. A lens has two focal planes.

NOTE :
(i) If the medium on both sides of a lens is same , its first and second focal lengths are equal. i.e., f1 = f2
(ii) Usually , when we say focus , we mean the second focal point . Hence the focal length of a lens
implies the second focal length of the lens.
(iii)A convex lens has real focus ( since the incident rays after refraction from lens actually pass through
this point) , while a concave lens has virtual focus( since the incident rays a after refraction from lens
appear to diverge from this point).
(iv)If a part of lens is covered, its focal length remains same , only the amount of light entering the lens
decreases dur to which the intensity of image decreases but the position , size and nature of image
formed by it do not change.
v) The focal length of a lens depends on two factors:
(a) The refractive index of the material of lens relative to its surrounding medium. “If a lens is placed
in water instead of air , its focal length increases”.
(b) The radii of curvature of the two surfaces of lens .” A thick lens has less focal than a thin lens of
same material”.

Unit B: FORMATION OF IMAGE BYA LENS

1) PRINCIPAL ( OR CONSTRUCTION) RAYS FOR RAY DIAGRAMS
Generally we use three principal rays for the construction of the ray diagrams:
(i)A ray of light incident at the optical centre O of the lens passes undeviated through the lens as shown in
diagram.
(ii) A ray of light incident parallel to the principal axis of the lens, after refraction passes through the second
focus F2 (in convex lens) or appears to come from the first focus F2 ( in concave lens) as shown in diagram.

iii) A ray of light passing through the first focus F1 ( in convex lens) or directed towards the first focus F1 ( in
concave lens), emerges parallel to the principal axis after reflection as shown in diagram.

2) The images can be of two kinds: (i) real and (ii) virtual image.
3) Three ray diagram to show the image formation of distant object

4) CHARACTERISTICS AND LOCATION OF IMAGES FOR A CONVEX LENS:

If f = focal length of convex lens ,u = distance of object from lens

Case(i): When the object is at infinity (i.e., u = ∞).
* The image is formed at focus.
*The image is real , inverted.
* The image is diminished to a point.
* This case of convex lens is used in burning
glass or a camera lens.
Case(ii): When the object is beyond 2F1 (i.e., u > 2f).
* The image is formed between F and 2F.
*The image is real , inverted and diminished.
* This case of convex lens is used in camera lens, when object is not
very far.

Case (iii): When the object is at 2F1 ( i.e., u = 2f).

* The image is formed at 2F2 .
* The image is real , inverted and Same as the object.
* This case of convex lens is used in terrestrial telescope for
erecting the inverted image formed by the objective lens.
Case(iv): When the object is between 2F1 and F1 (i.e., f<u<2f).
* The image is formed beyond 2F2 .
* The image is real , inverted magnified.
* This case of convex lens is used
in camera and slide projectors.

Case (v): When the object is at F1 (i.e., u = f).

*The image is formed at infinity .
* The image is real , inverted and highly magnified.
* This case of convex lens is used in
the collimeter to obtain a parallel beam of light .

Case (vi): When the object is between the lens and focus ( i.e., between O and F1 or u < f).
*The image is formed on the same side and behind the
object.
*The image is virtual, erect or upright and magnified.
* This case of convex lens is used as a reading lens
( i,.e., a magnifying glass or simple microscope).

5) CHARACTERISTICS AND LOCATION OF IMAGES FOR A CONCAVE LENS:

(i): When the object is at infinity.
* The image is at focus .
*The image is virtual , erect and highly diminished.
* concave lens is used in Galilean telescope.

Case(ii): When the object is at any finite distance from the concave lens.
*The image is formed between the lens and focus, on
the side of the object.
* The image is virtual , erect and diminished.
* Concave lens is used in spectacles for the short –
sighted person.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE IMAGE FORMED BY A CONVEX AND A CONCAVE LENS.

 UNIT (C) – SIGN CONVENTION AND LENS FORMULA
According to the cartesian sign convention to measure the distances in a lens are:
✓ The optical centre of the lens is chosen as the origin of the coordinate system.
✓ The object is considered to be placed on the principal axis to the left of the lens.
✓ If ‘u’ is distance of an object from lens ; ‘v’ is distance of image and the distance of second focus
(i.e., focal length of lens) by ‘f’.

• Lens Formula: This formula gives the relationship between object- distance (u) image- distance
(v) & the focal length (f).
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
• The lens formula is expressed as -𝒖=𝒇
𝒗
8. Linear magnification:
• The ratio of length of image I perpendicular to principal axis to length of object O is called linear
magnification.
𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞(𝐈) 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 ( 𝐯)
m =𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 (𝐎) = 𝐎𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐮)
Note: (1) For the real image(which is inverted), the magnification ‘m’ is negative , while for the virtual
image (which is erect), the magnification ‘m’ is positive .Thus convex lens can have the value of ‘m’
positive as well as negative, but a concave lens always has the value of ‘m’ positive.
(2) The numerical value of m >1 , if image is magnified;
m=1 for image of same size as of the object ;
m<1 for the diminished image.

9.Power of lens:
• It is the deviation produced by a lens in path of rays refracted through it.
𝟏
Power of lens (P) = 𝐟𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡(𝐟)
Its unit is dioptre (D).
• A lens has a power of 1 dioptre or 1D, if its focal length is 1m or 100 cm.
 •
If a lens deviates a ray towards its centre , the power is positive, and if it deviates the away from its
centre ,the power is negative. Therefore the power of a convex lens is positive, and of a concave
lens is negative.
• A thick lens is of short focal length deviates the rays more, while a thin lens is of large focal
length deviates the rays less.
• If a concave lens of power +2.0 D, is kept in contact with concave lens of –2.0 D, the combination
will have zero power and it will behave like a glass plate.i.eP = P1 + P2 = -2D + 2D = 0
NUMERICALS :

3) The focal length of a convex lens is 25 cm . At what distance from the optical centre of the lens an
object be placed to obtain a virtual image of twice the size?

Sol. Magnification m = v/u +2 = v/u ; v = 2u

By lens formula ; 1/v – 1/u = 1/f ;
1/2u – 1/u = 1/25 -1/2u = 1/25 ; 2u = -25 cm ; u = - 12.5 cm.
Object to be placed 12.5 cm in front of the lens.
6). A lens forms the image of an object placed at a distance 15cm from it , at a distance 60cm in front of
it. Find : (i) the focal length , (ii) the magnification , and (iii) the nature of image.
Sol. u= -15cm ; v = - 60cm
(i)By lens formula : 1/v – 1/u = 1/f
(1/-60 )- ( 1/-15) = 1/f ; 1/f = 1/15 – 1/60 = 3/60
1/f = 1/20 ; f = 20cm
(ii) For a lens magnification : m = v/u = (-60)/ (-15)
m=+4
(iii) The image formed is erect , virtual and magnified.

UNIT(D) – MAGNIFYING GLASS AND APPLICATION OF LENSES

To Differentiate between concave and convex lens:

• by touching: the lens thicker in the middle is convex lens and the one thinner in the middle is concave lens.
• By keeping a lens near a printed page if letter is magnified and erect the lens is convex, but if the image is
diminished and erect the lens is concave.
Ray Diagram For Location Of Image In A Magnifying Glass.
▪ In order to see an object by the naked eye , it is necessary to place it at least at a distance of 25 cm
from the eye which is the least distance of distinct vision(D) for a normal eye.
▪ To observe a small object when placed at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye, we take
the help of a convex lens of short focal length, so that the lens forms an erect , virtual and magnified
image on the same side and behind the object, at a distance D from the lens . This is the principle of a
simple microscope( or magnifying glass or reading glass).

𝟏+𝑫
The magnifying power m = ( D = least distance of
𝐟𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡(𝐟)
distinct vision)
The magnifying power of the microscope can be increased by using
the lens of short focal length

Experimental determination of focal length of convex lens:

• Distant object method:
 ❖ A beam of parallel rays from distant object incident
on convex lens gets converged in focal plane of lens
❖ The distance between the image and the lens is the
focal length

• By auxillary plane mirror method:

❖ The image is real , inverted & same size as the object.

❖ The position of the mirror relative to the lens does not affect
the position of image as long as the rays from the lens fall
normally on the plane mirror (M).