Module 1_Problems Solution KR

Formulas
𝒉𝒄
➢ E = hν = ← 𝑷𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝝀
𝒉 𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
➢ 𝝀= = = =
𝒑 𝒎𝒗 √𝟐𝒎𝑬 √𝟐𝒎𝒆𝑽
𝒉
➢ 𝒗𝒈 = 𝒗𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆 =
𝒎𝝀
➢ 𝒗𝒑 𝒗𝒈 = 𝒄 𝟐
𝒉 𝒉
➢ ∆x ∆p ≥ h/4𝝅 ∆𝒑 = 𝒎∆𝒗 ∆𝒑 = ∆ (𝝀 ) = - 𝝀𝟐 ∆𝝀
𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄
➢ ∆E ∆t ≥ h/4𝝅 ∆𝑬 = ∆ 𝝀
= − 𝝀𝟐
∆𝝀 = ∆ℎ𝜗

➢ ∆L ∆𝜽 ≥ h/4𝝅
∆𝒑
➢ % 𝒐𝒇 𝑼𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒑

𝟏 𝒑𝟐
➢ 𝑬= 𝒎𝒗𝟐 = ⇒ 𝒑 = √𝟐𝒎𝑬
𝟐 𝟐𝒎

1. Compute the de Broglie’s wavelength for a neutron moving with one tenth part of the velocity of light.

Sol : 𝒉 𝒉
1 𝝀= =
𝑣= 𝑐 = 3 × 107 𝑚/𝑠 𝒑 𝒎𝒗
10
𝑚𝑛 = 1.675 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 6.625 × 10−34
= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝒎
𝜆 =? 1.675 × 10−27 × 3 × 107

2. Calculate the de Broglie’s wavelength associated with 400g cricket ball with a speed of 90Km/hr.
Sol :
𝑚 = 400𝑔 = 0.4 𝑘𝑔 𝒉 𝒉
𝐾𝑚 𝝀= =
𝑣 = 90 𝒑 𝒎𝒗
ℎ𝑟 6.625 × 10−34
90 × 103 = = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟓 𝒎
𝑣= = 25𝑚/𝑠 0.4 × 25
60 × 60
𝜆 =?

3. Compare the de Broglie’s wavelength associated with (a) 10g bullet travelling at 500m/s to (b) an electron
with kinetic energy 100MeV.
𝒉 𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
Sol : (𝒂) 𝝀𝑩 = = = −𝟑 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝒎
(𝑎)𝑚 = 10𝑔 & 𝑣 = 500𝑚/𝑠 𝒑 𝒎𝒗 10 × 𝟏𝟎
(𝑏)𝐸 = 100𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝒉 𝟔.𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
(𝒃) 𝝀𝒆 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 𝒎
𝐸 = 100 × 106 × 1.602 × 10−19 J √𝟐𝒎𝑬 √𝟐 × 𝟗.𝟏𝟏 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 ×𝟏.𝟔𝟎𝟐× 𝟏𝟎−𝟏1
𝐸 = 1.602 × 10−11 J 𝜆𝐵
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟏 & 𝝀𝑩 > 𝝀𝒆
𝜆𝐵 /𝜆𝑒 =? 𝜆𝑒

CSE F & G
Module 1_Problems Solution KR
4. Calculate the wavelength associated with the electron carrying an energy 2000eV and also calculate
electron momentum.
𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
𝝀= = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟒 Å
Sol : √𝟐𝒎𝑬 √𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗
𝐸 = 2000𝑒𝑉
2
𝐸 = 2000 × 1.602 × 10−19J 𝐸 = 𝑝
𝜆 =? 2𝑚
p=? ⇒ 𝒑 = √𝟐𝒎𝑬 = √𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗
= 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝑵𝒔
5. Estimate the potential difference through which a proton is needed to be accelerated so that its de
Broglie’s wavelength becomes equal to 1Å.
𝒉 𝒉𝟐
Sol : 𝝀= ⇒ 𝑽=
√𝟐𝒎𝒆𝑽 𝟐𝒎𝒆𝝀𝟐
𝜆 = 1Å
𝑉 =? (𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 )𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝑽
𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 × 1.6𝟎2 × 1𝟎−19 × (𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 )𝟐
6. Calculate the de Broglie’s wavelength of Helium nucleus (Alpha particle) that is accelerated through
500V.
Sol : 𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
𝝀= =
𝜆 =? √𝟐𝒎𝒆𝑽 √𝟐 × 𝟒 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎
V=500 V
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑚 = 2𝑚𝑝 + 2𝑚𝑛 𝜆 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 𝒎
𝑚 ≈ 4𝑚𝑛
Charge=2e
7. A particle of mass 𝟎. 𝟓𝑴𝒆𝑽/𝒄𝟐 has a kinetic energy 100ev. Find its de Broglie’s wavelength.
Sol :
𝜆 =? 𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
𝑚 = 0.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 2 𝝀= =
0.5 × 106 × 1.602 × 10−19
√𝟐𝒎𝑬 √𝟐 × 𝟖. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 × 100 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏9
𝑚=
(3 × 108 )2
𝑚 = 8.9 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
𝜆 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 Å
𝐸 = 100 × 1.602 × 10−19 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

8. Compare the energy of photon with that of a neutron when both are associated with a wavelength of 1Å.
𝒉𝒄 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
Sol : 𝑬𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏 = = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 𝑱
𝝀 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
𝜆 = 1Å
𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 ℎ 𝒉𝟐 (6.625 × 10−34 )2
=? 𝜆= ⇒ 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 = = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟎 𝑱
𝐸𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝟐𝒎𝒏 𝝀𝟐 2 × 1.675 × 10−27 × (1 × 10−10 )2
√2𝑚𝐸
𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛
= 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝐸𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛

CSE F & G
Module 1_Problems Solution KR
9. Calculate the de Broglie’s wavelength of proton whose kinetic energy is equal to the rest mass energy of
electron and mass of proton is equal to 1836 times the mass of electron.
Sol :
𝜆 =? 𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
𝑚𝑝 = 1836 𝑚𝑒 𝝀= = = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝒎
√𝟐𝒎𝑬 √𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 × 𝟖. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒
𝑚𝑝 = 1836 × 9.11 × 10−31
𝑚𝑝 = 1.673 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2 = 8.2 × 10−14 𝐽
10. For a particle moving in a free space, prove that 𝝀√𝜸 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 where λ id the de Broglie’s
wavelength and γ is the frequency associated with the quantum energy carried by the electron.
ℎ ℎ
𝜆= =
𝑝 𝑚𝑣
ℎ ℎ ℎ
= ⇒ 𝜆2 𝜗 = ⇒ 𝝀√𝝑 = √ = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑚(𝜗𝜆) 𝑚 𝑚

11. An electron has a wavelength of 1.66 Å. Find kinetic energy, phase velocity and group velocity of the
wave.
ℎ ℎ2 (6.625 × 10−34 )2
Sol : 𝜆 = ⇒ 𝐸 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = =
√2𝑚𝐸 2𝑚𝜆2 2 × 9.11 × 10−31 × (1.66 × 10−10 )2
𝜆 = 1.66 Å = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟖 𝑱 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 𝒆𝑽
𝐸 =? 𝐩 𝒉 𝟔.𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
𝒗𝒈 = 𝒗𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆 (𝒎) = = = = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝑣𝑔 =? 𝒎 𝐦 𝒎𝝀 𝟗.𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 ×𝟏.𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎

𝑣𝑝 =?
𝐶2 (3 × 108 )2
𝑣𝑝 = = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑣𝑔 𝟒. 𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔

12. Compare the momentum, the total energy and the kinetic energy of an electron with a wavelength of
1Å with that of a photon with same wavelength.

ℎ ℎ 𝑃𝑒
Sol : (𝑎)𝜆 = ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝜆 , 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑝ℎ𝑜 = 6.625 × 10−24 𝑁𝑠 ⇒ 𝑃 =1
𝑝 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝜆 = 1Å
𝑃𝑒
=? ℎ𝐶 6.625 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
𝑃𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑏)𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 𝑱
𝐸𝑒 𝜆 1 × 10−10
= ?
𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 1 2 2
𝑃2
𝐾.𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑒 𝐸𝑒 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣 + 𝑚0 𝐶 = + 𝑚0 𝐶 2
= 2 2𝑚
𝐾.𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛
(6.625 × 10−24 )2
? 𝐸𝑒 = + 9.11 × 10−31 × (3 × 108 )2 = 2.413 × 10−17 + 8.19 × 10−14
2 × 9.11 × 10−31
Ignore the KE by comparing with rest mass energy, 𝐸𝑒 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 J
𝐸𝑒 𝐾.𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑒 2.413×10−17
= 41.2 and = 𝟏.𝟗𝟖𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 = 0.012
𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐾.𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛

CSE F & G
Module 1_Problems Solution KR
13. A particle of mass 0.65MeV/c2 has a kinetic energy 80eV. Find the de Broglie’s wavelength, group
velocity and phase velocity.

Sol : 𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒

𝜆 =? 𝝀= = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 Å
√𝟐𝒎𝑬 √𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 × 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗
𝑚 = 0.65 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 2
0.65 × 106 × 1.602 × 10−19 𝒑 𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
𝑚= 𝒗𝒈 = 𝒗𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆 (𝒎) = = =
(3 × 108 )2 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎𝝀 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
𝑚 = 1.157 × 10−30 𝑘𝑔
𝐸 = 80 × 1.602 × 10−19 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝟒. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎/𝒔

𝐶 2 (3 × 108 )2
𝑣𝑝 = = 𝟔
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑣𝑔 𝟒. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎

14. Find the de Broglie’s wavelength of an electron accelerated through a potential difference of 182V and
object of mass 1Kg moving with a speed of 1m/s. compare the result and comment.

Sol : 𝒉 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗

𝝀𝒆 = = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 Å
(𝑎)𝑉 = 182𝑉 √𝟐𝒎𝒆𝑽 √𝑽 √𝟏𝟖𝟐
(𝑏)𝑚 = 1𝐾𝑔 𝒉 𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
𝝀𝒐 = = = = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝒎
𝑣 = 1𝑚/𝑠 𝒑 𝒎𝒗 𝟏 × 𝟏
𝜆𝑒 /𝜆𝑜 =? 𝝀𝒆
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 & 𝝀𝒆 > 𝝀𝒐
𝝀𝒐
15. An electron has a de Broglie’s wavelength of 3nm and rest mass of 0.511 MeV/c2. Determine its particle
(group) velocity.

Sol :
ℎ ℎ
𝜆 = 3𝑛𝑚 𝜆= =
𝑚 = 0.511 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 2 𝑝 𝑚𝑣
0.511 × 106 × 1.602 × 10−19 𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
𝑚=
(3 × 108 )2
𝒗= = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝒎𝝀 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑1 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗
−31
𝑚 = 9.1 × 10 𝑘𝑔
𝑣 =?
16. An electron has a speed of 4.8 x 105m/s accurate to 0.012% with what accuracy can be located the
position of the electron.

Sol : ℎ
∆𝑥∆p≥ 4𝜋
0.012
∆𝑣 = 4.8 × 105 × = 57.6 𝑚/𝑠
100 ℎ 6.625 × 10−34
∆𝑥 =? ⇒ ∆𝑥 ≥ =
4𝜋𝑚∆𝑣 4 × 3.14 × 9.11 × 10−31 × 57.6
≥ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝜇𝒎

CSE F & G
Module 1_Problems Solution KR
17. A spectral line of wavelength 5461Å has a width of 10-4Å.
Evaluate the minimum time spent by the
electrons in its upper energy state between the excitation and de-excitation process.

ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ
Sol : ∆𝐸∆𝑡 ≥ 4𝜋 ⇒ ∆𝑡 ≥ 4𝜋∆𝐸 = ℎ𝑐 = −1 (Ignore –ve sign)
4𝜋∆ 4𝜋ℎ𝑐( 2 )∆𝜆
λ=5461Å 𝜆 𝜆

∆𝜆 = 10−14 𝑚 𝜆2 (5461 × 10−10 )2

∆𝑡 ≥ = = 𝟖 𝒏𝒔
∆𝑡 =? 4𝜋𝑐∆𝜆 4𝜋 × 3 × 108 × 10−14
18. A nucleon is confined to a nucleus of diameter 4 x 10-8m with an accuracy of 0.005%. Calculate the
minimum uncertainty in the momentum of the nucleon. Also calculate the minimum kinetic energy of the
nucleon in eV.
ℎ ℎ 6.625 × 10−34
∆𝑥∆p≥ 4𝜋 ⇒ ∆𝑝 ≥ 4𝜋∆𝑥 = 4𝜋 × 2×10−12 ≥ 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝑵𝒔 ≈ 𝒑
Sol :
-12
∆𝑥 = 4 × 10−8 ×
0.005
= 2 × 10 m 1 𝑝2 (2.63 × 10−23 )2
100 𝐸= 𝑚𝑣 2 = = = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 𝑱 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒆𝑽
∆𝑝 =? E=? 2 2𝑚 2 × 9.11 × 10−31

19. The position and momentum of 1KeV electron are simultaneously determined and if its position is
located within 1Å. What is the percentage of uncertainty in its momentum.
ℎ ℎ 6.625 × 10−34
Sol : ∆𝑥∆p≥ 4𝜋 ⇒ ∆𝑝 ≥ 4𝜋∆𝑥 = 4𝜋 × 1×10−10 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝑵𝒔
𝐸 = 1𝐾𝑒𝑉 = 1 × 103 × 1.602 × 10−19 𝐽 1
𝐸 = 1.602 × 10−16 𝐽 𝐸= 𝑚𝑣 2 ⇒ 𝑝 = √2𝑚𝐸 = √2 × 9.11 × 10−31 × 1.602 × 10−16
2
∆𝑥 = 1Å
= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝑵𝒔
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝 =?
∆𝑝
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝 = × 100 = 𝟑. 𝟏
𝑝

20. On the basis of uncertainty principal estimate the minimum energy of an electron that is that is confined
in a cubic cavity of volume 50 × 50 × 50 Å3.
(∆𝑝𝑥 )2 (∆𝑝𝑌 )2 (∆𝑝𝑍 )2
Sol : 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑋 + 𝐸𝑌 + 𝐸𝑍 = + +
2𝑚 2𝑚 2𝑚
𝑋 = 𝑌 = 𝑍 = 50Å 2 2 2
1 ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ2 3
∆𝑋 = 𝑋 𝐸= [( ) +( ) +( ) ]= [ ]
2𝑚 4𝜋∆𝑋 4𝜋∆𝑌 4𝜋∆𝑍 32𝑚𝜋 (∆𝑋)2
2
∆𝑌 = 𝑌
3 × (6.625 × 10−34 )2
∆𝑍 = 𝑍 𝐸= = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟐 𝑱
32 × 9.11 × 10−31 × 𝜋 2 × (50 × 10−10 )2
21. Write down the uncertainty relation connecting position and momentum variables. Show that this
relation can be written as Δx × Δλ ≥ λ2 / 4π.
ℎ
∆𝑥 × ∆𝑃 ≥
4𝜋
ℎ ℎ ℎ
∆𝑥 ≥ 4𝜋∆𝑝 = ℎ = −1 (Ignore –ve sign)
4𝜋∆ 4𝜋ℎ( 2 )∆𝜆
𝜆 𝜆
𝜆2
∆𝑥 × ∆𝜆 ≥
4𝜋
CSE F & G
Module 1_Problems Solution KR

22. Show that Δt Δλ ≥ λ2/4πc for photon.

ℎ
∆𝐸∆𝑡 ≥
4𝜋
ℎ ℎ ℎ
∆𝑡 ≥ 4𝜋∆𝐸 = ℎ𝑐 = −1 (Ignore –ve sign)
4𝜋∆ 4𝜋ℎ𝑐( 2 )∆𝜆
𝜆 𝜆
𝜆2
∆𝑡∆𝜆 ≥
4𝜋𝑐

23. An electron is confined to a box of length 10-9m, calculate the minimum uncertainty in its velocity.

Sol : ℎ
∆𝑥 × ∆𝑃 ≥
∆𝑥 = 0.1𝑛𝑚 = 0.1 × 10−9 𝑚 4𝜋
∆𝑣 =? ℎ
∆𝑥 × 𝑚∆𝑣 ≥
4𝜋
ℎ 6.625 × 10−34
∆𝑣 ≥ = = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
4𝜋𝑚∆𝑥 4 × 3.14 × 9.11 × 10−31 × 1 × 10−9

24. An excited atom has an average time of 10-8s. During this period, it emits a photon and returns to the
ground state. What is the minimum uncertainty in the frequency of photon.

Sol : ℎ ℎ 𝟏
∆𝐸∆𝑡 ≥ 𝑜𝑟, ∆ℎ𝜗∆𝑡 ≥ 𝑜𝑟, ∆𝝑∆𝒕 ≥
∆𝑡 = 1 × 10−8 𝑠 4𝜋 4𝜋 𝟒𝝅
∆𝜗 =? 1 1
⇒ ∆𝜗 ≥ = = 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛
4𝜋∆𝑡 4𝜋 × 10−8

CSE F & G