Earth and

Life
Science
 *Learning Targets:
At the end of this lesson, I can…
*Describe the different metabolic processes involved in the
various organ systems of representative animals.
*Describe the structure and function of the different plant
organs.
*Explain the different metabolic processes involved in the plant
organ systems.
*Describe the pieces and evidence in evolution such as homology
and analogous structure, plate tectonics, fossil records,
embryology, and artificial selection or domestication.
*Describe the principles of the ecosystem.
 *Pre- assessment
Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The lungs, nose, and trachea are part of which
organ system?
A. Circulatory B. Digestive
C. Muscular D. Respiratory
 *Pre- assessment
2. Which system supports and protects the body
while giving it shape and form?
A. Circulatory B. Integumentary
C. Muscular D. Respiratory
3. Most of the nutrient absorption that takes place
during digestion occurs in the ________.
A. Esophagus B. Liver
C. Large intestine D. Small intestine
 *Pre- assessment
4. What transport nutrients, gases, hormone, and
wastes through the body?
A. Circulatory system B. Digestive system
C. Muscular system D. Respiratory system

5. What system filters out wastes toxins and

excess water out nutrients from of the
circulatory system?
A. Digestive system B. Excretory system
C. Integumentary system D. Respiratory system
 *Pre- assessment
6. Which body system is responsible for taking in
oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide?
A. Digestive system. B. Excretory system
C. Integumentary system D. Respiratory system

7. Refers to a change over time

A. evolution B. gradualism
C. migration D. mutation
 *Pre- assessment
8. Each living species has descended, with changes,
from other species over time and as a result species
today look different from their ancestors.
A. Theory of Descent with Modification
B. Theory of Modification
C. Theory of Natural Selection
D. Theory of Survival
 *Pre- assessment
9. Explains the difference in survival of individual
and reproducein a particular environment
A.evolution B.gene flow
C.gradualism D.natural selection

10.Occurs when there is a change in genetic

makeup of organism
A.gene flow B.genetic drift
C.mutation D.natural selection
Earth and
Life
Science
 Organs System of Representative Animals
and Its Relationship to Each Other
The human body and even the simplest
animal is MADE UP OF SEVERAL ORGAN
SYSTEMS that work as one unit.
The body is a CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
MACHINE. As such, it is subject to CERTAIN LAWS.
These are sometimes called NATURAL LAWS. Each
part of the body is engineered to do a particular
function necessary for everyday living.
 The Animal Organ Systems

1.Digestive 5. Immune System

System 6. Endocrine
2. Respiratory System
System 7. Nervous System
3. Circulatory 8. Muscular
System System
4. Urinary System 9. Skeletal System
Digestive System
 Digestive System
Animal nutrition is the process of
taking in, taking apart and taking up
the nutrients from the food source.
Food processing has four main stages:
INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION,
AND ELIMINATION OR EGESTION.
Digestive System
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination Or
Egestion
 Ingestion
- process of taking
food, drink
 Digestion
- the process of
breaking down food
by mechanical and
enzymatic action in
the alimentary canal
into substances that
can be used by the
body.
 Absorption
- absorbing the
nutrients from the
food we eat to the
different parts of
the body.
 Elimination
- Taking out
waste products from
the body.
 Respiratory System
Gas exchange is very important among
animals, as they REQUIRE OXYGEN in the
production of higher amount of energy
compared to process of energy production
without oxygen.
AIR as a respiratory MEDIUM. Hence ,as air
is lighter and has more oxygen content
compared to the same volume of water,
ventilation is not much of a problem of
terrestrial organisms.
 Circulatory System
There are different ways in which animals transport
substances across their body. In animals with CLOSED
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, THE CIRCULATORY FLUID DOES NOT
GO OUT OF THE VESSEL. Exchange occurs through diffusion
via thinner vessels called capillaries across the interstitial
fluid.
Different animals, have adapted different mechanisms
for transport such as in fishes where a single circulation is
enough. Compared to cnidarians, the gastrovascular cavity
of flatworms have extensions in order to reach areas of the
body far from the axis. Without these extensions of the
gastrovascular cavity, diffusion might not be enough in the
transport of substances.
 Human
Circulatory system
 Grasshopper
Circulatory System

Closed CS
tubular hearts
 Urinary System
In order to remove wastes, animals have the
excretory system, which enables it to REMOVE
EXCESS SALT OR WATER in the body. Waste
removal follows the following processes:
1.) filtration,
2.) reabsorption,
3.) secretion, and
4.) excretion.
 Urinary System

Remove excess salt

or water in the
body
 Immune System
DEFENDS the internal environment
FROM INVADING MICROORGANISMS AND
VIRUSES, as well as CANCEROUS CELL
GROWTH. The immune system provides
cells that aid in PROTECTION of the body
FROM DISEASE VIA THE ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY
RESPONSE. A variety of general responses are
also part of this system.
 Endocrine System
HORMONES are substances which can cause
a reaction to a cell, in Greek it literally means
to excite. It is secreted into extracellular fluid such
in blood or lymph and transported to target cells to
elicit a specific response, which can be rapid or
slow. The growth and development of the body are
examples of slow and long term effect of a hormone
while CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which is responsible for
the sleep and-wake cycles respond to a more
rapid response to a hormone.
 Nervous System
The central nervous system is composed of the
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD, while, the peripheral
nervous system is composed of corresponding
structures outside of this two organs of the
nervous system. The central nervous system is
responsible for DATA/INFORMATION PROCESSING
which is gathered by the peripheral nervous
system. Upon processing, the CNS transmit the
message again to the PNS, which then CONVEY THE
MESSAGE FOR THE APPROPRIATE RESPONSE.
 Muscular System
The skeletal muscle is organized from
its largest structure (the muscle tissue
itself) to its functional unit (the sarcomere) as
a repeating longitudinal structure that is
bound together. Contraction is possible
because of the structural organization of
protein molecules that makes up the
sarcomere.
 Skeletal System
It provides SUPPORT AND PROTECTION,
AND ATTACHMENT POINTS FOR MUSCLES.
The skeletal system provides rigid framework
for movement. It supports and protects the
body and body parts, produces blood cells, and
stores minerals.
 System of the body Major Organ Function of the Organ
System
Digestive System Esophagus, stomach, Process foods and absorb
small intestine, large nutrients, minerals,
intestine, rectum vitamins, and water
Respiratory System Nose, trachea, bronchi, Deliver air to sites
lungs where gas exchange can
occur.
Circulatory System Heart, blood vessels Transport oxygen,
nutrients and other
substances to the cells
and transport wastes,
carbon dioxide and other
substances away from
the cells; help to
stabilize body
temperature and pH.
Urinary System Kidneys, urinary Removes excess
bladder, ureter water, salts, and
waste products from
the blood and body
and controls pH
Immune System Bone marrow, thymus Defends against
microbial pathogens
and other diseases
Nervous System Collects, transfers
Brain, spinal cord and process
information and
directs short term
change in other
organ systems.
Endocrine System Glands produce
hormones Provides
communication within
the body via hormone
and direct long term
change in other organ
systems to maintain
homeostasis
Muscular System Muscles, tendons Provides movement,
support and heat
production
Skeletal System Bones, cartilages, Supports and protects
ligaments soft tissues of the body;
provide movement at
joints; produces blood
cells
Evolution
Process of Evolution
 Charles Darwin
Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection
He observed that plants and animals in a
different continent or island are similar to
other varieties of plants and animals in
another place. This observation challenged
him, and he used it to support his theory of
natural selection.
 George Louis Leden
He noted that although different places
have the same environment , they also had
similar but unique wildlife.
This belief became the first principle of
biogeography, which focuses on the distribution
of species and ecosystems in a geographic area
through geological time .
 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Early proponent of the idea of evolution
Explanation on how life evolved based on
the fossils that he studied, calling it the
THEORY OF USE AND DISUSE.
Life is not fixed: that when the
environment changes, the organisms in that
environment modify their behavior, morphology,
and physiology to adapt to the environment and
survive.
 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Lamarck believed that the
constant stretching of the giraffe's
neck made it longer and that the
succeeding generations would have
longer necks than their ancestors.
 Darwin
He collected thousands of
specimens of plants, animals, and
fossils.
Highlights of his research is many
variations of plants and animals that
were similar to those he found in the
South American continent.
 Charles Lyell
Author of Principles of Geology:
Earth was shaped by the same
processes that are still in operation
today.
 Charles Lyell

He determine the ages of rock.

 Charles Lyell
He correlated and assigned the
relative AGE OF A ROCK LAYER by
using the fossils it contained.
Describe how Earth changes
over time.
Evidence of Evolution
Survival of the Fittest

Prey and Predator

Artificial Selection

Directional Selection
 Artificial Selection

Extremely favors specific traits

Fossil Records
 Plate Tectonics

cause movements of the crust

as plate tectonics.
 Homologous Structures

The structures or parts of the body of

different species that are similar in
structure but of different functions
Merry Christmas!