9 Chapter

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Curious Questionzzzzzzz….
• How to Determine the thickness of the rope used
in the Lift ?????????
• What would be the best shape of a mettalic rod for
the maximum strength ?????
• Why the Mount Everest has the height of nearly
9000 m ?????is it possible to have a mountain of
heigth more than 9000 m ??
Questions to Ponder ???
• What do we understand by Rigid Body?

• How can we change the Shape or Size of an
object ?
• What properties of these object strikes you,
when you see a Rubber Band and a Clay ?
Deforming Force & Restoring Force
o By a rigid body, we generally mean a hard solid

object having definite shape and size.
o A force which changes the shape and size of a

body is called deforming force.
o When a deforming force is applied, the body may get deformed. Then the force
developed inside the body, which try to bring the body back to its original shape
and size is called restoring force.
o Elastic ( Rubber Band ).

o Plastic ( Clay ).
Elasticity
• It is the property of a body by virtue of which it tends to regain its

original size and shape after the applied force is removed.
• Examples of elastic materials − quartz fiber, phosphor bronze
Plasticity
It is the inability of a body in regaining its original status on the removal

of the deforming forces.
Examples of plastic materials − Wax, mud, Clay etc.
Questions to Ponder ???
• How can ELASTIC/STRECHING behaviour of a material can be

understood at an atomic level ? ( Any model )
• What is the NATURE OF THIS FORCE, which deforms the
shape/size of an object, or how is it being applied on the object?
• In How many different ways, can we change the shape/size of an
object?
• What are the different changes, that could possibly be made on
an object by applying this DEFORMING FORCE ?
ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOLIDS
Spring-ball model for the illustration of elastic behavior of solids

Cause of Elasticity
Intermolecular Forces:
STRESS
Normal Stress
The restoring force or deforming force experienced by a unit
area is called stress.
S.I unit = Nm−2
Dimension is [ML-1T-2]
Different ways to change the shape/size of a material:

• Length Wise- Increase-(TENSILE STRESS)
•Length Wise- Decrease-(COMPRESSIONAL STRESS)
•Uniform Increase/Decrease from all sides-(VOLUMETRIC STRESS)
•Change in position of one face of an solid w.r.t. other faces-(TANGENTIAL /

SHEARING STRESS)
STRESS
9.3 STRESS AND STRAIN
A. Normal Stress:
When the elastic restoring force or deforming force acts
perpendicular to the area, the stress is called normal stress. Normal
stress can be sub-divided into the following categories
1) Tensile Stress 2) Compressive Stress 3) Volume Stress
STRESS
B Tangential or Shearing Stress:

When the elastic restoring force or deforming force acts parallel to
the surface area, the stress is called tangential stress
STRAIN
Strain
• Ratio of change in
configuration/Dimension to the
original configuration/Dimension
No S.I unit
No Dimension
Different ways to change the shape/size of a material:

• Length Wise-(LONGITUDINAL STRAIN)
•Uniform change from all sides-(VOLUMETRIC STRAIN)
•Change in position of one face of an solid w.r.t. other faces-(TANGENTIAL /

SHEARING STRAIN)
STRAIN
Longitudinal Strain
STRAIN
Volumetric Strain:
STRAIN
Shearing Strain
HOOKE’S LAW
Hooke’s law states that within

the elastic limit, stress is
directly proportional to strain.
Stress α Strain
stress = k × strain
where k is known as Modulus
of elasticity
Where,
S = Strain
L = Load
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Part OA
This part OA obeys Hooke’s law. The point A is
called Proportional Limit. In this region the material
behaves as elastic material.
Part AB
In this region a small increase in stress produce a
large change in strain, thus
Stress is not proportional to Strain.
At any point between AB, if the deforming force is
removed, the body will still return to the original
length. Point B is called as Elastic limit and OB
region is Elastic region.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Part BC :
If the load is removed in this region, then the
body does not regain its original length, and
there is always a permanent increase in length.
Part CD :
Beyond the point C, a large strain is produced in
the wire. The stress corresponding to the
highest point D is called ULTIMATE strength /
TENSILE strength.
Tensile strength= Max. Load/Original Area of
cross section
PART DE
Beyond D, the wire develops constrictions
(necks & waists).
There is increase in strain without increase in
stress in the region DE
DE region is known as PLASTIC region.
E is known as the FRACTURE POINT
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS ON THE BASIS OF
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
• Ductile Solids
Materials have a large CD region is called
ductile solids. So these materials can be
drawn into thin wires eg: copper ,
Aluminium, silver etc..
• Brittle Materials
If C and D are very close, the material is
said to be brittle. It suddenly breaks as
soon as the ultimate strength (C) is crossed
Eg : Glass, ceramics etc.
Elastomer
Substances which can stretch to large values of strain are called

elastomer.
These materials does not obey Hooke’s law
e.g.: Rubber band
Modulus of Elasticity
According to Hooke’s law, within

elastic limit,
Stress ∝ Strain
Stress = k × Strain
It is known as modulus of elasticity
Types of modulus of elasticity

1. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (Y)
2. Bulk Modulus (B)
3. Rigidity Modulus (G)
Young’s Modulus (Y)
Where,
F - Force applied
r - Radius of the wire
l - Original length
Δl - Change in length
Unit → Nm−2 or Pascal (denoted by Pa)
Bulk Modulus (B)
If P is the increase in pressure applied on the spherical body, then

P = F/A
B=
∴B=
V - Original volume
ΔV - Change in volume
Unit → Nm−2 or Pascal
Compressibility (k) −
Reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity (B)
i.e., k = 1/B
Rigidity Modulus (G)
G=
G=
Where,
F - Force applied
a - Area
L- Original length
ΔL - Change in length
Units → Nm−2 or Pascal
Stress, Strain & Modulii of Elasticity
Types of Stress Strain Change in Elastic Name of State of
Stress Modulus Modulus Matter
Shape Volume
Tensile or Two equal and Elongation or Yes No Y=(FxL)/Ax∆L) Young’s Solid

Compress opposite forces compression Modulus
ive perpendicular to parallel to force
opposite direction(∆L/L)(Long
faces(σ=F/A itudinal Strain
Shearing Two equal and Pure Shear,Ѳ Yes No G=(F x Ѳ)/A Shear Solid
opposite forces modulus
parallel to opposite
surfaces (forces in
each case such that
total force & total
torque on the body
vanishes (σs=F/A)
Hydraulic Forces Volume change No Yes B=-P/(∆V/V) Bulk Solid

Perpendicular (Compression or Modulus ,Liquid
everywhere to the elongation(∆V/V) & Gas
surface. Force per
unit area is same
everywhere
EXAMPLE :
Thickness of rope in crane / Lift :
The thickness of metallic ropes used in cranes to lift heavy load is decided from the
knowledge of elastic limit of the material and the factors of safety. Suppose a crane having
steel ropes is required to lift load of ten ton i.e. 325 kg. The rope is usually designed for a
safety factor of 10 i.e., it should not break even when a load of 325 x 10 = 3250 kg applied to
it. If r is the radius of the rope, then
F
Ultimate stress =
A
mg
=
πr2
3250 x 9.8
=
πr2
The ultimate stress should not exceed the
elastic limit of steel (= 80 x 107 Nm-2) for steel
3250 x 9.8
= 80 x 107
πr2
3250 x 9.8
r2 =
or 3.14 x 80 x 107
r = 3.5 mm
A single wire of this much radius would be a rigid rod. For the ease in
manufacture and to impart flexibility and strength to the rope. It is always made of
large number of thin wires braided together.
Height of a Mountain
The maximum height of mountain on earth
depends upon shear modulus of rock. At the base
of the mountain, the stress due to all the rock on
the top should be less than the critical shear stress
at which the rock begins to flow.
At the base of the mountain pressure
exerted is= (hρg)
Where h=height of mountain,
h
ρ= density of rocks (3×103) kgm−3.
But the elastic limit of typical rock at the
bottom of mountain is=30 × 107 Nm-2 .
Equating; hρg = 30 × 107 Nm-2
h = 10km
From the calculations it is clear that
maximum height of mountain must be
less than 10 km.
What we know?
Which one is more elastic Rubber or Iron?
Those materials for which large amount of stress
causes less amount of strain are more elastic.
When iron and rubber are subjected to some stress(pressure)
then rubber can be stretched easily but iron cannot.
Hence iron is more elastic than rubber.
9.6.5 Poisson’s Ratio
The strain perpendicular to the applied force is called
lateral strain
Simon Poisson pointed out that within the elastic limit;
lateral stain is directly proportional to the longitudinal strain.
The ratio of the lateral strain to the

longitudinal strain in a stretched wire
is called Poisson’s ratio
it is a pure number and has no dimensions or units

For steels the value is between 0.28 and 0.30, and for
L
aluminum alloys it is about 0.33
9.6.6 Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire
When a wire is put under a tensile stress, work is done against the inter-
atomic forces.
This work is stored in the wire in the form of elastic potential energy
F = YA (l/L).
work done dW = F dl or YAld l /L
W = ½ × Young’s modulus strain2 volume of the wire

= ½ × stress strain volume of the wire
This work is stored in the wire in the form of elastic potential energy (U).
Therefore the elastic potential energy per unit volume of the wire (u) is

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

• What do we understand by Rigid Body?

o By a rigid body, we generally mean a hard solid

o A force which changes the shape and size of a

o Elastic ( Rubber Band ).

• It is the property of a body by virtue of which it tends to regain its

It is the inability of a body in regaining its original status on the removal

• How can ELASTIC/STRECHING behaviour of a material can be

Spring-ball model for the illustration of elastic behavior of solids

Different ways to change the shape/size of a material:

•Length Wise- Decrease-(COMPRESSIONAL STRESS)

•Uniform Increase/Decrease from all sides-(VOLUMETRIC STRESS)

•Change in position of one face of an solid w.r.t. other faces-(TANGENTIAL /

B Tangential or Shearing Stress:

Different ways to change the shape/size of a material:

•Uniform change from all sides-(VOLUMETRIC STRAIN)

•Change in position of one face of an solid w.r.t. other faces-(TANGENTIAL /

Hooke’s law states that within

Substances which can stretch to large values of strain are called

According to Hooke’s law, within

It is known as modulus of elasticity

Types of modulus of elasticity

If P is the increase in pressure applied on the spherical body, then

Tensile or Two equal and Elongation or Yes No Y=(FxL)/Ax∆L) Young’s Solid

Hydraulic Forces Volume change No Yes B=-P/(∆V/V) Bulk Solid

The ratio of the lateral strain to the

it is a pure number and has no dimensions or units

W = ½ × Young’s modulus strain2 volume of the wire

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