B.TECH.

FIRST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

Course Name: Engineering Materials and Mechanics

COURSE CODE : CV1001
CREDITS : 04
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFFLINE
FACULTY : DR. GAURAV SANCHETI
EMAIL-ID : gaurav.sancheti@jaipur.manipal.edu
MODULE : 7
DATE OF DELIVERY : 06-11-2023 1
Module_7:

Simple stress and strain, Hooke's law, Elastic constant and their relationship.
Stresses in composite and compound bars, Thermal and Hoop stress

• Relevant Course Outcome

Students will be able to calculate the thermal, hoop and simple stresses &
strain in the composite and compound bars due to axial loading

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Textbooks:-
1. Strength of materials by G. H. Ryder, Mc Millan India Ltd.,
2. Elements of Strength of Materials by S.P. Timoshenko and D.H. Young,
East West Press Pvt. Ltd.,

References:-
1. Strength of materials by Beer and Johnston
2. Strength of materials by F L Singer & Andrew Pytel
3. Introduction to solid mechanics by H. Shames, Prentice Hall India,
New Delhi
4. Engineering mechanics of solid by E. P. Popov, Prentice Hall India,
New Delhi
3
 Normal Stress
• Intensity of resisting force perpendicular or
normal to the section is called stress.
• Normal Stress may be tensile or compressive.

Mathematically, represented as

TENSION COMPRESSI
4
ON
 Example 7.1

• The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10

mm. Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar
when it is subjected to the loading shown.
 Solution:

• By Free Body Diagram, different sections have different internal

forces.
 Solution:
Graphically, The normal force distribution is shown as :-
Example 7.2
Solution:

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Solution:

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 Normal Strain
• Normal Strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is a ratio of two
lengths.

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 Stress-Strain Diagram
• A stress-strain diagram is a
graphical representation that
illustrates the relationship
between stress and strain in a
material.

• It is a fundamental concept in
materials science and
engineering and is commonly
used to understand materials'
mechanical properties and
behaviour under different
loading conditions.
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Stress-Strain Diagram

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• It states that the strain (deformation) of Hooke’s Law
an elastic material is directly
proportional to the stress (force per unit
area) within its Proportionality limit.

• Mathematically, Hooke's Law can be

expressed as:
Proportionality limit
Stress (σ) = Young's Modulus (E) × Strain
(ε)

Young's Modulus (E) is a material property

known as the elastic modulus or modulus
of elasticity, which quantifies the Typical tensile test curve for mild steel
material's stiffness. It is expressed in units
of force per unit area (e.g., N/m² or Pa). 14
 Elastic constant and their relationship
• Elastic constants are material properties that characterize the
response of a material to mechanical deformation, specifically in the
context of elastic behaviour.
• The three types of elastic constants are:
a. Modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus (E),
b. Bulk modulus (K) and
c. Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus (M, C, or G).

Poisson's Ratio (ν):

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16
 Stress in Composite/Compound bar
A composite bar is a structural element made
Aluminum
by combining two or more different materials Aluminum
with distinct mechanical properties to form a
Bronze
single unit. These materials are usually Bronze

bonded together to create a composite

structure that takes advantage of the Bronze
strengths of each constituent material. Aluminum

A compound bar, also known as a built-up bar,

Bars in parallel connection
consists of two or more separate bars of
different materials mechanically connected or
Bronze Aluminum Steel
welded together to form a single unit. Unlike
composite bars, compound bars do not rely on
chemical bonding between the materials. Bars in series connection
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 Compatibility equation for bars in Series connection

P P
Steel
Bronze Aluminum

Let, P1 = Load carried by bar 1,

A1 = Cross-sectional area of bar 1,
L1 = Length bar 1,
E1 = Young’s modulus of bar 1, Change in total length
P2,A2,L2,E2 =bar 2 Corresponding values,
P3,A3,L3,E3 =bar 3 Corresponding values
P = Total load on the composite bar,
L = Length of the composite bar, and
δL = Elongation of the composite bar.
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Compatibility equation for bars in parallel connection

Let, P1 = Load carried by bar 1,

A1 = Cross-sectional area of bar 1,
σ1 = Stress produced in bar 1,
E1 = Young’s modulus of bar 1,
P2,A2,σ2,E2 =bar 2 Corresponding values,
P = Total load on the composite bar,
l = Length of the composite bar, and
δl = Elongation of the composite bar. 19
Bars in parallel

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Bars in parallel

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 Example 7.3
A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze
section and a steel section as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied at the
positions indicated. Determine the stress in each section.

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 Solution:
Aluminum
Bronze Steel
A= 180 mm2
A= 120 mm2 A= 160 mm2
4kN 13kN 2kN 7kN

300mm 400mm 500mm

• By Free Body Diagram, different sections have different internal

forces.
4kN 4kN

4kN 13kN 9kN

7kN 7kN
 Solution:
4kN 4kN

4kN 13kN 9kN

7kN 7kN

4kN 4  1000 N
Stress in Bronze section = = = 3 3 . 3 3 N / m m 2
(Tensile stress)
120m m 2 120m m 2

9kN 9  1000 N
Stress in Aluminum = = = 5 0 N / m m 2
(Compressive stress)
180m m 2 180m m 2
section

7kN 7  1000 N (Compressive stress)

Stress in Steel section = = = 4 3 . 7 5 N / m m 2

160m m 2 160m m 2
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 Example 7.4
A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze
section and a steel section as shown in figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Determine the change in each section and the change in total length. Given
Ebr = 100GPa, Eal = 70GPa, Est = 200GPa

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 Solution:

From the Free body diagram,

Pbr = +4kN (Tension) ❖ Deformation due to compressive
Pal = -9kN (Compression) force is shortening in length and
is considered as Negative sign.
Pst = -7kN (Compression)
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 Solution:
P/A PL PL
E =
stress (σ)
= = Change in length,  L =
strain (ε) L / L A L AE
4000 N  300m m
Change in length of bronze Section Lbr = = 0.1mm
120m m  100  10 (N / m m )
2 3 2

− 9000 N  400m m
Change in length of aluminum section  L a l = = -0.286mm
180m m 2  70  103 (N / m m 2 )

− 7000 N  500m m
Change in length of steel section  L st = = -0.109mm
160m m 2  200  103 (N / m m 2 )

Change in total length  L br +  L al +  L st = +0.1 – 0.286 - 0.109 = -0.295mm

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 Example 7.5
An aluminum rod is fastened to a steel rod as shown. Axial loads are applied at the
positions shown. The area of cross section of aluminum and steel rods are 600mm2
and 300mm2 respectively. Find maximum value of P that will satisfy the following
conditions. Eal = 70GPa and Est = 200GPa.
a)σst ≤ 140 MPa
b)σal ≤ 80 MPa
c)Total elongation ≤ 1mm,
Aluminum Steel
2P 4P 2P
0.8m 2.8m

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 Solution:
Case 1: To find P, based on the condition, σst ≤ 140 MPa
Stress in steel must be less than or equal to 140MPa.
P 2P 1 4 0  A st
Hence, σst = st = = 140 N / m m 2
P = = 2 1 0 0 0 N = 2 1k N
Ast Ast 2

Case 2: To find P, based on the condition, σst ≤ 140 MPa

Stress in aluminum must be less than or equal to 80MPa.
Pal 2P 8 0  Aal
Hence, σal = = = 80 N / m m 2 P = = 24000 N = 24kN
Aal Aal 2

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 Solution:
Case 3: To find P, based on the condition, total elongation ≤ 1mm

Total elongation = elongation in aluminum + elongation in steel.

 PL   PL 
1mm =  + 
 A E  al  A E  st
❖ Deformation due to compressive
 − 2 P Lal   + 2 P Lst 
1mm =   +   force is shortening in length and
 Aa l E a l   Ast E st  is considered as Negative sign.
 − 2 P  800   + 2 P  2800 
1mm = 3 
+ 3 
 600  70  10   300  200  10 
P = 18.1kN

Ans: P = 18.1kN (minimum of the three values)

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 Thermal Stress
•Suppose we have a bar subjected to an axial load. We will
then have:
ε=σ/E

•Also suppose that we have an identical bar subjected to a

temperature change ΔT.
We will then have:
εT = α (ΔT)
•Equating the above two strains we will get: Increase in length of a prismatic bar
due to a uniform increase in
σ = E α (ΔT)
temperature
•We now have a relation between axial stress and change
in temperature.
Thermal Stress in composite bars
Example 7.5

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Solution:

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Solution:

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Hoop Stress in pressure vessels

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Hoop Stress in pressure vessels

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Hoop Stress in pressure vessels

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Hoop Stress in pressure vessels

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Hoop Stress in pressure vessels

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Hoop Stress in pressure vessels

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Example 7.6

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Example 7.7

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Example 7.7

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