Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

A. Course Code / Title : SM 225 / Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

B. Module Number : Module 6 - Simple Strain
C. Time Frame : 6th week of Classes
D. Description:
This module looks into the concept of simple strain; stress-strain relationship;
limits in stress-strain diagram; and axial and shearing deformation.
E. Objectives:
At the end of this module, the learner should be able to :
1. Have a better understanding of concept of simple strain, relationship of stress and strain,
and the axial and shearing deformation.
2. Solve problems relating axial deformation.
F. Contents:
➢ Simple Strain
- Also known as a unit deformation
- The ratio of the change in length caused by an applied force to the original length.

L δ
P
A

Where: δ = elongation, mm
L = original length, mm
ε= strain, dimensionless (unit less)

STRESS – STRAIN DIAGRAM

Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in a tension – compression testing machine. As the
axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage length is
measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes
place. Knowing the cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the
strain ε can be obtained. The graph of these quantities with the stress σ along the y – axis and the
strain ϵ along the x – axis is called the stress – strain diagram. The stress – strain diagram differs
in form for various materials. The diagram shown is that for a medium – carbon structural steel.

Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A ductile
material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like structural steel
and aluminum, whereas brittle materials have a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture
like cast iron and concrete. An arbitrary strain of 0.05mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing
line between these two classes.

Ultimate strength Rupture strength

Stress
Yield point
Elastic limit
Proportional limit

O Strain

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE’S LAW)

From the origin O to a point called proportional limit, the stress strain curve is a straight line. This
linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing it was first noticed by Sir Robert
Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke’s Law, that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly
proportional to strain or

 or  = K

The constant of proportionality K is called the modulus of elasticity E or Young’s modulus and is
equal to the slope of the stress strain diagram from O to P. then,
 = E

ELASTIC LIMIT
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape
when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that maybe developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES
The region in the stress – strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region from P
to R is the plastic range.

YIELD POINT
The point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any
increase of load.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress – strain diagram is the ultimate strength or the tensile
strength.

RAPTURE STRENGHT
The strength of material at rapture. This is also known as the breaking strength.

MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually
increased from O to P, in N-m/m3. This may be calculated as the area under stress – strain curve
form the origin O up to the elastic limit E. the resilience of a material is its ability to absorb
energy without creating a permanent distortion.

MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually
increased from O to R in N-m/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the entire stress –
strain curved (from O to R). The toughness of a material is the ability to absorb energy without
causing it to break.

WORKING STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS AND FACTOR OF SAFETY

Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The maximum
safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should
be limited to the values not exceeding the proportional limit. However, since the proportional
limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable stress is taken as either the yield point or
ultimate strength divided by the factor of safety. The ratio of this strength (ultimate strength or
yield strength) to the allowable strength is called the factor of safety.

AXIAL AND SHEARING DEFORMATION

In the linear portion of the stress – strain diagram, the stress is proportional to the strain and is
given by
 = E

P  P 
Since  = and  = , then =E
A L A L
 PL L
= =
AE E

To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross – sectional area
and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit.

If however, the cross – sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by
considering a different length and applying integration.

dx

y P y

x t
dx
L

P L dx
E 0 A
=

Where: A = t Y and Y and t if variable must be in terms of x.

For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation is due to its own
weight

gL2 MgL
= =
2E 2 AE

Where:
ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in m, M is the total mass of the rod in kg, A is the
cross – sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81m/s2.

STIFFNESS, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. It
has the unit of N/mm.
P
k=


SHEARING DEFORMATION
Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to shear does not change its
length but undergoes a change in shape. δs
T

T
The change in the angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is called the shear strain
and is expressed as
S
=
L

The ratio of the shear stress τ and the shear strain ϒ is called the modulus of elasticity in shear or
modulus of rigidity and is denoted by G, in MPa

G=


The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied shearing force is
VL L
= =
AS G G

Where V is the shearing force acting over an area AS.

Problems:
1. A steel rod having a cross sectional area of 300mm 2 and a length of 15m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20KN at the lower end. If the unit
mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 GPa, find the total elongation of the rod.

Given:
A = 300 mm2
L = 15 m
L P = 20 kN
ρ = 7850 kg/m3
E = 200 GPa

Required:
δT = δ M + δ P

P
Solution:

gL2 MgL
M = =
2E 2 AE
kg  m
7850 3  9.81 2 (15m )
L 2

m  s 
M =
 N 
2 200 x109 2 
 m 
M −5
= 4.33 x10 m
δ
 M = 0.0433mm
P
 PL
P =
AE
20000 N (15000mm)
P =
 N 
300mm2  200 x103 
 mm2 
 P = 5mm
T =  M +  P
 T = 0.0433mm + 5mm
 T = 5.0433mm

2. A steel wire 10m long, hanging vertically supports a tensile load of 2000N. neglect the
weight of the wire. Determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 140MPa
and the total elongation is not to exceed 5mm. assume E = 200GPa.

Given:
L = 10 m
P = 2000 N
L σ = 140 MPa
E = 200 GPa
δ = 5mm

Required:
δ d

Solution:
P PL
= =
A AE
N 2000 N 2000 N (10000mm)
140 = 5mm =
mm 2
 2  2 N 
d d  200 x103 
4 4  mm2 
d = 4.26mm d = 5.04mm

Minimum diameter, d = 5.04mm

3. An aluminum tube is fastened between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown. Axial loads
are applied at the positions indicated. Find the value of P that will not exceed a maximum
overall deformation of 2mm or a stress in the steel of 140MPa, in the aluminum of
80MPa, or in bronze of 120MPa. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent
buckling and that Es = 200 GPa, Ea = 70GPa and Eb = 83GPa
 Aluminum
Bronze Steel
A = 750mm2
A = 450mm2 A = 300mm2
3P P 4P 2P

0.60m 1.0m 0.80m

Required: Maximum value of P

Solution:
Bronze:
PB
B =
AB
Bronze N 3P
A = 450mm2 120 2
=
3P PB = 3P (C) mm 450mm2
P = 18000 N

0.60m
Aluminum:

Aluminum
Bronze
A = 750mm2
A = 450mm2
3P P PA = 3P - P
PA = 2P (C)

0.60m 1.0m

PA
A =
AA
N 2P
80 2
=
mm 750mm2
P = 300000 N

Steel
PS
Steel
S =
AS
A = 300mm2
2P N 2P
PS = 2P (T)
140 2
=
mm 300mm2
0.8 m
P = 21000 N

From deformation, δ:
Note: (+) if Tension, (-) if Compression
T =  B +  A +  S
 PL   PL   PL 
T =   +   +  
 AE  B  AE  A  AE  S
     
 − 3P(600mm)   − 2 P(1000mm)   2 P(800mm) 
2mm =  + + 
 450mm2  83x103 N    750mm2  70 x103 N    300mm2  200 x103 N  
      
 mm2     mm2     mm2  
P = −33545 N = 33545 N (C )

Maximum value of P = 18000 N

4. The rigid bars shown are separated by roller at C and pinned at A and D. a steel rod at B
helps support the load of 50KN. Compute the vertical displacement of the roller at C.

50KN

E = 200 GPa
A = 300 mm2
L = 3m 2m 2m
C D

A 3m B 1.5m

Required: Vertical displacement at C, δC.

Solution:

PB
50KN

E = 200 GPa
A = 300 mm2
L = 3m 2m 2m D
DH
AH A C

3m B 1.5m

DV
AV

PB
FBD of bar AC RC

E = 200 GPa
A = 300 mm2
AH A L = 3m C

3m B 1.5m

AV
 FBD of bar CD 50KN

2m 2m D
DH
C

DV
RC

Consider FBD of Bar CD:

FBD of bar CD 50KN

2m 2m D
DH = 0
C

DV
RC
Solve for reactions, RC and RD:
By symmetry,
RC = RD = 25 kN

Consider FBD of Bar AC:

PB
FBD of bar AC RC = 25 kN
E = 200 GPa
A = 300 mm2
A L = 3m C
AH B

3m δB 1.5m
δC

AV
Solve for PB:
M A = 0 +
25(4.5) − PB (3) = 0
PB = 37.5kN

Since RC will push bar AC downward, therefore, rod B will elongate.

Solve for elongation of rod B, δB:
 PB LB
B =
AB EB
37500 N (3000mm)
B =
(
300mm2 200 x103 N
mm2
)
 B = 1.875mm
Solve for vertical displacement at C, using similar triangles:
C B
=
4.5 3
 1.875mm 
 C = 4.5 
 3 
 C = 2.8125mm
Vertical displacement of point C is 2.8125 mm downward.

G. References:
1. Strength of Materials 3rd Ed. by Ferdinand Singer and Andrew Pytel
2. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 10th Ed. R.C. Hibbeler
3. Mechanics of Materials 7th Ed. Beer, Johnston, Mazurek, and De Wolf