Cairo University Second Semester 2022-2023

nd
Faculty of Engineering 2 Year Electrical Power Engineering
Mechanical Power Dept. MEP 2181- Thermodynamics
Sheet 1 - Basic Definitions and Concepts
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1. Define enthalpy, flow work, extensive property, and thermal equilibrium.

2. Define the isothermal, isobaric, adiabatic, isochoric processes, closed system, open
system, heat, work, intensive property, process, and cycle.

3. What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

4. A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a tank. The manometer fluid has a
specific gravity of 0.85, and the manometer column height is 55 cm. If the local
atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine the absolute pressure within the tank.

5. A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston-cylinder device. The piston has a

mass of 5 kg and a cross-sectional area of 25 cm2. A compressed spring above the piston
exerts a force of 75 N on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa, determine the
pressure inside the cylinder.
Cairo University Second Semester 2022-2023
nd
Faculty of Engineering 2 Year Electrical Power Engineering
Mechanical Power Dept. MEP 2181- Thermodynamics
Sheet 2 - Properties of pure substances
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1. Define sub-cooled liquid, wet steam, saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and superheated
vapor.

2. A househusband is cooking a meet for his family in a pan which is (a) uncovered, (b)
covered with a light lid, and (c) covered with a heavy lid. For which case will the cooking
time be the shortest? Why?

3. Complete the following table for H2O:

4. A cooking pan whose inner diameter is 20 cm is filled with water and covered with a
0.5 Kg lid. If the local atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, determine the temperature at
which the water will start boiling when it is heated.

5. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.1 m3 of liquid water and 0.9 m3 of water vapor in
equilibrium at 500 kPa. Heat is added at constant pressure until the temperature reaches
200 oC.
- What is the initial temperature of the water?
- Determine the total mass of the water.
- Calculate the final volume.
- Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
6. Superheated water vapor at 1 MPa and 300oC is allowed to cool at constant volume
until the temperature drops to 150 oC. At the final state, determine (a) the pressure, (b)
the quality, and (c) the enthalpy. Also show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines.
7. A rigid enclosure, 50 cm on each side, contains a wet mixture of water vapor at 90oC
and 20 percent quality. Heat is added until the pressure is raised to 500 kPa. Determine
the final state and the quantity of heat added.

8. A rigid container is filled with steam at 700 kPa and 200oC. At what temperature will
the steam start to condense when the container is cooled? To what temperature must the
container be cooled to condense 50 percent of the steam mass?

9. 0.05 kg of steam at 15 bar is contained in a rigid vessel of volume 0.0076 m3 .What is

the temperature of the steam? If the vessel is cooled at what temperature will the steam be
just dry saturated? Cooling is continued until the pressure in the vessel is 11 bar, calculate
the final dryness fraction of the steam.

10. The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air in the tire.
When the air temperature is 25 oC, the pressure gage reads 210 kPa. If the volume of the
tire is 0.65 m3, determine the pressure rise in the tire when the air temperature in the tire
rises to 50 oC (assume the value will not change) Also determine the amount of air that
must go out to get the original pressure at the new temperature (50oC). Assume the
atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa.

11. A 20-m3 rigid tank contains nitrogen at 25oC and 800 kPa. Some nitrogen is allowed
to escape until the pressure in the tank drops to 600 kPa. Find the mass escaped if the
temperature at this point is 20oC,

12. A 1-m3 tank containing air at 25oC and 500 kPa is connected through a valve to
another tank containing 5 kg of air at 35oC and 200 kPa. Now the valve is opened, and
the entire system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the surroundings which are
at 20oC. Determine the volume of the second tank and the final equilibrium pressure of
air.
Cairo University Second Semester 2022-2023
nd
Faculty of Engineering 2 Year Electrical Power Engineering
Mechanical Power Dept. MEP 2181- Thermodynamics

Sheet 3 - The First Law of Thermodynamics

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1. Show that for a closed system with a moving boundary and during a constant pressure
process, the heat transfer is equal to the change in enthalpy.

2. A rigid tank contains a hot fluid which is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel.
Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid
loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine
the final internal energy of the liquid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel.

3. A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor which is maintained at

a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater within the cylinder is turned on and
passes a current of 0.2 A for 5 min from a 120-V source. At the same time, a heat loss of
3.7 kJ occurs. Determine the final temperature of the steam.

4. A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.5 m3 of nitrogen gas at 400 kPa and 27oC.
An electric heater within the device is turned on and is allowed to pass a current of 2 A
for 5 min from a 120-V source. Nitrogen expands at constant pressure, and a heat loss of
2800 J occurs during the process. Determine the final temperature of the nitrogen.

5. 0.05 kg of a certain fluid is heated at a constant pressure of 2 bar until the volume
occupied is 0.0658 m3. Calculate the heat supplied and the work done,
a) When the fluid is steam, initially dry saturated.
b) When the fluid is air, initially at 130oC.

6. Steam at 7 bar and dryness fraction 0.9 expands in a cylinder behind a piston
isothermally and reversibly to a pressure of 1.5 bar. Calculate the change of internal
energy and the change of enthalpy per kg of steam. The heat supplied during the process
is found to be 400 kJ/kg. Calculate the work done per kg of steam.

7. 1 kg of steam at 100 bar and 375oC expands reversibly in a perfectly thermally

insulated cylinder behind a piston until the pressure is 38 bar and the steam is then dry
saturated. Calculate the work done by the steam.
8. Air at 1.02 bar, 22oC, initially occupying a cylinder volume of 0.015 m3, is compressed
reversibly and adiabatically by a piston to a pressure of 6.8 bar. Calculate the final
temperature, the final volume, and the work done on the mass of air in the cylinder.

9. In a steam engine, the steam at the beginning of the expansion process is at 7 bar,
dryness fraction 0.95, and the expansion follows the law pv1.1=constant, down to a
pressure of 0.34 bar. Calculate the work done per kg of steam during the expansion, and
the heat flow per kg of steam to or from the cylinder walls during the expansion.

10. 0.468 kg of air at 200 kPa and 25ºC is contained in a cylinder at one side of a
frictionless piston while a 0.181 kg of saturated vapor is contained in the cylinder at the
other side. Neglecting piston weight, calculate the volumes of both air and vapor. If heat
is transferred to the vapor until the air volume is reduced to half its initial value.
Calculate the final air temperature is 25ºC.

1. Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 60oC is mixed with cold water at
10oC. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 43oC be supplied, determine
the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold water. Assume the heat losses from the
mixing chamber to be negligible and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 137.9 kPa.

2. An air compressor takes in air at 1 atm. and 20oC and discharges into a line having an
inside diameter of 1 cm. The average air velocity in the line at a point close to the
discharge is 7 m/s, and the discharge pressure is 3.5 atm. assuming that the compression
occurs quasistatically and adiabatically, calculate the work input to the compressor.
Assume that the inlet air velocity is very small.

3. Steam undergoes an adiabatic and steady-flow process in a turbine from 6.0 MPa,
500oC, to a pressure of 10 kPa and a quality of 90 percent. Calculate the work output for
a flow of 1.0 kg/s. What flow rate would be required to produce a work output of 400
kW?

4. A centrifugal blower receives air at 1 atm. and 20oC in a volume flow rate of 0.7 m3/s.
The air enters at 1.0 m/s and discharges at 10.0 m/s, and temperature is essentially
constant. Calculate the input power requirements. State assumptions.

5. Air at 6.9 bar, 260oC is throttled to 5.5 bar before expanding through a nozzle to a
pressure of 1.1 bar. Assuming that the air flows reversibly in steady flow through the
nozzle, and that no heat is rejected, calculate the velocity of the air at exit from the nozzle
when the inlet velocity is 100 m/s.
6. 225 kg/h of air at 40oC enter a mixing chamber where it mixes with 540 kg/h of air at
15oC. Calculate the temperature of the air leaving the chamber, assuming steady flow
conditions. Assume that the heat loss is negligible.

7. Steam from a super-heater at 7 bar, 300oC is mixed in steady adiabatic flow with wet
steam at 7 bar, dryness fraction 0.9. Calculate the mass of wet steam required per kg of
superheated steam to produce steam at 7 bar, dry saturated.

8. A fan is designed to take air from a large room at a volumetric flow rate (based on the
inlet state to the fan) of 200 m3 / min. The fan must raise the inlet pressure by 1.0 kPa.
The air enters the fan at 25 ºC and increases in temperature by a negligible amount in
passing through the fan. The air leaves the fan in a duct of 1.00-m2 cross sectional area.
What power (kW) is required to drive the fan.

9. A large pump is used to take water at 25 ºC from a nearby lake at a rate of 1 m3/s and
raise its pressure from 120 to 700 kPa so that it can be fed into a fire safety main. If the
pump is adiabatic and frictionless, how much power is necessary to drive the pump?
Cairo University Second Semester 2022-2023
nd
Faculty of Engineering 2 Year Electrical Power Engineering
Mechanical Power Dept. MEP 2181- Thermodynamics

Sheet 4 - The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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1. State the expressions of Kelvin-Plank and Clausius for the second law and then prove
that they are equivalent.

2. What are the two statements known as the Carnot principles?

3. Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80 MW. If the rate of
waste heat rejection to nearby river is 50 MW, determine the net power output and the
thermal efficiency for this heat engine.

4. A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a house and maintain it at 20
ºC. On a day when the outdoor air temperature drops to -2 ºC, the house is estimated to
lose heat at a rate of 80000 kJ/h. If the heat pump under these conditions has a COP of
2.5, determine (a) the power consumed by the heat pump and (b) the rate at which heat is
extracted from the cold outdoor air.

5. A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-temperature source
at 652 ºC and rejects heat to a low-temperature sink at 30 ºC. Determine (a) the thermal
efficiency of this Carnot engine and (b) the amount of heat rejected to the sink per cycle.

6. A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter. The house is to be
maintained at 21 ºC at all times. The house is estimated to be losing heat at a rate of
135 000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to -5 ºC. Determine the minimum
power required to drive this heat pump unit.

7. Consider two Carnot heat engines operating in series. The first engine receives heat
from a reservoir at 1000 ºK and rejects the waste heat to another reservoir at temperature
(T). The second engine receives the energy rejected by the first one, converts some of it
to work and rejects the rest to a reservoir at 300 ºK. If the thermal efficiencies of both
engines are the same, determine the temperature (T).

8. A Carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at 900 ºC at a rate of 700 kJ/min
and rejects the waste heat to the ambient air at 27 ºC. The entire work output of the heat
engine is used to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from the refrigerated space at -5
ºC and transfers it to the same ambient air at 27 ºC. Determine (a) the maximum rate of
heat removal from the refrigerated space and (b) the total rate of heat rejection to the
ambient air.

9. A heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 727 ºC and 17 ºC. One half of the
work output of the heat engine is used to drive a Carnot heat pump which removes heat
from the cold surroundings at 2 ºC and transfers it to a house maintained at 22 ºC. If the
house is losing heat at a rate of 80000 kJ/h, determine the minimum rate of heat supply to
the heat engine required to keep the house at 22 ºC.

10. A Carnot cycle receives heat from a constant temperature reservoir at 700 K and
rejects heat to 5 kg of water which is initially saturated liquid at 100 kPa. As the engine
operates, the water is heated at constant pressure until its temperature reaches 150 ºC.
Calculate the work output of the Carnot engine.