Class 11 Physics ch-8 Notes

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Physics Class 11
Chapter 8
Mechanical Properties of Solid
Introduction
▪ A rigid body generally means a hard solid object having a definite shape and size.
▪ The property of a body, by virtue of which it tends to regain its original size and shape when the applied
force is removed, is known as elasticity and the deformation caused is known as elastic deformation.
▪ If you apply force to a lump of putty or mud, they have no gross tendency to regain their previous
shape, and they get permanently deformed. Such are called plastic and this property is called plasticity
Stress
▪ The Restoring force acting per unit area of a deformed body is called stress.
Stress = Restoring force / Area (N/m²)
▪ Stress is a tensor quantity.

Stress is of Two Types
(i) Tensile stress — longitudinal stress (associated with stretching) or compressive stress (associated with
compression)If there is a decrease in length, then stress is called compression stress.
(ii) Tangential Stress If deforming force is applied tangentially, then the stress is called tangential stress.
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Strain
▪ The fractional change in dimension is called strain.
Strain = Change in the configuration / Original configuration (no unit )
Strain is of three types
(1) Longitudinal strain= Change in length / Original length
(2) Volumetric strain = Change in volume / Original volume

(3) Shearing strain = Angular displacement of the plane perpendicular to the fixed surface.
S
Stress – Strain Curve
Hooke’s Law
▪ Within the limit of elasticity, the stress is proportional to the strain.
Stress = E * Strain
where, E is the modulus of elasticity of the material of the body.

Types of Modulus of Elasticity
1. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

▪ It is defined as the ratio of normal stress to the longitudinal strain Within the elastic limit.
y = Normal stress / Longitudinal strain
y = FΔl / Al = Mg Δl / πr2l (N/m²)
2. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

▪ It is defined as the ratio of normal stress to the volumetric strain within the elastic limit.
K = Normal stress / Volumetric strain
K = FV / A ΔV = Δp V / Δ V (N/m2)
3. Modulus of Rigidity (η)

▪ It is defined as the ratio of tangential stress to the shearing strain, within the elastic limit.
η = Tangential stress / Shearing strain (N/m2)
Poisson’s Ratio
▪ When a deforming force is applied at the free end of a suspended wire of length 1 and radius R, then its
length increases by dl but its radius decreases by dR. produced by a single force.
(i) Longitudinal strain = Δ U l
(ii) Lateral strain = – Δ R/ R
Poisson’s Ratio (σ) = Lateral strain / Longitudinal strain = – Δ R/ R / ΔU l
▪ The theoretical value of Poisson’s ratio lies between – 1 and 0.5. Its practical value lies between 0 and
0.5.

Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire

▪ When a wire is put under a tensile stress, work is done against the inter-atomic forces. This work is
stored in the wire in the form of elastic potential energy.
When a wire of original length L and area of cross-section A is subjected to a deforming force F along the
length of the wire, let the length of the wire be elongated by l. Then we have F = YA × (l/L). Here Y is the
Young’s modulus of the material of the wire.
This work is stored in the wire in the form of elastic potential energy (U). Therefore the elastic
potential energy per unit volume of the wire (u) is
u=½ σε
APPLICATIONS OF ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS

▪ While designing a building, the structural design of the columns, beams and supports require
knowledge of strength of materials used.
▪ Cranes used for lifting and moving heavy loads from one place to another have a thick metal rope to
which the load is attached. The rope is pulled up using pulleys and motors.
▪ A bridge has to be designed such that it can withstand the load of the flowing traffic, the force of winds
and its own weight. Similarly, in the design of buildings the use of beams and columns is very common

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Stress = Restoring force / Area (N/m²)

▪ Stress is a tensor quantity.

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(2) Volumetric strain = Change in volume / Original volume

Stress – Strain Curve

where, E is the modulus of elasticity of the material of the body.

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Types of Modulus of Elasticity

1. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

2. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

3. Modulus of Rigidity (η)

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Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire

APPLICATIONS OF ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS

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