INSTITUTION:-

Class
STUDY CENTRE
Class 10
Subject Economics
Chapter Chapter 1
Chapter Name Development
Category Class 10 Economics Notes
Medium English

Development :-
Development is generally defined as growth. Some of the important goals are – seeking more income, equal treatment,
freedom, security, and respect from others.
Different people and different goals :-
Different people has different notion for development because :-
1. It is because the life situations of persons are different.
2. People seek things that are most important for them or that which can fulfill their aspirations or desire.
3. What may be development for one may not be for the other.
4. It may even be destructive for the other.
5. For example: The developmental goals of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission in a reputed
college, whereas the developmental goals of a girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her
brother.
Income and Other Goals :-
1. Income is considered as the most important component of development as it can be material goods and
services.
2. Earning high income is a goal for development. But it is not the only goal. Apart from income, people also
consider other goals for development like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. Thus, for
development they look at a mix of goals.
National development :-
National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve the lives of its
citizens. Measures of improvement may be material, such as availability of healthcare etc.
How to compare different countries or states :-
To compare two different countries or states, National Income and Per Capital Income are two important pillars. These
are as follows:
1. Comparison through National Income
2. Comparison through Per Capita Income
Comparison Through National Income :-
1. National Income refers to the income earned by the residents of that particular country over a period of time.
2. Countries with higher national income are considered as developed countries for e.g. USA, Germany and France.
3. However, national income may not be a true indicator to compare different countries because of population factor.
4. To overcome this drawback, per capita income is a better indicator to compare different nations.
Comparison Through Per Capita Income :-
1. Average or per capita income is obtained by dividing the total income by the population of the country to compare
different countries.
2. World Bank Publishes World Development Report (WDR) every year to compare the nations and the basis of per
capita income.
Classifying countries (per capita income criteria of World Bank)
Rich countries :-Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called high
income or rich countries
Low income countries :-Countries with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-income countries.
Low middle income countries :-India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita
income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.
Income and other criteria :-
1. The development level should not be judged only on the income level, other criteria should also be taken into
consideration.
Infant Mortality Rate :-
 Infant Mortality Rate can be defined as total number of children that die before the age of one year our of 1000 live
children born in that particular year.
Literacy rate :-
Literacy rate can be defined as proportion of literate population in the age group of 7 years & above.
Net attendance Ratio :-
Net attendance Ratio can be defined as the total number of children of 6-10 years age group attending school out of
total no. of children in the same age group.
Public Facilities :-
Income is a good tool of development but it is not everything. E.g., more income may not give a pollution free area
or protection from total diseases etc. So public facilities like primary and secondary education, health facilities, cleanliness
and pollution free area also important to sustain life.
Money in your pocket why cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well ?
2. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
3. Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
4. Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection from infectious disease.
5. Beside money, people also like to have equal treatment in the society, freedom, dignity and honor in their lives,
which money cannot buy them.
Public Distribution System :-
1. Public Distribution System (PDS) is a system in which the poor people are provided or supplied food grains at lower price
compared to market price.
2. Some areas like Tamil Nadu has well functioning PDS while some states like jharkhand and bihar don’t have efficient
Public Distribution System.
Best method to measure Development ( Human Development Report ) :-
1. Human Development Index or Human Development Report published by UNDP is one of the best methods to
measure the development of a nation.
2. The Human Development report is based on three pillars and these pillars are as follows :-
3. Living Standard (Per Capita Income) Health Status (Life Expectancy)
4. Educational levels of the people (Literacy rate and Enrolment Ratio)
Human Development Index ( HDI ) :-
Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which
are used to rank countries in four tires of human development.
HDI (Human Development Index) Rank of India in the World is 136.
Body Mass Index (BMI) :-
1. BMI can be calculated by taping the weight of a person (kgs) & height (mtr) then divide the weight by the
square of the height of a person.
2. If the result is less than 18.5 then person in under nourished & if more than 25, then person is over weight.
In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the
World Bank?
UNDP World Bank
Has taken education, health and per It uses per capita income base for
capita income as the base. Countries have been comparison. It is considered as a narrow concept
ranked. of development.

It is also considered as a broader concept of Under this concept countries have been divided into
development. three categories – rich, middle and poor.

Sustainable Development :-
Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
Environment Degradation and Sustainable Development :-
1. Environmental degradation refers to the destruction of natural environment by human activities to fulfil the
greediness of the human.
2. The mismanagement of natural resources has resulted into the environmental degradation in the form of air pollution,
water pollution, depletion of natural resources etc.
3. It has also threatened the dream of the sustainable development because it has created such type of environment
which is harmful for the existence of future generations.