DESIGN EXAMPLES

Design the one-way continuous slab

subjected to uniformly distributed imposed loads of 5 kN/m2 using M 20 and Fe 415. The load of floor finish is 1 kN/m2 The width of beams at the support = 300 mm

Solution :

Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab

basic value of span to effective depth ratio for the slab having simple support at the end and continuous at the intermediate is (20+26)/2 = 23 Assume,pt = 0.5 and fs = 240 N/mm2 so, Modification factor = 1.18 from Fig.4 of IS 456. Therefore, the min. effective depth = 3000/23(1.18) = 110.54 mm Let us take the effective depth d = 115 mm clear cover = 25 so, the total depth D = 140 mm.

Step 2: Design loads, bending moment and shear force Dead loads of slab of 1 m width = 0.14(25) = 3.5 kN/m

Dead load of floor finish = 1.0 kN/m Factored dead load =1.5(4.5) = 6.75 kN/m Factored live load = 1.5(5.0) = 7.50 kN/m Total factored load = 14.25 kN/m Maximum moments and shear are determined from the coefficients given in Tables 12 and 13 of IS 456. Maximum positive moment = 14.25(3)(3)/12 = 10.6875 kNm/m Maximum negative moment = 14.25(3)(3)/10 = 12.825 kNm/m Maximum shearVu = 14.25(3)(0.4) = 17.1 kN

Step 3: Determination of effective and total depths of slab Mu, lim. = Rlim where Rlim = 2.76 N/mm2

d = {12.825(106)/(2.76)(1000)}1/2 = 68.17 mm Since, the computed depth is much less than that determined in Step 1 let us keep D = 140 mm and d = 115 mm.

Step 4: Depth of slab for shear force

c

= 0.28 N/mm , for the lowest percentage of steel in the slab.

depth of 140 mm, let us use the coefficient k

c

= k

= 1.3(0.28) = 0.364 N/mm2

c,max

= 2.8 N/mm2

For this problem

v =Vu

/bd = 17.1/115 = 0.148 N/mm2

since,

v<

c <

c,max ,

the effective depth d = 115mm is acceptable

Step 5: Determination of areas of steel

Mu = 0.87fyAstd{1-Astfy/fckbd} (i) For the maximum negative bending moment 12825000 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 115 x {1 (Ast x 415)/(1000 x 115 x 20)} Solving the quadratic equation, Ast= 328.34 mm2 (ii) For the maximum positive bending moment 10687500 = 0.87(415)Ast(115) {1 Ast(415)/(1000)(115)(20)} Solving the quadratic equation,Ast= 270.615 mm2

Distribution steel bars along longer span ly Distribution steel area = Minimum steel area = 0.12(1000)(140)/100 = 168mm2 Since, both positive and negative areas of steel are higher than the minimum area, we provide: (a) For negative steel: 10 mm diameter bars @ 230 mm c/c for whichAst = 341 mm giving ps = 0.2965. (b) For positive steel: 8 mm diameter bars @ 180 mm c/c for which Ast = 279 mm giving ps = 0.2426 (c)For distribution steel: Provide 8 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm c/c for which Ast,min= 201mm2

Step 6: Selection of diameter and spacing of reinforcing bars The diameter and spacing already selected in step 5 for main and distribution bars are checked below:

For main bars , the maximum spacing is the lesser of 3d and 300 mm i.e., 300 mm. For distribution bars the maximum spacing is the lesser of 5d or 450 mm i.e., 450 mm

Design of a rectangular beam

Beam - simply supported on two 230mm thick and 6m apart wall carry distributed live load of 10 kN/m and dead load of 5 kN/m Fe415 Solution : Determining Mu for design Assume, b = 250mm, and D = 600mm let d = D - 50 = 550mm leff = 6m or, (6 - 0.23)+0.55 =6.32m taking lesser value leff = 6 m Distributed load due to self wt. = 25 x 0.25 x 0.6 = 3.75 kN/m Total wt. = 5 + 3.75 = 8.75 kN/m Wll = 10kN/m Wu= 1.5 (8.75 + 10) = 28.1kN/m Mu (max. at mid point) = Wul2/8 =28.1 6 6/8 = 126kN/m Fixing up b ,d and D For Fe 415 steel , Mu , lim = 0.1389 fckbd2 For M 25 concrete , fck = 25 MPa Rlim = Mu,lim/bd2 = 0.1389 25 = 3.472MPa Assume, b =250 mm ,for a single reinforced section , the minim. vale of d , (xu = xu,max)

dmin = (Mu/Rlim b)1/2 = (126 106/(3.472 250))1/2 = 381mm Adopt D = 450mm .Assuming 25 bars 8 d = 450-30-8-25/2 = 399mm bars and clear cover of 30 mm

Determining Ast required R = Mu,/bd2 = 126 x 106/(250 x3992) = 3.166MPa R = 0.87 fy(pt/100){1-(fy pt /fck 100) pt = 1.065 10-2 Ast required = 1.065 x 10-2 x 250 x 399 x 1062mm2 Detailing Using 3 bars in one layer , 3 ( 2/4) = 1062
req

= 21.2 mm ,

Provide, 1 - 25 bar and 2 - 20 bars (= 1192 > 1062mm2 )

Design checks for strength in flexure

Actual d = 450 -30 -8-25/2 =399mm Pt = 100 x 1119/(250 x 399) = 1.21 < pt,lim = 1.201 MuR = 0.87 x 415 x (1.121/100){1- (415 x 1.121)/(25 x 100)} x 250 x 3992 = 131.1 x 106 Nmm > 126 kNm Hence , Safe.

DESIGN OF A SHORT COLUMN

Square column 500mm 500mm service load =2000kN use M 20 and Fe415 grade of steel

solution :
service load =2000kN load factor =1.5 Pu =2000 x 1.5 =3000kN minimum eccentricity when effective length of column is not given = 20 mm But 0.05 D = 0.05 x 500 =25mm Hence , emin. is less than 0.05 D so, Pu = 0.4 fck Ac +0.67 fyAs 3000 x103 =0.4 x 20 (500 x 500-Asc)+0.67 x 415Asc or, As =3703.02mm2 Min.area of longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8% = 0.8 x 500 x 500/100 =2000mm2 As =3703.02mm2 so, No. of 20 mm dia bars = 3703.02/490.87 = 7.54 Hence, provide 8nos. of 25 mm dia. bars Actual As = 8 490.87 =3927 mm2 Using 6 mm dia. ties

spacing is the least of the following : least lateral dimension =500mm 16 = 16 x 25 = 400mm 48
tie bar

= 48 x 6 = 288mm

Hence provide 6 mm dia. ties @ 280 mm c/c

DESIGN AN ISOLATED FOOTING FOR A SQUARE COLUMN (CENTRIC LOADED)

COLUMN 400 x 400 mm with12 - 20 mm dia longtidunal bar service load 1500 kN grade of cconcrete M 20 steel Fe 415 safe bearing capicity of soil 250 kN/m2 at a depth of 1 m below ground level

solution :
Step 1 : size of footing P = 1500kN qcs = 250 kN/m2 Assume, weight of footing and backfill =10% of P total load = 1500 + 1500x (10/100) =1650 kN the base area required = 1650/250 =6.6 m2 provide 2.6 x 2.6 m (=6.76m2) Step 2 : thickness of footing slab based on one way shear factored soil pressure = (1500x 1.50)/(2.6x 2.6) =0.333 N/mm2 Assume , p = 0.25% in the footing slab for M20
c

= 0.36 N/mm2
c

Vu =

bd

= 0.36 x 2600 x d

Vu (actual) = 0.333 x 2600x (1100 - d) Vu > Vu(actual) 0.36 x 2600 x d > 0.333 x 2600 (1100 - d) d > 528.57mm provide , d = 536 mm total depth = 536+50+16+8 =610 mm , assume 16 mm bar Step 3: checking for two way shear critical section is at d/2 from the pheriphery of the column factored shear force = 0.333 x (2600x 2 -(400+d)2)x 10-3 shear resistance is calculateed with shear strength = ks reinforcement) ks = (0.5 + c) = (0.5+1) =1.5 but ks should not grater than 1 so, ks=1
c

(without shear

=0.25 fck

=0.25 x 12 = 1.118 kN/mm2 so, shear resistance =1.118 x 536 x 4 x 936 =2243.58 kN > 1959.34 kN Hence , OK thus depth of footing governed is governed by one way shear Step 4: Gross bearing capicity Assume , unit wt. of concrete =24kN/m3 unit wt. of soil = 20 kN/m3 service load = 1500kN wt. of footing =2.6 2.6 0.61 24 =98.967 kN

wt. of soil =2.6 2.6 (1-0.61) 20 =52.728 kN Total =1635.2 kN gross bearing pressure = 1635.2/(2.6 2.6) = 241.893kN/m2 < 250kN/m2 Hence,OK Step 5 : Bending moment in case of bending moment critical section lies at the faces of column Mu =0.333 x 2600 x 1100 x 1100/2 = 523.809 kNm moment of resistance of the footing = Rbd2 R=2.76 so, moment of resistance =2.76 x 2600 x 536 x 536 = 2061.636 kNm > 523.809kNm for Ast Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 - Ast fy/fckbd) 523.809 =0.87 415 Ast 536 (1-Ast 415/20 536 2600) Ast =2825.5805mm2 assuming pt =0.25% so, use pt -0.25% Ast =0.0025 x 2600 x 526 =3484mm2 provide 18 bars of 16 mm dia. (=3619mm2) both way spacing between bar = 2600 - 2 x 50 - 16 /17 = 146.117 mm provide @ 140mm c/c
bending moment in other direction is also same as it a square footing

Step 6: Development length Ld =

s/

/4

= 16 x 0.87 x 415 /( 4 x 1.6 x 1.2) = 752mm

length available = 1100-50 =1050 mm > 752mm Hence,OK