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Module-6

The document provides an overview of communication systems, detailing the components involved in transmitting and receiving information, and categorizing systems based on signal specifications and communication channels. It specifically discusses optical fiber communication, including its materials, working principles, and various types of dispersion and attenuation that affect signal quality. Additionally, it outlines methods to reduce losses in optical fibers and the importance of parameters such as Numerical Aperture and V-parameter.

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snehachetana14
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© © All Rights Reserved
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15 views

Module-6

The document provides an overview of communication systems, detailing the components involved in transmitting and receiving information, and categorizing systems based on signal specifications and communication channels. It specifically discusses optical fiber communication, including its materials, working principles, and various types of dispersion and attenuation that affect signal quality. Additionally, it outlines methods to reduce losses in optical fibers and the importance of parameters such as Numerical Aperture and V-parameter.

Uploaded by

snehachetana14
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module – 6

Book:

Dr. Pankaj Sheoran


SAS
Communication System

A communication system is a
system that specifies the
exchange of information
between two sites.
Communication refers to the
process of transmitting and
receiving information. The
primary components of
communication are the
information transmitter, the
channel or medium of
communication, and the
information receiver.
The communication system is categorised as
follows based on signal specifications or
technology:

(1) Analog: Analog technology communicates data


as electronic signals of varying frequency or
amplitude. Analog technology is commonly seen in
broadcast and telephone communication.

(2) Digital: In digital technology, data is created and


processed in two states: high (expressed as 1) and
low (represented as 2). (represented as 0). Data in
the form of 1s and 0s is stored and transmitted using
digital technology.
Depending on the communication channel, the communication system is categorized as follows:

1. Wired (Line communication)


➢
Parallel wire communication
➢
Twisted wire communication
➢
Coaxial cable communication
➢
Optical fibre communication

2. Wireless (Space communication)


➢
Ground wave communication
➢
Skywave communication
➢
Space wave communication
➢
Satellite communication
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Optical Fiber

(hence, non-condutive and light weight)


Working Principle (Total Internal Reflection)
Materials used in Optical Fiber
In terms of the materials used, optical fibres are divided into two categories:

1)Glass fiber:
●
Core: SiO 2, Cladding: SiO 2
●
Core: GeO 2 −SiO 2 , Cladding: SiO 2

1)Plastic fiber:
●
Core: Polystyrene, Cladding: Methyl Methacrylate
●
Core: Polymethyl Methacrylate, Cladding: Co-Polymer
Applicaions include:
•Medical examination of internal organs
•Telecommunications
Acceptance angle in Optical Fibre
Acceptance angle in Optical Fibre cont’d...
Numerical Aperture (NA) of Optical Fibre
The Numerical Aperture (NA) of
Optical Fibre is defined as the
sine of the largest angle an
incident (i.e. ) ray
can have for total internal
reflectance in the core.

*NA depends on the RI of core and cladding only.


Relative Refractive Index/ Fractional Refractive Index
Is defined as the ratio of the refractive index difference in core (n1) and cladding (n2) to
the refractive index of the core (n1).
Relation b/w NA and Relative Refractive Index
Importance of NA

Numerical aperture determines the light-gathering ability of the fiber. It is a


measured amount of light that can be accepted by a fiber.
Acceptance Cone in Optical Fibre

If we rotate the acceptance angle ( ) along the optical axis will form a cone.
So the light incident within this optical cone is going to be guided by the optical
fiber.
V-Parameter in Optical Fiber
V-prameter/V-number determines the number of modes supported by an
optical fiber. An optical fiber is characterized by this important
parameter/number and also called as the normalized frequency.

Mathematically
Defined as
Sample Numericals
Classification of Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber based on Referactive Index
Optical Fiber based on Modes
Optical Fiber based on Materials
Optical Fiber: PCS

Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)


Cut-Off wavelength of an Optical Fiber
The wavelength below which multiple modes of light can be propagated along a
particular fiber.

If,
Attenuation in Communication System
It is defined as the
reduction in the
strength of a signal
(Electrical, optical,
optoelectrical.. any
form) as it is
transmitted.

Means the reduction


of the amplitude of
a signal, electric
current, or other
oscillation.
Optical Fibre: Attenuation

measures the amount of


light lost between input
and output.

Attenuation is the reduction in the power of the light signal as it is transmitted. This
attenuation can be calculated by taking the ratio between the optical input power (P i )
and the optical output power (P 0 ). Attenuation is basically measured in decibels (dB). It
also depends on the length of the optical fiber in which light travels.
Optical Fibre: Attenuation cont’d...
Numericals
Attenuation/ Loss Mechanism
Losses due to the Bending of optical fiber
Radiative losses occur whenever an optical fiber undergoes a bend of finite
radius of curvature are known as bending losses. These losses are
classified as two types:
Ways to reduce Attenuation/Losses in an optical fiber

 Better manufacturing Process: Fewer impurities

 Scattering wavelength in low-loss frequency windows

 Prevent macro bend loss: minimising physical damaging

 Proper connection with 0 dB loss

 Use graded index multimode fiber instead of a step-index fiber


Losses due to the Dispersion of light in Optical Fiber
Dispersion causes the pulse to spread out
over time.

In optics, it separates the


wavelength of light of
different frequencies.
Dispersion Loss in Optical Fiber:

Dispersion causes the pulse to spread out over time. This limits the information carrying
capacity of the fiber, reduces the communication bandwidth.
Types of Dispersion in Optical Fiber

Intramodal dispersion Intermodal dispersion


(Chromatic dispersion) Intermodal dispersion
Intramodal dispersion occurs in all types fibers. occurs only in multimode
fibres.

Materials dispersion Waveguide dispersion


Intramodal dispersion
In chromatic/intramodal dispersion, the delay effect primarily depends on the fiber
materials.
• Optical sources do not emit just a single frequency but a band of frequencies.
• There will be propagation delay differences between the different spectral components of the
transmitted signal. This causes the broadening of each transmitted mode and hence intramodal
dispersion.
a) Materials dispersion:
• Different wavelengths of light travel at different
speeds inside the fiber.
• Longer wavelengths travel faster than shorter
wavelengths (higher frequencies). Hence, will arrive
at the end of the fiber ahead of the shorter ones.
• Reach at a different time at the output end.
• This leads to a broadening/delay effect or a
dispersion
• Mainly caused by the wavelength dependence of
the refractive index on the fiber core material.
b. Waveguide dispersion:
• The light is guided in an optical fiber by core and cladding
• Some light travels in the core, and some will travel in cladding
• Different speed of light in core and cladding due to different refractive index leads to a delay
effect/spreading of signals
• It is seen prominently in SMF than a MMF
• Waveguide dispersion in SMF is relatively small than material dispersion in SMF

●
The higher the wavelength (lower the frequency), the greater the penetration into the cladding.
●
Greater portion of light is carried by the cladding in which the phase velocity is higher.
Intermodal Dispersion
It is some times referred to simply as modal or mode dispersion results from the propagation delay
differences between modes within a multimode fiber.

• In a simple terminology, Mode is the path of each light ray travel in optical fiber.
• Some of these light rays will travel straight through the center of the fiber known as axial mode.
• Others will repeatedly bounce off the cladding/core boundary to zigzag their way along the waveguide.
• The modes that enter at sharp angles are called high-order modes. These modes take much longer to
travel through the fiber than the low-order modes
• These time difference leads to modal dispersion.
Measurement of Intermodal Dispersion

----(1) ---(2)
the

B r=90
Using Eq. (1) and (2),
A

Now,

Refractive index is also equal to


the velocity of light c of a given
wavelength in empty space
divided by its velocity v in a
substance, or n = c/v.
As
Ways to reduce the intermodal Dispersion
➢ Use multi-mode graded index fiber instead of
multi-mode step index fiber.

➢ Modal dispersion can be further decreased by


selecting a smaller core size (less than 5–10 μm) and
forming a single-mode step index fiber.

➢ By choosing a proper source, we can reduce the


chromatic dispersion.

➢ By using a chromatic
compensator.
Components & Working Principle of Endoscope

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