1 - Torsion Test (Level 0)

PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM,
UITM CAWANGAN PAHANG
LABORATORY MANUAL NO. 1
COURSE STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL LABORATORY
COURSE CODE ECS268
LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0
CATEGORY TRADITIONAL
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK (WEEK 1)
TITLE TORSION TEST
COURSE OUTCOMES CO1: Demonstrate ability to conduct experiments on materials

and structures laboratory using standard tests and
measurements. (P5)
CO2: Analyse properties of engineering materials and behaviour
of structures in solving engineering problems. (P5)
PROGRAMME PO4: Conduct investigations of well-defined problems; locate and

OUTCOME search relevant codes and catalogues, conduct standard tests
and measurements.
TITLE TORSION TEST
PREAMBLE 1.1 Introduction

The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as
Level 0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance
independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The
traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely
problem, ways & means, and answers are provided/fully given to the
students. However, it is still necessary to implement as part of the whole
laboratory course activity, especially for first and second year students.
In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the apparatus and
appropriate methods to carry out tests to determine shear force and
bending moment in a determinate beam.
1.2 Objective
To determine the relationship between the applied torque and the angle of
twist and hence obtain the shear modulus.
1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able to:
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1. Identify the right tools to carry out the appropriate tests.

2. Analyse test data and present the solution in proper technical
format.
3. Work in a group to undertake the task and produce the relevant
technical report.
1.4 Theoretical Background

In many situations, we need to design members that will be subject to
rotating and twisting actions. Twisting moments about the longitudinal axis
of a member are termed torque and torsion members are found in many
types of structures. Consider a solid circular rod of diameter ‘D’ and length
‘L’ is fixed at A and free at B. The rod is subjected to a twisting moment or
torsion, T at the free end. This is called pure torsion since no bending or
direct stress is involved. A gauge device attached by bolts gives the angle
of twist on the rod as the torque is applied. The torque twist data is used to
compute the shear strain and the stress on the rod. From the shear stress
– shear strain relational curve, the shearing modulus of rigidity could be
calculated, as well as the proportionality limit and the yield limit for each
applied torque.
Length
Diameter
Figure 1.1: Solid circular rod diagram
Figure 1.2: Torsion of a solid bar
The torsion equation is

T/J = Ʈmax/R = Gθ/L………………………………………………………...Eq. 1
where,
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T = Torque of twisting moment (Nmm)

J = Polar moment of inertia, (mm4)
= ΠD4/32
Ʈ max = Maximum shear stress (N/mm2)
R = Radius of the rod or shaft (mm)
G = Shear modulus (N/mm2)
θ = Angle of twist (radians)
L = Length of the rod (mm)
Take,
T/J = Gθ/L
G = TL/Jθ…………………………………………………………………...Eq. 2
The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity is a measure of the rigidity of the

material when in shear and when it is twisting. It is a ratio of the shear stress
and the shear strain of the material:
G = Shear Stress/ Shear Strain = (F/A)/(Δx/L) = Ʈ/ Ɣ …………………Eq. 3
where,
F = Force (N)
A = Area (m2)
Δx = Transverse displacement (mm)
Ɣ = Shear Strain (mm/mm)
PROBLEM 2.1 Problem Statement

STATEMENT
In many situations, we need to design members that will be subject to
rotating and twisting actions. Twisting moments about the longitudinal axis
of a member are termed torques and torsion members are found in many
types of structures.
As a group, you will be given a solid circular rod and the appropriate
apparatus available in the laboratory to compute the shear modulus of a
structural material such as steel, aluminum, etc.
WAYS & 3.1 Apparatus

MEANS
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Figure 3.1: The schematic diagram of the torsion apparatus and specimen
Torque
Gearbox (Strain Head) Measurement Head
Base
Figure 3.2: The actual pictures of the torsion apparatus and specimen
3.2 Procedures
1. Measure the diameter of the rod with vernier calipers and its length with
scale. (take an average of 3 measurements)
2. Fit the sockets to the torque head and the gearbox output.
3. Fit the specimen to the sockets. Slide the gearbox output shaft along so
that the specimen's ends fit fully into each socket.
4. Switch on both Digital Meters and press their ‘press to zero’ buttons.
5. Fit the clear guard around the specimen.
6. To remove any mechanical error, slowly turn the Gearbox Hand Wheel
until the load display starts to show a small value of torque, then use
the ’press to zero’ buttons to set all displays to zero.
7. Turn the gearbox Hand Wheel clockwise for the first part of the test, and
record the torque and angle, at every 2 degrees while the specimen is
in its elastic region, then at larger intervals as it enters its plastic region,
up to 100 degrees. Note the maximum positive torque value.
8. Turn the Gearbox hand Wheel clockwise again until you reach any
value of the degree that your lecturer sets. Note the increase in torque
for the same angle.
9. Tabulate the observations as shown in Table 3.1.
10. Plot the graph between the torque ‘T’ on the y-axis and the angle of twist
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‘Ө’ on the x-axis. Notice that the graph is a straight line passing through
the origin (note the error, otherwise apply the correction)
11. The slope of the graph T/Ө yields the average value. Substitute the
value of T/Ө in equation 2 and calculate the value of ‘G’.
12. Repeat the experiment with rods of various materials. Calculate the
value of ‘G’ for the experiment and theoretical of each material and
tabulate the results.
3.3 Data Acquisition
All data collected from the tests may be recorded in the following tables:
Type of Material =
Shear Modulus (GPa) =
Length of rod, L (mm) =
Diameter of rod, D (mm) =
Polar moment of inertia, J (mm4) =
Level arm (mm) =
Table 3.1: The result of the torsion experiment
Experiment Theoretical Error
Angle Torque Angle Torque

(degrees) (Nm) (degrees) (Nm)
RESULTS 4.1 Results, Analysis, and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the
relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective. The report must
incorporate the following:
1. Discuss the failure observed for different material specimens in
torsion. Write a brief discussion on the results obtained.
2. Comment on the relationship between T and θ value.
3. Make the conclusion with a comparison of experimental results and
recommendations with theory.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.
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PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM,

UITM CAWANGAN PAHANG

LABORATORY MANUAL NO. 1

COURSE STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECS268

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK (WEEK 1)

TITLE TORSION TEST

COURSE OUTCOMES CO1: Demonstrate ability to conduct experiments on materials

PROGRAMME PO4: Conduct investigations of well-defined problems; locate and

TITLE TORSION TEST

PREAMBLE 1.1 Introduction

1.3 Learning Outcomes

1. Identify the right tools to carry out the appropriate tests.

1.4 Theoretical Background

Figure 1.1: Solid circular rod diagram

Figure 1.2: Torsion of a solid bar

The torsion equation is

T = Torque of twisting moment (Nmm)

The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity is a measure of the rigidity of the

G = Shear Stress/ Shear Strain = (F/A)/(Δx/L) = Ʈ/ Ɣ …………………Eq. 3

PROBLEM 2.1 Problem Statement

WAYS & 3.1 Apparatus

3.3 Data Acquisition

Table 3.1: The result of the torsion experiment

Experiment Theoretical Error

Angle Torque Angle Torque

RESULTS 4.1 Results, Analysis, and Conclusion

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