Atoms~~

Discovery of Atom: Failure:

Thomson’s model: Atom is neutral.  Couldn’t explain the stability of
Atoms are like positively charged sphere hydrogen.
with electrons spread into it like  Couldn’t explain the spectral lines of
watermelon’s seed. Hydrogen.
Drawbacks: Closest Distance of approach:
1. Alpha-scattering couldn’t be The distance of the charged particle from
explained. the center of the target nucleus, at which
2. Atomic spectral lines couldn’t be the whole Kinetic Energy of the charged
explained. particle gets converted into potential
energy (or balanced by the coloumbic force
RUTHERFORD MODEL:
of repulsion).
(Alpha particle scattering experiment.)
k i+ v i=k f + v f
 Alpha-particle means He 2+
1 1 k (ze)(2 e)
 Took gold foil because it’s most m v 20 +0= m(0)+
2 2 d
ductile. Easy to make sheet. As
screen he took ZnS which produces 1 2 2 k ze
2

spark when He is touched. ¿ m v 0=

2 d
¿
Observations:
2
4 k ze
 Most of the alpha particles, pass d= 2
undeviated. mv 0
 0.15% deflected more than 1 degree.
 1 in 8000 deviated more than 90
degrees. Bohr’s Postulates:

Conclusion:  The e- revolve around the nucleus in

fixed orbits, but they do not radiate
 Most of the space is empty light while revolving.
because many particles are  Only those orbits exist for which
undeviated. angular momentum is quantized. ( L
 There must be strong positive = mvr {angular mome.})
charge at center. nh
 Size of nucleus = 10-15 m  L=mvr=
2π
 Size of atom = 10-10 m  The electrons emit light or energy
 There must be e- s in the atom to when they move from higher orbit to
keep it neutral. They revolve lower orbit.
around in circular orbits around
the nucleus. The centripetal force
is provided by the electrostatic
attraction between the nucleus
 The Relation of nth Orbit:
Time Period: Time taken by e- to revolve
Let’s assume an e is revolving in n orbit
- th
one complete round around a nucleus.
of radius ‘rn’ with velocity ‘vn’. By using
angular momentum theory 2 π rn
Time period =
Vn Vn
nh
m v n r n=
2π rn 2 π r o n3
T= V o Z2
nh
v n=
2 πmr n
Ze 3
n
T = To 2 [ To = 1.51 * 10-16
F e ∧¿ F c Z
k ( ze ) e m v 2n s]
∧¿
r 2n rn
1 Z e2
( )
2
nh
∧¿ m Z
2
4 π ε0 rn πm r n Frequency, f = fo 3 [ fo = 6.62 *
2 2 2 n
1 Ze mn h
= 2 2 2 1015 s-1 ]
4 π ε 0 λn 4 π m r n
2 2
ε0 n h
rn = 2
Z e πm
2
ε 0 h n2
rn = 2
e πm Z
2
n
r n =r 0
Z
[ ro = 0.53A = 0.53 * 10-
10
m]
nh
v n=
2 πmr n
2
e Z
v n=
2 ε 0 hn
2
e Z
v n=
2 ε 0 hn

Z
v n=V o
n
[ Vo = 2.2 * 10 6
m/s ]