Math Notes

3. Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) = −4𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 3) .
Note: the zeroes that correspond to the linear factors resemble a linear function
immediately around the x-axis, while the factor that is squared resembles a quadratic function
4. Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 – 2) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4)
5. A function has a range of 𝑅 − {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑦 ≥ −6} and 3 turning points. What conclusions can you draw about this
function? Construct some possible graphs of this function.
Pg. 146 #1-2,3b,4,6b,e,f,7,10,14
UNIT 2 – POLYNOMIAL FACTORING TECHNIQUES

3.7 – Factoring a Sum or Difference of Cubes and Review of Factoring Techniques
The Golden Rule of Factoring: ALWAYS TRY TO COMMON FACTOR FIRST!!!
- Find the greatest common factor (GCF) for the polynomial
- Use the largest number that divides evenly into all the coefficients.
- Use any variable that is common to all terms in the polynomial.
- To determine what exponent to use, look for the lowest exponent on each variable in the original polynomial.
-Write the GCF in front of a set of brackets. Inside the brackets, divide the original polynomial by the GCF.
1. Factor
a. 20𝑥 𝑦 − 18𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 b. 8𝑎 𝑏 – 20𝑏 𝑎 + 52𝑎𝑏 – 100𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Factoring Trinomials of the form 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Find a pair of numbers where the product is c and the sum is b. Write two linear factors where the constants are the two
numbers you just found.*Note: This method only works if the exponents on the variables follow the ratio 2:1:0 or 0:1:2.
2. Factor
a. 2𝑝 − 4𝑝 − 6 b. 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 8 c. 3𝑥 + 9𝑥 𝑦 − 120𝑥𝑦
Factoring Trinomials of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

3. Factor
a. 3𝑥 + 11𝑥 + 10 b. 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 5
c. 3x4 – 13x2y + 12y2 d. 10x7y2 – 8x4y9 – 24xy16
Factoring a Difference of Squares

Write the square roots of the two original terms in two brackets. In one bracket, separate the square roots with a +, in the
other, separate them with a -.
3. Factor
a. 𝑥 − 25 b. 100𝑥 − 1 c. 81𝑥 − 16
Factoring by Grouping
In decomposition, the steps taken after we break up the middle term make up a method called factoring by grouping. To
factor by grouping, just pretend somebody has started decomposition for you, and you just have to finish from there.
4. Factor
a. 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 10 b. 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 20𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 25 c. 𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 63𝑥 − 90
There is another simple factoring technique to learn this year. A difference of cubes is a binomial of the form 𝑎 − 𝑏 . A
sum of cubes is a binomial of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 . The factored forms for a sum and difference of cubes is:
𝑎 −𝑏 = 𝑎 +𝑏 =
1. Factor
a. 8𝑥 − 27 b. 125𝑥 + 64 c. 𝑥 + 512
d. 64𝑥 − 1000𝑦 e. 𝑥 −𝑦 f. 𝑥 +𝑦
Pg. 182; 2-5,8 HANDOUT! (Exclamation marks mean it’s going to be fun!)
3.5 – Dividing Polynomials
In order to sketch a graph of a polynomial function or answer application 1. Divide: 12 892
questions relating to such functions, it is often useful for it to be written in
factored form. The process of polynomial division is important for
transitioning between standard form and factored form.
2. Divide the following polynomials.

a. 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 8 by 𝑥 − 2 b. (𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 6) by (𝑥 + 1)
c. (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) ÷ (𝑥 + 3)
3. Determine the following
a. f(2), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 8 b. 𝑓(−1), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 6 c. 𝑓(−3), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1
How do your answers above compare with the long division question you had done before?
The Remainder Theorem

When a polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by x - k, the remainder is 𝑓(𝑘)
Proof: Let q(x) represent the quotient and r represent the remainder when f(x) is divided by x – k
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟)(𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡) + 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
The Factor Theorem (a direct extension or “corollary” of the remainder theorem)
How is the factor theorem useful? If we want to factor by using long division, we need to divide by something that will
give no remainder. We can figure out what will give us no remainder by trying different values of k until we find one that
gives us f(k) = 0.
4. Determine if the following are factors of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 62𝑥 − 105. If they are, divide the
polynomial and factor fully to confirm your answer.
a. x–1 b. x+3 c. 2x + 5
Pg. 168, #1a, 4, 5, 7, 10 Pg. 177: #1, 4

3.6 - Factoring Polynomials Day 1
The remainder theorem states that, for a polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥), the remainder of 𝑓(𝑥) ÷ (𝑥 − 𝑘) is f(k). An extension
of this, called the factor theorem states that
If we use the factor theorem to find a factor of f(x), then we can use long division to find the quotient. Then we can do the
same with the quotient, repeating until we have found all the factors. We can make this process a bit shorter by keeping
an eye out for opportunities to factor using the other factoring techniques we have learned (common factoring, quadratic
factoring techniques, factoring by grouping).
1. Factor
a. 𝑥 – 13𝑥 + 12 b. 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 24
c. 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 8
Integral Roots Theorem

Any integral roots of a polynomial function must be a factor of the constant term of the polynomial.
We can see fairly quickly why the integral roots theorem must be true, but how is it useful?
2. What are all the possible k-values that could give you f(k) = 0 for f(x) = 𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 17𝑥 + 8 (i.e. which numbers are
worth checking via the factor theorem)?
3. Factor
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 17𝑥 + 8 b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 15𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 80
Pg. 177 #(6-8)a,c,e, 9, 12, 13

3.6 – Factoring Polynomials Day 2
1. Use the factor theorem and long division to factor the 2. Determine the zeros of
function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑘 . 𝑓(𝑥) = 16𝑥 − 44𝑥 + 16𝑥 + 21. Hint: 𝑓 =0
Rational Roots Theorem

Any rational roots of a polynomial function must follow the following properties: When in lowest terms, the numerator
must be a factor of the constant of the polynomial and the denominator must be a factor of the leading coefficient of the
polynomial. Just as with true the Integer Roots Theorem, we can see fairly quickly why this theorem must be true. Its
purpose is the same as the integral roots test from last day, which is to tell us which numbers are worth testing with the
factor theorem.
3. Factor the polynomial 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 61𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 15 4. Factor 30𝑥 + 19𝑥 − 35𝑥 + 6 (hint: don’t bother
testing any integers for this one)
Pg. 177# (6-8)b,d,f, 9, 10, 14, 16 Handout
UNIT 3 – POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

4.1 – Solving Polynomial Equations
In grade 9, you learned how to solve polynomial equalities of degree 1 ( ), by isolating the variable using
inverse operations. In grade 10, you learned how to solve polynomial equalities of degree 2
While solving by isolation is sometimes possible (when the equation is written in ),
solving by is much more common:

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3. Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) = −4𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 3) .

4. Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 – 2) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4)

Pg. 146 #1-2,3b,4,6b,e,f,7,10,14

UNIT 2 – POLYNOMIAL FACTORING TECHNIQUES

Factoring Trinomials of the form 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Factoring Trinomials of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

c. 3x4 – 13x2y + 12y2 d. 10x7y2 – 8x4y9 – 24xy16

Factoring a Difference of Squares

2. Divide the following polynomials.

3. Determine the following

a. f(2), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 8 b. 𝑓(−1), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 6 c. 𝑓(−3), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1

The Remainder Theorem

The Factor Theorem (a direct extension or “corollary” of the remainder theorem)

Pg. 168, #1a, 4, 5, 7, 10 Pg. 177: #1, 4

Integral Roots Theorem

Pg. 177 #(6-8)a,c,e, 9, 12, 13

Rational Roots Theorem

Pg. 177# (6-8)b,d,f, 9, 10, 14, 16 Handout

UNIT 3 – POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

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