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Lesson 3: Simple Strain Simple Strain

The document discusses simple strain, also known as unit deformation, which is the ratio of change in length to original length of a material under an applied force. It explains the stress-strain diagram and key points like the proportional limit, elastic limit, plastic range, yield point, and ultimate strength. The document also covers concepts such as modulus of elasticity, resilience, toughness, working stress, and allowable stress.

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Joshua John Julio
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

Lesson 3: Simple Strain Simple Strain

The document discusses simple strain, also known as unit deformation, which is the ratio of change in length to original length of a material under an applied force. It explains the stress-strain diagram and key points like the proportional limit, elastic limit, plastic range, yield point, and ultimate strength. The document also covers concepts such as modulus of elasticity, resilience, toughness, working stress, and allowable stress.

Uploaded by

Joshua John Julio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 3: Simple Strain

Simple Strain
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the
change in length caused by the applied force, to the
original length.

𝛿
𝜖=
𝐿
where 𝛿 is the deformation and 𝐿 is the original length,
thus ε is dimensionless.
The correct expression for strain at any position is
𝑑𝛿
𝜖=
𝑑𝐿
Stress-Strain Diagram
The figure below represents the stress-strain diagram
for structural steel.

Stress, 𝜎

Strain, 𝜖
Proportional Limit

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit,


the stress-strain curve is a straight line. This linear
relation between elongation and the axial force causing
was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is
called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit,
the stress is directly proportional to strain or
𝜎∝𝜖
or
𝜎 = 𝑘𝜖.
The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus
of Elasticity 𝐸 or Young's Modulus and is equal to the
slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖.
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will
no longer go back to its original shape when the load is
removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed
such that there is no permanent or residual deformation
when the load is entirely removed.

Elastic and Plastic Ranges


The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the
elastic range. The region from P to R is called the plastic
range.

Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an
appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in
load.
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is
the ultimate strength or tensile strength.

Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at
rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.

Robert Hooke (1635-


1703) was an English
natural philosopher,
architect and polymath.
Known for Hooke’s
Law, Microcopy, and
Coining the term ‘cell’.
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in
𝑁 ∙ 𝑚/𝑚3. This may be calculated as the area under the
stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic
limit E (the shaded area in the figure). The resilience of the
material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.

Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from O to R, in
𝑁 ∙ 𝑚/𝑚3. This may be calculated as the area under the
entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a
material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to
break.
Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of
Safety
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a
material under a given loading. The maximum safe
stress that a material can carry is termed as the
allowable stress. The allowable stress should be
limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit.
However, since proportional limit is difficult to
determine accurately, the allowable tress is taken as
either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by
a factor of safety. The ratio of this strength (ultimate
or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the
factor of safety.
Axial Deformation
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the
slope of that line is the ratio of stress to strain
𝜎
𝐸=
𝜖
or
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖.
𝑃 𝛿 𝑃 𝛿
Since 𝜎 = and 𝜖 = , then =𝐸 . Solving for 𝛿, we get
𝐴 𝐿 𝐴 𝐿
𝑃𝐿 𝜎𝐿
𝛿= = .
𝐴𝐸 𝐸
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must
have a uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress must
not exceed the proportional limit. If however, the cross-
sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can
be determined by considering a differential length and
applying integration.
Examples:

1. A specimen is originally 300 𝑚𝑚 long, has a


diameter of 12 𝑚𝑚 and is subjected to a force of
2000 𝑁. When the force is increased from 2000 𝑁
to 8000 𝑁, the specimen elongates 0.3 𝑚𝑚.
Determine the modulus of elasticity for the material
∆𝜎
if it remain linear elastic. (Hint: 𝐸 = .)
∆𝜖

Ans. 53.06 𝐺𝑃𝑎


2. A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an
aluminum bar as shown. Axial loads are applied at the
positions indicated. Find the largest value of 𝑃 that
will not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 𝑚𝑚, or
the following stresses: 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in the steel,
120 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum.
Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to
prevent buckling. Use 𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐸𝑎 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎, and
𝐸𝑏 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

Ans. 12.8 𝑘𝑁
3. Compute the total elongation caused by an axial
load of 100 𝑘𝑁 applied to a flat bar 20 𝑚𝑚 thick,
tapering from a width of 40 𝑚𝑚 to 120 𝑚𝑚 in a
length of 10 𝑚. Assume 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

Ans. 3.44 𝑚𝑚
4. The rigid beam is supported by a pin at 𝐴 and wires
𝐵𝐷 and 𝐶𝐸. If the load P on the beam causes the end
𝐶 to be displaced 10 𝑚𝑚 downward, determine the
normal strain developed in wires CE and BD.

Ans. 𝜖𝐶𝐸 = 0.0025, 𝜖𝐵𝐷 = 0.00107


Exercise 3:

1. A steel wire 10 m long, hanging vertically supports a


tensile load of 2000 N. Neglecting the weight of the wire,
determine the required diameter if the stress is not to
exceed 140 Mpa and the total elongation is not to exceed
5 mm. Assume 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
2. A uniform bar of length 𝐿, cross-sectional area 𝐴, and
unit mass 𝜌 is suspended vertically from one end. Show
𝜌𝑔𝐿2
that its total elongation is 𝛿 = . If the total mass of
2𝐸
𝑚𝑔𝐿
the bar is 𝑚, show also that 𝛿= .
2𝐴𝐸
3. A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 𝑚𝑚2 and
a length of 150 𝑚 is suspended vertically from one end.
It supports a tensile load of 20 𝑘𝑁 at the lower end. If the
unit mass of steel is 7850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, find
the total elongation of the rod. Hint: Use the result of
Problem 1.
4. The rigid bar 𝐴𝐵, attached to two vertical rods as
shown, is horizontal before the load 𝑃 is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of 𝑃 if its
magnitude is 50 𝑘𝑁.
5. The force applied to the handle of the rigid lever are
causes the arm to rotate clockwise through an angle of
3° about pin A. Determine the average normal strain
developed in the wire. Originally, the wire is
unstretched.

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