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  • Einstein Relations: Prof - Siva Prasad

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    Einstein derived mathematical relationships between the rates of absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission in atoms. He showed that for a system in thermal equilibrium, the upward and downward transition rates must be equal. This allowed him to relate the emission and absorption coefficients to the spectral density of blackbody radiation, establishing fundamental Einstein relations between atomic properties and radiation.

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    Einstein Relations

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    Einstein derived mathematical relationships between the rates of absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission in atoms. He showed that for a system in thermal equilibrium, the upward and downward transition rates must be equal. This allowed him to relate the emission and absorption coefficients to the spectral density of blackbody radiation, establishing fundamental Einstein relations between atomic properties and radiation.

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    249 views11 pages

    Einstein Relations: Prof - Siva Prasad

    Uploaded by

    Renu
    Einstein derived mathematical relationships between the rates of absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission in atoms. He showed that for a system in thermal equilibrium, the upward and downward transition rates must be equal. This allowed him to relate the emission and absorption coefficients to the spectral density of blackbody radiation, establishing fundamental Einstein relations between atomic properties and radiation.

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    Einstein Relations

    Prof.Siva Prasad
    EINSTEIN RELATION
    • The rates of the three transition processes of absorption, spontaneous
    emission and stimulated emission were related mathematically.

    • By considering the atomic system to be in thermal equilibrium the rate of


    upward transition must equal the rate of downward transition.

    • The population of the two energy levels of such a system are described by
    Boltzmann statistics which gives

    • Where N1 and N2 represent the density of atoms in energy levels E1 and E2


    respectively with g1 and g2 being the corresponding degeneracies of the
    levels.
    EINSTEIN RELATION

    • The rate of upward transition or absorption is


    given by

    • ρf the spectral density of the radiation energy at


    the transition frequency f.
    • B12  the Einstein coefficient of the absorption
    EINSTEIN RELATION

    • The total transition rate from level 2 to level 1, R21 is the sum
    of the spontaneous and stimulated contribution

    • A21  the Einstein coefficient of spontaneous emission which


    is equal to the reciprocal of the spontaneous lifetime.
    A21=1/τ21
    • B21 Einstein coefficient of stimulated emission
    • For a system in thermal equilibrium the upward an downward
    transition rates must be equal

    …..(1)
    EINSTEIN RELATION

    • The atomic system under consideration is in thermal


    equilibrium produces a radiation density which is identical to
    black body radiation.

    • Planck showed that the radiation spectral density for a black


    body radiating within a frequency range f to f+ df is given by

    .............(2)
    EINSTEIN RELATION

    • Comparing (1) and (2) we obtain Einstein relations


    EINSTEIN RELATION

    • when degeneracies of the two levels are equal


    (g1=g2) then the probabilities of absorption and
    stimulated emission are equal.(B12=B21)

    • The ratio of the stimulated emission rate to the


    spontaneous emission rate is given by
    EINSTEIN RELATION
    EINSTEIN RELATION
    • The result obtained indicates that for systems in thermal equilibrium
    spontaneous emission is by far the dominant mechanism.

    • Furthermore, it illustrates that the radiation emitted from ordinary optical


    sources in the visible spectrum occurs in a random manner, proving that
    these sources are incoherent.

    • It is apparent that in order to produce a coherent optical source and


    amplification of a light beam the rate of stimulated emission must be
    increased far above the level indicated.
    EINSTEIN RELATION
    • It may be noted that for stimulated emission to dominate over
    absorption and spontaneous emission in a two-level system,
    both the radiation density and the population density of the
    upper energy level N2 must be increased in relation to the
    population density of the lower energy level N1.

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