CADCAM Manual

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE BASNA
CERTIFICATE
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual
This is certify that Mr/Miss._______________________________ Enroll. No. Of class 6TH Mechanical
Has satisfactorily completed the his/her term work of CAD/CAM. Date of submission / /
Faculty/ Staff
Head of Department
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE BASNA CAD/CAM

INDEX
Sr No. Pag Name of Experiment TO STUDY ABOUT INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT OF CAD/CAM TO STUDY ABOUT COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TO STUDY ABOUT AUTOCAD COMMAND AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUDY ABOUT AUTOLISP e no. Date of Start
Date of
Comp . Sign
Marks/ Grade
Comp.
1. 2.
3.
4.
COMMANDS AND PROGRAMMING.
5. 6.
TO STUDY ABOUT INTRODUCTION OF PRO-E. TO STUDY ABOUT CNC PART PROGRAMMING. TO STUDY ABOUT PROGRAMMING AND MISC. FUNCTIONS TO STUDY ABOUT RECENT TRENDS IN CAD/CAM Total Marks/ Grade:Signature of Faculty:-
7. 8.
INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT OF CAD/CAM

DATE: / /
Objective: - Basic concepts of CAD/CAM Learning:I. II. III.

Era of cad/cam Importance of cad/cam Basic of cad/cam
INTRODUCTION :
Why Computer Aided Design? Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools allow designers to spend their intellectual energy on innovation instead of focusing their attention on the mechanics of designing. As idea sere developed, designers must document and further develop them into fully market able concepts. The more fluid the innovation process, the more readily innovative designs can be achieved. CAD tools have relieved the burden of documenting a design idea, and have gone further to provide automated calculations and analysis to allow the designer to focus their attention on their designs. The ideal design tool must embed significant industry knowledge and become a natural part of the innovation process, enabling product advancements that were previously unachievable. In essence, what would have taken a small army of assistants to retrieve information, perform calculations and analyze designs should now be automated at the designers fingertips. Computer Aided Design (CAD) Can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and optimization of a design. Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Can be define as the use of computer systems to plan, manage and control the operation of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface with the plants production resources
Definition of CAD/CAM: -
CAD/CAD is a term which means computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of the digital computers to perform certain function in the design & production. DESIGNS STEPS & REASONS OF IMPLEMENTING CAD SYSTEM The process of designing something is characterize by SHIGLEY as an interactive procedure which consist of six identifiable steps or phases : (1) Recognition of need: - It involves the realization by someone that a problem exists for which some corrective action should be taken. This might be the identification of some defect in a current machine design by an engineer or the perception of a new product marketing opportunity by a sales person. (2) Definition of the problem:- It involves a thorough specification of the item to be designed. This specification includes physical & functional characteristics, cost, quality & operating performance (3) Synthesis:-Synthesis & analysis are closely related & highly iterative in the design process. (4) Analysis & Optimization:-A certain component or sub system of the overall system is conceptualized by the designer, subjected to analysis, improved through this analysis procedure, & redesigned. (5) Evaluation:- It is concern with measuring the design against the specifications established in the problem definition phase. This evaluation often requires the fabrication & testing of a prototype model to assess operating performance, quality, reliability, & other criteria. (6) Presentation: - The final phase in the design process is the presentation of the design .This includes documentation of the design process by means of drawings, material specifications, assembly lists, & so on.
BENEFITS OF CAD/CAM

Improved engineering productivity
Shorter lead times Reduced engineering personnel requirements Customer modifications are easier to make Faster response to requests for quotations Avoidance of subcontracting to meet schedules Minimized transcription errors Improved accuracy of design In analysis, easier recognition of component interactions Provides better functional analysis to reduce prototype testing Assistant in preparation of documentation Designs have more standardization Better designs provided Improved productivity in tool design Better knowledge of costs provided FUNCTIONAL AREA OF CAD
Geometric modeling

Engineering analysis Design review and evaluation Automatic drafting Part coding and classification
TO STUDY COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

DATE: / /
Objective: - Hardware and software used in cad/cam Learning:I. II. III. IV. Hardware and software information Input and output devices Hardware linked in cad/cam work-station Graphic packages and standard
INTRODUCTION : In engineering practice, CAD/CAM has been utilized in different ways by different people. Some utilize it to produce drawings and document designs. Others may employ it as a visual tool by generating shaded images and animated displays. A third group may perform engineering analysis of some sort on geometric models such as finite element analysis. A forth group may use it to perform process planning and generate NC part programs. Figure shows a flow chart of such cycle.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
VIDEO OUTPUT ETHERNET SERIAL PORT RGB MONITOR CPU BOARD PARALLEL PORT AUDIO SCSI GRAPHICS BOARD
``
CLASSIFICATION OF CAD WORK STATION:
Low end design work station High end design work station FUNCTION OF CAD WORK STATION: It coordinators with CPU. It produces permanent graphic image of produces. It provides numerical information about graphic images. It connects computer commands into operating work. It provides proper coordination between computer systems and users.
CONFIGURATION OF CAD WORK STATION: SYSTEM PROCESSING UNIT:

Central Processor Clock frequency No. of processors SPEC int 95 SPEC fp 95 SPEC int-base 95 SPEC fp-base 95 Linpack (100 * 100) complied (With 177 + Oall + Oinline = daxpy) Linpack (1000 * 1000) handcoded (in PA-RISC 2.0 assembly code)
: : : : : : : : :
PA 8000 180 340 MHZ 1 to 8 11.8 20.2 10.8 18.3 158 MFLOPS 510 MFLOPS
MEMORY MANAGEMENT UNIT: Virtual memory address Instruction TLB & data TLB : : 64 bit UNIFIED 96
PRIMARY CACHE: Instruction cache size Organization Bus width Instruction cache bus peak performance Data cache size Organization Data cache bus peak performance MP system bus Bus width : : : : : : : : : 1 MB Direct mapped 128 bit 2.88 GB / sec (16 bytes) 1 MB Direct mapped 2.88 GB / sec (16 bytes) 64 data bits + 2 parity 960 MB / sec (768 MB / sec peak sustained)
MAIN MEMORY: Type : ECC DRAMS single bit correct : : : Capacity Main memory bus width Interleaving Main memory bus peak performance Memory options Memory expansion slots INPUT DEVICES: These are the devices through which the user/operator communicates with the computer for feeding it with the necessary information, both graphical and alphanumerical as required. The various devices used are the following. : : : : : : Double bit delta 60 ns 4Mbit, 16Mbit & 64Mbit DRAM Technology
128 MB 3.75 GB (W / 64Mbit) 128 data bits W / 16 check bits up to 32 way 960 MB / sec (64 byte duration) 128MB-3.75GB in 32 MB, 64 MB, 124 MB or 256 MB increments 32, Configured in pairs
Keyboard Mouse Light pens Joystick Digitizer (1) KEYBOARD: Conventional keyboards are text only devices and from an essential and basic input device. They are typically employed to create/edit programs or to perform word processing functions. These keyboards have been modified to perform graphics tasks by adding special function keys or attaching graphics input devices such as mice to them. How does the keyboard communicate with the CAD/CAM software or the main application program? How is the software interrupted to receive the keyboard input? Each input device, in general, is connected to the computer by means of registers whose contents can be read by the computer. (2) MOUSE: The mouse was invented in the late 1960s as a location device but has only recently become fairly popular due to its convenient use with icons and pop-up and pulldown menus. Unlike the digitizing table, the mouse measures its relative movement from its last position, rather than where it is in relation to some fixed surface. There are two basic types of mouse available: mechanical and optical. (3) LIGHT PEN: The light pen is intrinsically a pointing or picking device that enables the user to select a displayed graphics item on a screen by touching its surface in the vicinity of the item. The light pen, however, does not typically have hardware for tracking, positioning, or locating in comparison to a digitizing table and stylus. Instead, these functions are performed by utilizing hardware capabilities of the graphics display at hand. Light pen
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itself does not emit light but rather detects it from graphics item displayed on the screen.
Using the emitted light as an input, it sends an interrupt signal to the computer to determine which item was seen by the pen. (4) JOYSTICK: The joystick can also be used to control the on-screen cursor movement as a mouse dose. The joystick works by pushing its stick backward or to forward or to the left or the right. A joystick may be equipped with a rotating knob on the top, which can be used to enter a third axis value, thus the making a joystick a three dimensional input device. (5) DIGITIZER: A digitizer is most widely used by CAD designers as an input medium. It is used for converting the physical locations into co-ordinate values so that accurate transfer of data can be achieved. OUTPUT DEVICES : Output devices form the other half of CAD/CAM workstation, the first being the input devices. While CAD/CAM applications require the conventional output devices such as alphanumeric (video) displays (terminals) and hard copyprinters, they require output devices to display graphics to the user. Graphic displays or terminals which only display information on a screen. Hard output devices refer to hardcopy printers and plotters that can provide permanent copies of the displayed information. HARDCOPY PRINTERS AND PLOTTERS: Output devices of both printers and plotters are available to CAD/CAM systems for purposes such as creating check plots for offline editing and producing final drawings and documentation on paper. Relative to the drawing rate on screen, they are
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slow. Printers usually provide hard copies of text as well as graphics. Hardcopy devices, in general, employ one of two methods of plotting: vector or raster plotting. The two methods are very close in concept to refresh and raster displays respectively.
PEN PLOTTERS: There are two common types of conventional pen plotters: flat-bed and drum. In the flat-bed plotters, the paper is stationary and the pen- holding mechanism can move in two axes. In the drum plotter, the paper is attached to the drum that rotates back and forth, there by providing moves in the transverse direction to provide movement along the other axis. ELECTROSTATIC PLOTTERS: They are considered dot matrix or raster plotters. The image in vector form, as lines, arcs, characters, and symbols, has to be converted in to raster-form and sorted. Then these rows of dots can be printed across the width of the paper or plastics film as it slowly moves through the plotter. BLACK-AND-WHITE AND COLOR PRINTERS: The major two types of black-and-white printers are dot matrix and laser printers. Dot matrix printers are inexpensive but slow. The resolution is typically 75 dpi. It is possible to obtain a resolution of 300 dpi from dot matrix printer. The laser printers are also most popular printers. The demand for color printers has increased since colour displays have become affordable and popular. The major six types of color printers available are impact, photographic, electro photographic, electrostatic, thermal transfer, and ink jet printers. GRAPHICS DISPLAYS: The graphics display of a workstation is considered its most important component because the quality of the display image influences the perception of generated design on the CAD/CAM system. In addition to viewing images, the graphic
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display enables the user to communicate with the displayed image by adding, deleting, blanking and moving graphics entities on the display screen.
GRAPHIC PACKAGES: Graphics packages are one of following categories. Paint program Business program Drafting program Modeling (3D) program Paint program requires following tools. File handling Drawing tools Editing tools Display control tools Text creators Printing features Slide show Animation features
Business graphic package includes following tools. File handling

Graph making Text entry Printing
Drafting (2D) to modeling (3D) packages Drawing facilities 13
Entity drawing Editing command Std. parts Hatching Dimensioning Plotting Configuration Drawing interchange
GRAPHIC STANDARDS: [1] GKS (Graphic kernel system): FATURES OF G.K.S: Independent of input output device. Text is similar to English. All facilities of display available. Its graphic functions are 2D & 3D both. [2] PHIGS (Programmers Hierarchical Interactive graphic Std.) It is accepted by CAD vendors due to capability of 3D graphic work as well as animation. FEATURES OF PHIGS:
Very high interactivity. Hierarchical structure of data. Real time modification of graphic data. Support for geometric animation. Adaptability to distributed user environment. [3] IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) It works on the Entity concept and entity is divided into three parts: i. ii. iii. Geometry Anotation Structure
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IGES file is divided into six sections; 1. FLAG: It is used to indicate the form in which the data is specified. 2. START: This contains information about man readable file and is used for post processing of other application. 3. GLOBAL: This contains information about all details of product. 4. DIRECTORY ENTITY: This contains information about all details of product. 5. PARAMETER DATA: This contains the data associated with the entities. 6. TERMINATE: This contains the sub-totals of the records present in each of the earlier sections.
CAD SOFTWARE: There are mainly two parts of CAD software; 1. Operating system. 2. Application software. Operating system connects uses two application software. Application softwares are used for special work like; Statistics / Data entry / Coupling Drafting Designing Analysis Report generation etc.
CAD softwares are like: AUTO CAD I-DEAS PRO-E CATIA INVENTS NASTRAN UNIGRAPHICS
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3
3
TO STUDY AUTOCAD COMMAND AND ITS APPLICATION

DATE: / /
Objective: - Perform & study AutoCAD command and its application Learning:I. II. III. AutoCAD profile/basic of AutoCAD 2D & 3D command of AutoCAD Achieve ability to draw design in 2D & 3D
INTRODUCTION: When you start AutoCAD, the AutoCAD window opens. The window is your design work space. It contains elements that you use to create your designs and to receive information about them. The following discussion shows the main parts of the AutoCAD window. Menu Bar Contains the default AutoCAD menus. Menus are defined by menu files that you can modify or design on your own. The default menu file is acad.menu. Standard Toolbar Contains frequently used buttons such as Redo, Undo, and Zoom, as well as Microsoft Office standard buttons such as Open, Save, Print, and Spell. Buttons with small black triangles in the lower-right corner have flyouts containing tools that invoke
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commands related to the first tool shown. Click and hold down the first button to display the flyout. Drawing File Icon Represents a drawing file in AutoCAD. The drawing file icon is also displayed next to options in dialog boxes that are saved in the drawing, instead of in each session as in AutoCAD.
Object Properties Toolbar Sets object properties such as color, linetype, and lineweight and manage layers. See "Using the Object Properties Toolbar." Draw and Modify Toolbars Provide access to common draw and modify commands. The Draw and Modify toolbars are displayed when you start AutoCAD. These toolbars are docked on the left side of the window. You can easily move toolbars and turn them on and off. See "Working with Toolbars." Drawing Area Displays drawings. The drawing area size varies, depending on the size of the AutoCAD window and on the number of other elements (such as toolbars and dialog boxes) that are displayed. Crosshairs Identifies pick and drawing points within the drawing area. Use the crosshairs, which are controlled by your pointing device, to locate points and select and draw objects. User Coordinate System (UCS) Icon Shows the orientation of the drawing. AutoCAD drawings are superimposed on an invisible grid, or coordinate system. Coordinate systems are based on X, Y, and (for 3D) Z coordinates. AutoCAD has a fixed world coordinate system (WCS) and a
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movable user coordinate system (UCS). To help you visualize the UCS location and orientation, a UCS icon is displayed in the lower-left corner of the drawing area. Model Tab/ Layout Tabs Switch your drawing between model (drawing) space and paper (layout) space. You generally create your designs in model space, and then create layouts to plot and print your drawing in paper space. Command Window Displays prompts and messages. In AutoCAD, you start commands in one of three ways: 1. Choose an item from a menu or a shortcut menu. 2. Click a button on a toolbar. 3. Enter the command on the command line. Status Bar Displays the cursor coordinates in the lower-left corner. The status bar also contains buttons that you can use to turn on common drawing aids. These include Snap (Snap mode), Grid (drawing grid), Ortho (Ortho mode), Polar (polar tracking), Osnap (object snaps), Otrack (object snap tracking), Lwt (line weight display), and Model (model and paper space toggle).

DRAW COMMANDS: Creates straight line segments Creates an infinite line Creates multiple parallel lines Creates two-dimensional poly lines Creates an equilateral closed poly line Draws a rectangular poly line Creates an arc Creates a circle Creates a quadratic or cubic spline (NURBS) curve Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc 18 :LINE :CONS. -LINE :MULTI-LINE :POLYLINE :POLYGON :RECTANGLE :ARC :CIRCLE :SPLINE :ELLIPSE
Creates a block definition from objects you select Creates a point object Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern Creates a region object from a selection set of existing objects Creates multi line text
:BLOCK :POINT :HATCH :REGION :MULTI LINE TEXT
MODIFY COMMANDS: Removes objects from a drawing Object Duplicates the objects you select Creates a mirror image copy of objects Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern Displaces objects a specified distance in a specified direction Moves objects about a base point Enlarges or reduces objects equally in the X, Y, and Z directions Moves or stretches objects Lengthens an object Trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects Extends an object to meet another object Erases parts of objects or splits an object in two Bevels the edges of objects Rounds and fillets the edges of objects Breaks a compound object into its component objects :ERASE :COPY :MIRROR :OFFSET :ARRAY :MOVE :ROTATE :SCALE :STRETCH :LENGTHEN :TRIM :EXTEND :BREAK :CHAMFER :FILLET :EXPLODE
STANDARD COMMANDS: Creates a new drawing file Opens an existing drawing file Quickly saves the current drawing Plots a drawing to a plotting device or file
:NEW :OPEN :SAVE :PLOT
Shows how the drawing will look when it is printed or plotted :PREVIEW :FIND
Finds, replaces, selects, or zooms to specified text 19
Copies objects to the Clipboard and erases the objects from the drawing :COPY :PASTE
:CUT
Copies objects to the Clipboard Inserts data from the Clipboard
Copies the properties from one object to one or more objects :MATCH PROPERTIE S
Reverses the most recent operation Reverses the effects of the previous UNDO or U command :REDO
:UNDO
Attaches a hyperlink to a graphical object or modifies an existing hyperlink :HYPERLINK Refreshes the display of all the view ports View ports Dialog Displays the View ports dialog Controls the interactive viewing of objects in 3D Rea ltime Moves the drawing display in the current view port Real time Zooms in real time Zooms to display the previous view Runs AutoCAD Design Center :REDRAW ALL :VIEW-PORTS :3D-ORBIT :PAN :ZOOM :ZOOM PREVIOUS :AUTOCAD DESIGN
CENTER
Controls properties of existing objects :PROPERTIES
Provides an AutoCAD interface to external database tables Displays online help
:DB:HELP
CONNECT
DIMENSION COMMANDS: Creates linear dimensions Creates an aligned linear dimension Creates ordinate dimensions Creates radius dimensions for circles and arcs Creates a diameter dimension for circles and arcs Creates an angular dimension Quickly create dimension arrangements 20 :DIM.LINEAR :DIM.ALIGNED :DIM.ORDINATE :DIM.RADIUS :DIM.DIAMETER :DIM.ANGULAR :DIM.QUICK
Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the baseline of the previous dimension or a selected dimension :DIM.BASELINE :DIM.CONTINUE :QUICK LEADER :TOLERANCE :CENTER MARK :DIM.EDIT :DIM. TEXT EDIT :DIM.STYLE Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the second extension line of the previous dimension or a selected dimension Quickly creates a leader and leader annotation Creates geometric tolerances Creates a center mark for circles and arcs Edits dimensions Moves and rotates dimension text Creates and modifies dimension styles
INQUIRY COMMANDS: Measures the distance and angle between two points Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas Calculates and displays the mass properties of regions or solids Displays database information for selected objects Displays the coordinate values of a location :DISTANCE :AREA :MASSPROPERTIES

:LIST :LOCATE POINT
BLOCKS & ATTRIBUTES: Saves a block definition in the current drawing or as a separate drawing file using a dialog box. Saves a block definition in the current drawing using the command line :BLOCK
Places a previously defined block or drawing in the current drawing :INSERT/MINSERT The Write Block dialog box displays different default settings depending on whether nothing is selected, a single block is selected, or objects other than blocks are selected. For example, if you have a single block selected when you open the Write Block dialog box, the Source radio button is set to Block. The following table lists other defaults depending on the selection state of the current drawing :WRITE BLOCK :ATTEXT
An ATTRIBUTE is informational text associated with a block. Use ATTEXT to extract the data stored in the attribute into a file
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OBJECT SNAP COMMANDS: Creates a temporary point used by Osnaps Offsets from a temporary reference point Snaps to the closest endpoint of an arc or a line Snaps to the midpoint of an arc or a line Snaps to the intersection of a line, an arc, or a circle Snaps to the apparent intersection of two objects Snaps to the phantom extension of an arc or line Snaps to the center of an arc or a circle Snaps to a quadrant point of an arc or a circle Snaps to the tangent of an arc or a circle Snaps to a point perpendicular to an arc, a line, or a circle :PERPENDICULAR

:TEMPORARYTRACK :FROM :END POINT :MID POINT :INTERSECTION :APPARENTINTERSECT :EXTENSION :CENTER :QUADRANT :TANGENT
Snaps parallel to a specified line Snaps to a point object Snaps to the nearest point of an arc, a circle, a line, or a point
:PARALLEL :NODE :NEAREST
Snaps to the insertion point of text, a block, a shape, or an attribute :INSERT
3D COMMANDS: Solids:

Creates a three-dimensional solid box Creates a three-dimensional solid sphere Creates a three-dimensional solid cylinder Creates a three-dimensional solid cone Creates a 3D solid with a sloped face tapering along the X axis Creates a donut-shaped solid
:BOX :SPHERE :CYLINDER :CONE :WEDGE :TORUS :EXTRUDE
Creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional objects Creates a solid by revolving a two-dimensional object about an axis 22 :REVOLVE
Slices a set of solids with a plane Uses the intersection of a plane and solids to create a region
:SLICE :SECTION :INTERFERE
Creates a composite 3D solid from the common volume of two or more solids Generates profiles and sections in viewports created with the SOLVIEW command :SOLDRAW Creates floating viewports using orthographic projection to lay out multi- and :SOLVIEW :SOLPROFILE
sectional view drawings of 3D solid and body objects
Creates profile images of three-dimensional solids Solids editing commands:
Creates a composite region or solid by addition :SUBTRACT the intersection of solids Creates solids or regions from
:UNION or regions
Creates a composite region or solid by subtraction
:INTERSECT
Extrudes selected faces on a solid object to a specified height or along a path :SOLID EDIT FACE EXTRUDE Moves selected faces on a solid object to a specified height or distance :SOLID EDIT FACE Equally offsets faces on a solid object by a specified distance or point :SOLID EDIT FACE OFFSET Deletes or removes faces, including fillets or chamfers on a solid object :SOLID EDIT FACE DELETE
Rotates one or more faces on a solid object around a specified axis :SOLID EDIT FACE ROTATE Tapers faces on a solid object with a specified angle Copies faces on a solid object as a region :SOLID EDIT FACE
TAPER

:SOLID EDIT FACE COPY :SOLID EDIT FACE
Changes the color of individual faces on a solid object
COLOR
Copies 3D edges on a solid object as an arc, circle, ellipse, line, or spline :SOLID EDIT EDGE COPY Changes the color of individual edges on a solid object :SOLID EDIT EDGE COLOR 23
Imprints geometry on a face of a solid object
:SOLID
EDIT
BODY
IMPRINT
Removes all redundant edges and vertices on a solid object :SOLID EDIT BODY CLEAN Separates 3D solid objects with disjointed volumes into independent 3D solid :SOLID EDIT BODY
objects SEPARATE
Creates a hollow, thin wall with a specified thickness on a solid object :SOLID EDIT BODY SHELL :SOLID EDIT BODY CHECK
Validates a 3D solid object as a valid ACIS solid Surfaces commands:

Creates solid-filled polygons Creates a three-dimensional face Creates a three-dimensional box polygon mesh the X axis
:2D SOLID :3D FACE :BOX :WEDGE :PYRAMID :CONE :SPHERE :DOME :DISH :TORUS
Creates a right-angle wedge-shaped polygon mesh with the sloped face tapering along Creates a pyramid or a tetrahedron Creates a cone-shaped polygon mesh Creates a spherical polygon mesh Creates the upper half of a spherical polygon mesh Creates the lower half of a spherical polygon mesh
Creates a toroidal polygon mesh that is parallel to the XY plane of the current UCS Changes the visibility of three-dimensional face edges Creates a free-form polygon mesh Creates a revolved surface about a selected axis :EDGE :3D MESH :REVOLVED SURFACE
Creates a tabulated surface from a path curve and a direction vector: TABULATED SURFACE Creates a ruled surface between two curves Creates a three-dimensional polygon mesh :RULED SURFACE :EDGE SURFACE
UCS & VIEW COMMANDS:

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Manages user coordinate systems Manages defined user coordinate systems Restores the previous UCS Sets the UCS to the World Coordinate System Defines a new coordinate system based on a selected object Defines a new coordinate system based on a selected face
:UCS :UCS MANAGE :UCS PREVIOUS :UCS WORLD :UCS OBJECT :UCS FACE :UCS VIEW
Establishes a new coordinate system with the XY plane parallel to the screen :UCS ORIGIN :UCS Z AXIS :UCS 3
Defines a new UCS by shifting the origin

Defines a UCS using a positive Z axis extrusion method
Specifies the new UCS origin and the direction of the X and Y axes :UCS X AXIS :UCS Y AXIS :UCS Z AXIS
POINT

Rotates the current UCS about the X axis Rotates the current UCS about the Y axis Rotates the current UCS about the Z axis Applies current UCS to a selected viewport Creates and restores views Sets the view point to top Sets the view point to bottom Sets the view point to left Sets the view point to right Sets the view point to front Sets the view point to back Sets the view point to southwest isometric Sets the view point to southeast isometric Sets the view point to northeast isometric Sets the view point to northwest isometric Allows you to set a different camera and target location
:UCS APPLY :VIEW :TOP VIEW :BOTTOM VIEW :LEFT VIEW :RIGHT VIEW :FRONT VIEW :BACK VIEW :SW ISO VIEW :SE ISO VIEW :NE ISO VIEW :NW ISO VIEW :CAMERA
AUTOLISP COMMANDS AND PROGRAMMING.

DATE: / /
Objective: - Perform & study auto-lisp command and programming

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Learning:I. II. III. Knowing auto-lisp Command of auto-lisp Programming for command
INTRODUCTION Auto LISP is a programming language designed for extending and customizing AutoCAD functionality. It is based on the LISP programming language, whose origins date back to the late 1950s. LISP was originally designed for use in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, and is still the basis for many AI applications. AutoCAD introduced Auto LISP as an application programming interface (API) in Release 2.1, in the mid-1980s. LISP was chosen as the initial AutoCAD API because it was uniquely suited for the unstructured design process of AutoCAD projects, which involved repeatedly trying different solutions to design problems. Visual LISP (VLISP) is a software tool designed to expedite Auto LISP program development. The VLISP integrated development environment (IDE) provides features to help ease the tasks of source-code creation and modification, program testing, and debugging. In addition, VLISP provides a vehicle for delivering standalone applications written in Auto LISP. In the past, developing Auto LISP programs for AutoCAD meant supplying your own text editor for writing code, then loading the code into AutoCAD and running it. Debugging your program meant adding statements to print the contents of variables at strategic points in your program. You had to figure out where in your program to do this, and what variables you needed to look at. If you discovered you still didn't have enough information to determine the error, you had to go back and change the code again by adding more debugging points. And finally, when you got the program to work correctly, you needed to either comment out or remove the debugging code you added. The Visual LISP (VLISP) interactive development environment runs in a separate set of windows from the rest of AutoCAD. You must explicitly start VLISP to work in the interactive development environment.
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STARTING THE VLISP To start Visual LISP 1 2 Start AutoCAD. Choose Tools AutoLISP Visual LISP Editor from the AutoCAD menu, or enter the following at the Command prompt: vlisp VLISP SCREEN INFORMATION The areas shown in the VLISP screen are as follows: Menu You can issue VLISP commands by choosing from the various menu items. If you highlight an item on a menu, VLISP displays a brief description of the command's function in the status bar at the bottom of the screen. Toolbars Click toolbar buttons to issue VLISP commands quickly. There are five toolbars Debug, Edit, Find, Inspect, and Run each representing a distinct functional group of VLISP commands. (In the figure shown on this page, the toolbars are adjacent to one another, each toolbar beginning with an icon ( ). You can execute many, but not all, menu commands from the toolbars. If you move your mouse pointer over a toolbar button and leave it there for a couple of seconds, VLISP displays a tooltip indicating the function of the button. A more descriptive explanation appears in the status bar at the bottom of the VLISP screen. Console Window This is a separate, scrollable window within the main VLISP window. In the Console window, you can type AutoLISP commands, similar to the way you do in the AutoCAD Command window. You can also issue many Visual LISP commands from this window, instead of using the menu or toolbars. Status Bar The information displayed in the status bar located at the bottom of the screen varies according to what you are doing in VLISP.
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You may also see a minimized Trace window. During startup, this window contains informational messages about the current release of VLISP, and may contain additional information if VLISP encounters errors during startup. LOADIND AND RUNNING VLISP PROGRAM To load and run a program in a Visual LISP text editor window
Make sure the text editor window containing the drawline.lsp program is
active. If you are not sure whether the window is active, click anywhere in the window to activate it.
Choose the Load Active Edit Window button from the Run toolbar, or VLISP responds by displaying a message in the Console window Run the drawline function from the Console prompt by entering the
choose Tools Load Text in Editor from the VLISP menu.
indicating it has loaded the program.
function name in parentheses, then pressing ENTER: _$ (drawline) The drawline function will ask you to specify two points, and will then draw a straight line between those points.
Respond to the prompts by specifying points in the graphics window or on
the Command line. IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS (add) Returns the sum of all numbers (+ [number number] ...)
(subtract) Subtracts the second and following numbers from the first and returns ( [number number] ...)
the difference
(multiply) Returns the product of all numbers (* [number number] ...)
(divide) Divides the first number by the product of the remaining numbers and
returns the quotient (/ [number number] ...)
(equal to) Compares arguments for numerical equality (= numstr [numstr] ...)
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(not equal to) Compares arguments for numerical inequality (/= numstr [numstr] ...)
(less/greater than) Returns T if each argument is numerically less/greater than
the argument to its right, and returns nil otherwise (< >numstr [numstr] ...)
(increment) Increments a number by 1 (1+ number) (decrement) Decrements a number by 1 (1 number) Returns the absolute value of a number (abs number) Converts a string into a real number (atof string) Returns the third element of a list (caddr list) Returns the second element of a list (cadr list) Returns the first element of a list (car list) Returns a list containing all but the first element of the specified list (cdr list) Defines a function (defun sym ([arguments] [/ variables...]) expr...) Pauses for user input of an angle, and returns that angle in radians (getangle [pt] [msg]) Pauses for user input of a rectangle's second corner (getcorner pt [msg]) Pauses for user input of a distance (getdist [pt] [msg]) Pauses for user input of a point, and returns that point (getpoint [pt] [msg])
Takes any number of expressions, and combines them into one list (list [expr...]) Returns the largest of the numbers given
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(max [number number...])
Returns the smallest of the numbers given (min [number number...]) Prints an expression to the command line, or writes an expression to an open file (print [expr [file-desc]]) Sets the value of a symbol or symbols to associated expressions (setq sym expr [sym expr]...)
TO STUDY ABOUT INTRODUCTION OF PRO-E.

DATE: / /
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Objective: - Study & performing pro-e Learning:I. II. III. Introduce to pro-e Command of pro-e Design different module in pro-e
INTRODUCTION Following are the important features of Pro E.
Protrusion Feature Hole Feature Round Feature Chamfer Feature Rib Feature Shell Feature Pipe Feature PROTRUSION FEATURE Protrusion is the method of adding a solid material.It can add material in a void
or on An existing solid. Pro/engineer provides the following basic method of adding material to a model.
Extrude creates a solid feature by extruding a section normal to the section
plane.

Revolve - creates a solid feature by revolving a section about an axis. Sweep - creates a solid feature by sweeping a section about a trajectory.
Blend - creates a solid feature by blending various cross sections at various
level. HOLE FEATURE Insert > Hole Feature > Create > Solid > Hole When you invoke this command pro-Engineer displays the hole dialog box.
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Hole type:
Straight Hole: Straight Hole is An Extruded Cut with a Circular Section.
The Diameter Of the hole is Constant. It Begins At the Placement Surface and Extends To The Specified End Surface Or User Defined Depth.
Sketched Hole: A Sketched Hole is created by sketching a section for
revolution in sketcher mode and placing it into the part. Sketched holes are always blind and one-sided. A tapered Hole could be created as a sketched hole.
Standard Hole: Standard Hole is the combination of the sketched and
extruded feature. It is based on industries standard fastener tables. You can calculate either the tapered or the clearance diameter appropriate to the selected faster. You can use system-supplied standard lookup tables for these diameters or create your own. ROUND FEATURE Insert > Round Feature > Create > Solid > Round In Pro/Engineer Round option is used to create a filleting between surfaces or in place of a middle surface. Surfaces can be Pro/Engineer Zero thickness quilts, surfaces and surfaces of solid Models. Simple & Advance Rounds you can create two different types of round simple and advanced. the type of round you create depend on the complexity of the reference geometry and on your need to customize the default round geometry supplied by the system. Generally, after you specify the placement references and radius of the round, the system generates the default round geometry by using some default attributes. The System Normally terminates the round geometry whenever it encounters non-tangents Edges.
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CHAMFER FEATURE Insert > Chamfer Feature > Create > Solid > Chamfer In Pro/ENGINEER chamfer command is used to create a beveled surface. There are two types of chamfer. 1. Edge 2. Corner Edge: An Edge Chamfer removes a flat section of material from a selected edge to create a beveled surface between the two original surfaces common to that edge. One can select multiple edges to create an edge chamfer. 45 x d: this option is used to create a chamfer that is at angle of 45 degrees to both surfaces & distance d from the edge along each surface. The dimension appears as "45 x d", but you can modify the distance, D only. You can create 45 x d chamfers only on an edge formed by the inter section of two perpendicular surfaces. d x d: creates a chamfer that is at a distance d from the edge along each surface. If you modify the chamfer, the system displays the distance as the only dimension. d1 x d2: Creates a chamfer at a distance d1 from the selected edge along one surface and a distance d2 from the selected edge along the other surface. the system displays both distances their respective surfaces when you modify the chamfer. Ang x d: Creates a chamfer at a distance d from the selected edge along one adjacent surface at a specified angle to that surface. The system displays both values as dimensions when you modify the chamfer. you can use this option between two planer surfaces only. Corner: A corner chamfer removes material from the corner or a part. In the next step is you have to select the corner and the edges. Pro/ENGINEER Displays the pick/Enter
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Menu, which allows you to specify the location of the chamfer vertex on the high lighted edge. RIB FEATURE Insert > Rib Feature > Create > Solid > Rib A Rib is a special type of protrusion designed to create a thin wall or we to support to `surfaces. The Rib is used to increase the strength of the part. You always ketch a rib from a side view it grows symmetrically about the sketching plane. Straight Rib: Ribs that are not created on through/Axis datum planes are extruded symmetrically about the sketching plane. You must skill sketch the Ribs as open sections. Because you are sketching an open section Pro/Engineer may be uncertain about the side to which the rib is used to be added. this system displays the Direction menu after the Rib Section has been Regenerated. Pro/Engineer adds all material in the direction of the arrow. if an incorrect choice is made, modify the arrow direction using the feat menu option redefine. Rotational Ribs: You can create rotational Ribs on through/axis datum planes. You can sketch the Rib to the silhouette of the parent feature. to create the solid geometry, Pro/Engineer revolves the section about the axis of the parent, making a wedge that is symmetrical about the sketching plane. Pro/Engineer then trims the wedge with two planes parallel to the sketching surface; the distance between these planes corresponds to the thickness of the Rib. You can place a rotational rib only on any surface of revolution. Note that angled surface of the Rib is Conical, Not Planer. SHELL FEATURE: Insert > Shell Feature > Create > Solid > Shell
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The Shell option Removes a surface or surfaces from the solid then hollows out the inside, leaving a shell of a specified wall thickness. When Pro/Engineer Makes the shall all the features that ware added to the solid before you chose shell are hollowed out. Therefore, the order of feature creation is very important when you use shell. After involving this command Pro/Engineer Displays the feature creation dialog box. if desired, select the optional element spec thick to specify thickness individually. PIPE FEATURE: Insert > Pipe Feature > Create > Solid > Pipe This Pipe feature is three dimensional centerline that represents the centerline of a pipe. Given the diameter of a pipe, a pipe connects selected datum points either with a combination of straight lines and arcs of specified bend radius or a spline. After the pipe feature has been created, you can determine its length by using info from the toolbar, before you start to create a pipe feature. Reference datum points must already exist.
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TO STUDY CNC PART PROGRAMMING.

DATE: / /
Objective: - Perform & study CNC Learning:I. II. III. NC SYSTEM Flexible automation is implemented in machine tools in the form of digital control. The programs are in binary, in numerical form; strictly speaking alphanumeric. This instructions when read by the system, regulate the various slides of the machine tool to enable the tool/tools to shape the objects to required profiles by positional and/or continues control. Such systems are known as numerical control (NC) system. CLASSIFICATION OF NC MACHINE It is convenient though not necessary in the context of the standard, to classify the NC machines in the following groups. Group I: Machine tools with rotating tools (i.e. spindle with cutting power). These machines may have vertical spindle, e.g. vertical knee mill, drilling machines, profiling and contour mill, vertical boring mill, tapping machines, etc. These may be grouped as (a). Those with horizontal spindles are the horizontal boring machines, horizontal spindle machining centers etc. The machines grouped in (a) could be single column (ai) or gantry tube I (a-ii) Group II: Machine tools with rotating work pieces (i.e. spindle generates a surface of revolution) e.g. lathes, grinding machines, etc. Group III: Machine tools with non-rotating work pieces and non-rotating tools (i.e. no spindle) e.g. shaper, planer.
Introduce NC & CNC Designation of different motion Knowing of codes
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Group IV: Machines other than machine tools, like NC drafting machine etc. DESIGNATING THE MOTIONS AND AXIS: The guiding coordinate system for designating the axes is the conventional mathematical right-hand coordinate system. Some possible dispositions of these coordinates are shown in Fig. One could use his right hand to get to these alternative relative positions of the same right-hand coordinate system. First of all, Z-motion shall be designated. This shall be followed by X and Y motions respectively.
Z-MOTION Location: Z-axis motion is either along the spindle axis or parallel to the spindle axis (of I and II machine groups). In case of machine groups III and IV it is recognized as the
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one perpendicular to the work holding surface which may or may not be passing through the controlled point (i.e. cutting tool tip or drafting machine pen tip). Direction : The principle for the machines of groups I and II where drilling type motion can be performed is that for moving a drill into the work piece the cutting tool should move in the negative (-) z direction. For other machines the positive (+) z motion increases the clearance between the work surface and the tool holder (or a pen holder in the case of the drafting machine) When there are several spindles and slide ways, in such cases, one of the spindles, preferably perpendicular to the work holding surface may be chosen as the principal spindle. The primary z motion is then near to the primary spindle. The tool motions of other spindle quills or other slides, which are termed as secondary and tertiary motions. X MOTION The X-Motion is principal motion in the positioning plane of the cutting tool or the work piece. Location: It is perpendicular to the axis and should be horizontal and parallel to the work holding surface wherever possible. Direction: Fro group (a-i) machines, when looking from the principal tool spindle to the column the positive (+) X is to the RIGHT. For Gantry profiler when looking from the principal spindle to the left hand gantry support the positive (+) X is to the Right. For Horizontal boring machine when looking from the principal tool spindle towards the work piece the positive (+) X is to the RIGHT. For Turret Lathe it is radial and parallel to the cross slide, X is positive (+) when the tool recedes from the axis of rotation of the work pieces.
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For Shaper and Drafting Machine the x-axis is parallel to the positive (+) in the principle direction of movement (or cutting) of the guided point (or the cutting tool) Y MOTION It is designation is derived from the already recognized Z and X axes. It is perpendicular to both X and Z axes and + Y is in the direction which completes with +X and +Z motions a right hand Cartesian coordinate system. In Figs this has been demonstrated in the columns under coordinate system Y. The first two columns under Z and X show the designation of Z and X axes as per the principles mentioned earlier. The column under coordinate system shows the relevant right hand coordinate system. From the third column the Y axis designation is derived and is mentioned in column under Y. ROTARY MOTIONS Location: These motions are located about the axis parallel to X, Y and Z respectively. If, in addition to the above mentioned primary rotary motions, there exist secondary rotary motions, whether parallel or not to A, B and C those should be designated as D and E. Direction: Positive (+) A,B and C are in the directions which advance right and screws in the positive (+) X, Y and Z directions respectively. In Fig the fingers of the right hand point towards the positive directions of the rotary motions. All the above mentioned motions, viz X,Y,Z : U,V,W : P, Q,R : A,B,C and D, E are with reference to a point, movement of which is being controlled. This point is mostly the tip of the cutting tool. Many times the tool point may not be moving in some direction e.g. the quill of the spindle of a vertical milling machine is moving in Zdirection but not in X and Y directions. In such cases the work surface is generally moved in a direction opposite to the one intended for the tool e.g. table of the milling machine holding the work piece may be moved in -X and -Y directions. Such movements of machine elements say - X and -Y are denoted as +X and +Y respectively. Primed letters can thus be used for all the above mentioned motions to indicate the corresponding reversed directions for moving work surfaces. This is shown
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in Fig. The various illustrations of the machines indicate the motions using primed as well as unprimed letters it can be observed that +X, +U, +Z etc. all indicate those motions of the slides which result in positive movement of the tool. OBJECTVIES OF AXIS DESIGNATION: The conventional mathematical right hand coordinate system is in general known and well understood. The machine movements designated as above permit the part programmer to assume safely that the tool moves relative to the right hand coordinate system of a stationery work piece. The programmer can thus imagine to be sitting on a tool and describe all the machining operations without having to know whether the tool approaches the work piece or the work piece approaches the tool. He thus uses only the unprimed letters for the intended motions. For example in Fig. on a Vertical Milling Machine, For a moving a tool (say a drill) from position P to Position Q, the part programmer specifies the movement from coordinates (5,7,6) to (8,6,5). The actual motions which take place on the machine tool are : Movement of Quill (Z): 5-6: - 1 i.e. the tool tip comes down one unit. Movement of table (X): 8-5 = +3 i.e. Table moves left by 3 units, and (Y) 6-7 = -1 i.e . . . . Table moves towards the column of the mill by one unit. STRUCTURE OF CNC PART PROGRAMMING There are many codes specifying the particular area of instruction required to control the machine tool. The tool path of C.N.C machine is then described in machines codes, which usually take the structure of N-G-X-Y-Z-I-J-K-F-S-T-M-EOB Where, N G XYZ IJK F S = = = = = = sequence number. preparatory function ISO codes. dimension words in mm or inch. dimensions words for arc and circle in mm or inch. feed rate. spindle speed revolution/min. 40
tool selection.
miscellaneous function ISO codes. End of block.
EOB =
1.N: The sequence number is designated by the address character N and three numeric digits. The word indicates the start of specific sequences of operation. It is the first word for the programming sequence in the block. 2. G: The preparatory function is designated by the character G and two numeric digits. This word immediately follows the sequence number word. The G word prepare numeric control unit for specific mode of operation. 3. XYZ: These addresses signify axis motion in accordance with the designated axis motion of machine tools. These address could be supplement by W, A, B, etc if the machines have extra axis of motion. XYZ are three axes. C.N.C can have up to six axis. 4.IJK: These addresses are used when employing circular interpolation to specify the center of the program arc, I, J, and K which are equivalent to X, Y, and Z but with reference to the start point. 5. F: The feed rate for slide displacement is expressed in mm/min and is a three digit number is prefixed by the letter F. 6.S: The spindle speed is expressed in rev/min and is a four digit number prefixed to the letter S. 7. T: The tool function is designated by the letter T and maximum of five numeric digit. This word immediately follows the spindle speed word. Tool function code to identify the tool to be used or loaded if at a tool change. 8. M: The miscellaneous function is designated by the letter M and two numeric digits. These functions are a family of instruction that cause the starting stopping or setting of a variety of machines function. Some M- functions have been standardized by popular usage and others have special significance for individual machines.
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CANNED CYCLES It will be noticed in some machining operations that some preliminary movements have to take place before the actual machining operation starts. For example, in the operation of drilling, the tool has to first approach the position of actual drilling since invariably the tool will be at some other position before the drilling operation. So the required motions would be the movement of the work piece in the XY plane till the point has been approached and then the tool will move down till it is in the proximity of the work piece and then moves further at the desired feed rate. After the drilling operation is over, the tool retracts well above the work piece and if another hole is to be drilled, instructions described earlier will be repeated. In case of NC programming, these operations can be grouped and made available by use of preparatory functions called canned cycles or fixed cycles. Similar facilities are also available for the operation of milling, tapping and boring. A typical assigning of he codes for these cycles are as. G 78, G 79 - Mill G 81-Drill G 82- Drill Dwell G 84- Tap G 85- Ream G 86- Bore G 78 and G 79 for milling, operate in the following way: The table feed in the X and / or Y direction till the start point of the milling profile is approached. Then the tool moves rapidly in the Z direction up to a plane called R plane at the fastest feed rate. Then the remaining travel, in the Z axis at the appropriate feed rate, takes place till the total depth is milled. G 81 for drilling cycle starts with rapid movement in the X and / or Y direction. After positioning in the XY plane, rapid movement in the Z direction up to R plane takes places followed by further motion at appropriate feed rate till the required depth is obtained, then the tool rapidly retracts to the R plane.
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G 82 for dwell cycle is similar to G 81 except that spindle direction reverses when the tool retracts.
G 84 for tap cycle is also similar to G 81 except that spindle direction reverses when the tool retracts. G 85 for ream cycle is identical to G 81 except that the return is at the feed rate. G 86 for bore cycle is similar to G 81 except that there is dwell for 2s when full depth is reached and the spindle stops rotating and then rapid return to R plane and the spindle starts rotating again. The R plane refers to the rapid plane which is kept 1 to 2 mm above the surface of the part since all the operations prior to actual machining and reaching R plane and also tool retraction (after the operation) up to R plane take place at the highest feed rate possible on the machine, a large saving in cycle time is possible when cutting is taking place in air (idle operation). G 80 for canceling cycle. All the cycles described above would continue to take place again and again at newer coordinate positions given. This saves lot of time in the programming, tape preparation and reading of the tape. However if the cycle in operation has to be terminated then a preparatory code G 80 is necessary to be given. The statement, in program, for the same would read as follows: PARAMETRIC SUBROUTINES It is quite evident that one of the major expenses in NC manufacturing is the cost of programming and therefore it must be the endeavor of the people involved that ways and means must be adopted by which is cost could be kept to a minimum. In fact, costs under this head have been the main reason for many a manufacturers to decide against use of NC machines. We are already familiar with the use of canned cycles which enable quite a good saving in programming time and length and thereby the reduction in processing time and chances of error occurring due to largeness of data.
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However, these are fixed cycles which means that it needs to be specified in the program as many times as the operation needs to be repeated besides the data for the operation.
However, canned cycles are more of the fixed type. These do not offer optimization in programming because these are designed for the general situation. Programming costs can be reduced considerably if the time involved is decreased. By using canned cycles which the programmer writes himself. This can be done by storing a number of part program blocks more appropriately called subroutines, in the controller and call them for action by the main program. For example, referring to fig 6.17 pertaining to a turning operation on a lathe, the subroutine will be as follows: G 25 (start of subroutine) $L (identification number) N 1001 G 01 X - 7500 FO S 400 M03 N 1002 G 95 Z - 255000 F 250 (feed in mm / rev.) N 1003 X 2500 Z 2500 N 1004 Z 252500 F 0 L 00 G 26 (end of Subroutine) Step N 1001 through 1004 represent blocks of information pertaining to moves 1 through 4 in the figure. The main program will be N 01 G 90 N 02 G 01 X 22500 Z 405000 F 0 N 03 G 91 N 04 L 1101 - enter subroutine 11 N 05 G 90 - enter main program N 06 G 00 X 37500 Z 405000 FO Steps NO2 and N06 represent operation reaching the starting point while N04 leads to calling the subroutine L 11 and run it one (01) time and the subroutine is
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searched and acted upon and when finished returns to main program at block N 05 and continues. If this routine is required again, it can be called similarly, However this cycle is for fixed dimensions since in this case all values are assigned in the subroutine.
If the repetitive subroutine mode is used, it will be more beneficial since it will eliminate many steps in programming e.g. if it is mentioned N 04 L 11 04 in the main program, then the subroutine L 11 will be repeated four times. This is really useful since it will give a series of cuts. In the first run of the subroutine, the tool feed will be 7.5 mm and retract 2.5mm, in the second run 5.00mm of metal will be removed and soon. This procedure not only reduces the programming time but also the length of the program considerably. The most important aspect of parametric subroutine is that it allows the programmer to make his own canned cycles What is done is that the common sequence of motion of the components on the machine tool are decided and the subroutine is written without the dimensions. For example, in lathe operations, the common moves are longitudinal, transverse motions and other important parameters for any components are put in the main part program in the block which calls the subroutine. This is similar to tool length / radius compensation, discussed earlier, for example, the subroutine will be. : G 25 $ L 11 N 1001 G 91 N 1002 G 01 X ; -01; F; 03 N 1003 Z ; -04 N 1004 X; 01 F 0 N 1005 Z; 04 N 1006 L 00 G 26 The call block in the main part program will be N 04 L 11 04 ; 7500 ; 2500 ; 250 ; 250000 The value of X, Y, and F were not given in the subroutine while a number was assigned to them e.g. 01 and 02 for X, 03 for feed rate and 04 for Z. The call block assigns
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values to the parameters in the subroutine as X = 7.5 mm, X = depth of cut 2.5;
F=
2.5 mm per revolution (feed rate) and Z = 250 mm. The cut made will be as shown in fig.. Thus by one subroutine and one call block, a series of cuts can be made. By giving tow values of X in one block, incremental motion is given in sequence
Thus it can be seen that parametric subroutine is really useful for roughing outs, thread cutting, keyway milling, drilling etc., where a sequence of motions is involved. By allowing subroutines with large number of parameters, concept of family of parts of GT programming can be evolved. To make the use of NC highly productive, one must endeavor to improve on programming as far as possible with the aim of reducing the length of program and requirement of skill. Parametric subroutine offers these advantages to a large extent. Use of such techniques consequently reduces costs, programming errors and most important of all increases programming flexibility.
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TO STUDY PROGRAMMING AND MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

DATE: / /
Objective: - Perform & study programming and miscellaneous function Learning:I. II. III. G & M codes CNC programming basic, structure, standard Programming
LIST OF G CODES CODE G00 G01 G02 G03 G04 G20 G21 G28 G32 G70 G71 G72 G73 G74 G90 G92 G96 G97 FUNCTION RAPID POSITIONING LINEAR INTERPOLATION CLOCKWISE CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION COUNTER CLOCKWISE CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION DWELL IN SECONDS INCH PROGRAMMING METRIC PROGRAMMING AUTO. RETURN TO REF. POINT THREAD CUTTING CYCLE FINISHING CYCLE STOCK REMOVAL IN TURNING STOCK REMOVAL IN FACING PATTERN REPEATING CYCLE PECK DRILLING CANNED CYCLE DIAMETER CUTTING CYCLE THREADING CANNED CYCLE CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED ON CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED OFF
SR.NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
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LIST OF M-CODES Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 9. 10. 11. CODE M01 M02 M03 M04 M05 M07 M08 M09 M13 M14 M30 M98 M99 FUNCTION OPTIONAL PROGRAM STOP PROGRAM END SPINDLE START CLOCKWISE SPINDLE START ANTICLOCKWISE SPINDLE STOP COOLANT NO. 1 ON COOLANT NO. 2 ON COOLANTS OFF SPINDLE CLOCKWISE & COOLANT ON SPINDLE ANTI-CLOCKWISE & COOLANT ON PROGRAM END & REWIND START OF SUBROUTINE END OF SUBROUTINE
Characteristics of the CNC Machine
Work part machining on CNC machine requires controllable & adjustable infeed axes which are run by Stepper motors independent of each other. The above figure shows the X & Z axes along with their directions of movement. CNC Programming Basics A CNC program comprises a series of commands with which the CNC Machine tool is instructed to manufacture a certain profile. For each machining process on a CNC machine, the CNC program has a command with relevant information. These commands consist of letters, numbers & characters. CNC Programming Standards (ISO)
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The ISO- Norm 6983 is for standardizing the CNC programming of machines. This is however limited to standardizing certain commands as well the general structure of a CNC program. CNC manufacturers have considerable liberty for incorporating their own CNC commands in their control. Sequentially the general structure of a CNC program according to ISO 6983 is illustrated. Structure of a CNC Program The first line of the CNC program contains the program name (ex.G02- dia 25). This name can contain alphanumerical or numerical characters. A CNC program consists of a sequence of blocks. They contain the relevant geometric & technical information that the CNC control requires for each machining step. The program end is commanded with M30 or M02.The comments are also allowed within the program for identifying an operation. These however must be set in brackets.
Structure of a Program Block Every CNC block consists of a block number as well as specific control character, which inform the CNC Control about the necessary action to be performed.
Structure of a Program Word
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A word consists of a address letters & a number with a plus or minus sign. The definition & sequence are designated in the programming instructions of the CNC control system.
Block number N : The block number is the first word in a block. The block number has no influence on the execution of the individual blocks since they are invoked following the order in which they were entered into the control.
G Function : ogether with the words for the co-ordinates. This word essentially determines the geometrical part of the CNC program. It consists of the address letter G & a 2 digit code.
Co-ordinates X & Z : The co-ordinates X, Z defines the target points that are needed to travel.
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Interpolation parameters I & K : The interpolation parameters I, K are used to define the center of a circle for circular movements.
Feed F : The speed at which the tool is to be moved is programmed with the function F. This value in entered in mm/min.
Spindle Speed S : The function S is for entering the spindle speed. It can be directly programmed in rotations per Minute
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G & M CODES IN DETAIL Part Programming codes that are available with this machine are according to the latest ISO standards and adopted by the Industrial CNC controller manufacturers worldwide. Following G, M, F, T, S commands are included in this controller.
G - CODES G00 - RAPID TRAVERSE ( Rapid Positioning ) This motion type is used to command motion at the machine's fastest possible rate. It is used to minimize non-productive time during the machining cycle. Common
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uses for rapid motion include positioning the tool to and from cutting positions, moving to clear clamps and other obstructions, and in general, any non-cutting motion during the program. The command almost all CNC machines use to initiate rapid motion is G00. Within the G00 command, the end point for the motion is given. The G00 command moves the tool to the position in the work piece coordinate system with an absolute or incremental format at a rapid traverse rate. In the Absolute format command, Coordinate value of the end point is programmed. In Incremental format command, the distance the tool is to be moved is programmed. In this case last command for respective axis will be considered. I.e. X command will be ignored and U command will be executed. No Feedrate (F Word) is required to be programmed as it is taken from internally set values. Format : G00 X __ Z __ NOTE: The rapid traverse rate in the G00 command is set internally for each axis drive. In the Positioning mode actuated by G00, the tool is accelerated to a predetermined speed at the start of block and it is then decelerated at the end of the block. G01 - LINEAR INTERPOLATION A G01 word is commonly used to specify straight line motion. This is the most common code used for almost all the cutting operations. In this code single axis (individual) as well as double axis movement is possible. Double axis movement is used for taper turning operation. The G01 command moves the tool to the position in the work piece coordinate system with an absolute or incremental format at a programmed feed rate in the straight line. In the Absolute format command, Coordinate value of the end point is programmed. In Incremental format command the distance the tool is to be moved is programmed. The tool moves from the current position at the specified feed rate (F) to the final position .The tool path is a direct straight line joining current position to final position. This code is useful for OD/ID/face turning, also for taper turning. Format: G01 X__ Z__ F__
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Here F is feed rate (tool movement speed) given in mm/min. As this code is used for cutting operation the value of F is very less that has to be decided according to the material of job. G02 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION (CLOCKWISE) The G02 command is utilized to move the tool in the circular arc profile. With G02 the movement will be in the Clockwise direction. The movement taken will be at the programmed feed rate. Format : G02 X__ Z__ I__ K__ F__ G02 X__ Z__ R__ F__ Here in first syntax, I = Distance between start point & center point of arc along X-axis. K= Distance between start point & center point of arc along Z-axis. & in second syntax R = Radius of the arc.
G03 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION (ANTI-CLOCKWISE) The G03 command is used to move the tool in the anti circular arc profile. The movement taken will be at the programmed feed rate. Format: G03 X__ Z__ I__ K__ F__ G03 X__ Z__ R__ F__
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Here, I = Distance between start point & center point of arc along X-axis. K= Distance between start point& center point of arc along Z-axis.
G04 - PROGRAMMED DWELL G04 Command will delay the execution of next block by given time. Format: G04 X__ G04 U__ X & U specifies dwell in seconds. This code is used mainly after the spindle ON command, as the spindle will require some time to reach to the specified speed, before that the cutting operation should not start.
G20 - INCH PROGRAMMING This is the modal command which commands the controller that the dimensions specified in blocks following the current block is in the INCH system. Format: G20
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G21 - METRIC PROGRAMMING This is the modal command which commands the controller that the dimensions specified in blocks following the current block is in the METRIC system. I.e.in millimeter format. METRIC format is the default format of dimensioning. Format: G21
NOTE: The definition of dimensioning system is to be done only once in the part program in first block. If it is specified more than one time the preprocessor will invoke the ERROR ALARM showing that this is the violation of programming code. It is not possible to switch from G20 to G21 in the program. G28 - AUTO. RETURN TO REF. POINT This command will move the tool to the specified reference point. In this command the Tool movement will be rapid. Format : G28 U___ W___ No Feedrate (F Word) is required to be programmed as it is taken from internally set values. G70 - FINISHING CYCLE After roughing operation this cycle is used to achieve the final dimensions. Finish allowance has to be kept before starting this cycle. The tool path is same as the roughing operation. Format : G70 P __ Q __
Here, P= starting block of the roughing cycle. Q= end block of roughing cycle. This cycle is used after G71,G72 & G73 codes. The finishing allowances values are taken from the above codes.
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G71 STOCK REMOVAL IN TURNING This code is used to do turning as well as taper operation. The program by this code becomes very simple. You will have to write the program for the final profile & when the program is executed the depth of cut is taken in X direction. The total profile is achieved in steps, decided by depth of cut. Please refer the example given after the syntax. Format: G71 U (d) R (e) G71 P__ Q__ U (u) W(w) F__ Here, U (d) R (e) P Q U (u) W (w) F = Depth of Cut = Escaping amount (After depth of cut, this is the return path For the tool in X + Direction) = Starting block no. of the program for the required shape = Final block no. of the program for the required shape = Finishing allowance in X direction. = Finishing allowance in Z direction. = Feed-rate for cutting.
57
G72 STOCK REMOVAL IN FACING This cycle is same as G71. The only difference is that the cutting operation is done parallel to X axis i.e. the depth of cut is in Z direction. Format: G72 W (d) R (e) G71 P__ Q__ U (u) W (w) F__ Here, W (d) = Depth of Cut (For trainer machine it is 1mm). R (e) = Escaping amount (After depth of cut, this is the return path For the tool in X + Direction) P Q = Starting block no. of the program for the required shape = Final block no. of the program for the required shape
U (u) = Finishing allowance in X direction. W (w) = Finishing allowance in Z direction. F = Feed-rate for cutting.
58
G73 PATTERN REPEATING CYCLE: This cycle allows cutting a fixed pattern repeatedly, with a pattern being displaced bit by bit. Format : G73 U(i) W(k) R(d) G73 P__ Q__ U(u) W(w) F__
59
Where, U(i) This U(i) W(k) R(d) This R P Q U (u) W (w) F = Distance of relief in X direction = (Job. Diameter Min. Diameter in the program) / 2 = Distance of relief in Z direction = No.of divisions for the pattern. = (U(i) / Max. Depth of Cut) + 1 = Starting block no. of the program for the required shape = Final block no. of the program for the required shape = Finishing allowance in X direction. = Finishing allowance in Z direction. = Feed-rate for cutting.
60
G74-PECK DRILLING CYCLE This cycle is designed for deep hole drilling .The drill entering the work piece by a predetermined amount then backing off by another set amount to provide breaking & allowing chips to clear the drill flutes. Format : G74 X__ Z__ Q__ R__ F__
Where, X&Z Q R F = Final respective coordinates = Depth of cut. = Return amount. = Feed in mm/min
61
G90 Diameter Cutting Cycle: This cycle is used to reduce the diameter of the job. In this cycle the tool will be back to the starting position after cutting the diameter. In this machine the depth of cut is 1mm. So if you want to reduce the diameter of the job from 22mm to 18 mm you will have to use 4 G90 codes. Format: G90 X___ Z___ F__
62
G92 -THREAD CUTTING CANNED CYCLE: This canned cycle is suitable for External thread cutting operation. This cycle is same to that of G32 except that in G92 the tool is returned to the starting position. Format: G92 X___ Z___ F__
63
Where, X = Threading diameter. Z = Thread length. F = Thread Pitch. NOTE: While the execution of thread cutting cycle, Spindle Speed is nonprogrammable, Controller will automatically adjust it to proper value and after completing the threading operation the original Spindle Speed will be restored.
G96 - CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED ON: G97 - CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED OFF_: With this command active the constant surface speed can be achieved while cutting operation takes place. This is the modal command and will not have any effect on the spindle speed while thread cutting operation.
64
Format: G96 S__ G97 Where, S = Surface speed in meter/min. G97= this command will cancel the Constant surface speed option set by the G96 Command.
65
M CODES M00 PROGRAM HAULT This command is useful to check the job in between the program. With this command the axis & the spindle will be stopped. After checking the job parameters rest program will be executed by pressing the ENTER key. The spindle will be automatically started with the previous speed. Format: M00
M01 - OPTIONAL PROGRAM STOP: The M01 is used to STOP the Operation in Auto Mode. This code is only effective when the Optional Stop is enabled. This can be set from Setup menu. Format: M01 In this case auto. Mode Operation will be stopped. User can continue the Operation after pressing the <Enter> Key. M02 - PROGRAM END: The M02 is used to END the Operation in Auto Mode. After a block specifying the end of program is executed, control returns to the start of program. Format: M02
M03 - SPINDLE ON CLOCKWISE This command is used to start the Spindle in Clockwise Direction. Spindle speed can be specified with this command as follows, Format : M03 S__ In this case spindle will start rotating in Clockwise direction with S speed in rpm. Speed of rotation is specified in S word (i.e. S600). But S word is not mandatory. If not specified, default maximum speed set internally is used for operation.
66
M04 - SPINDLE ON ANTICLOCKWISE: This command is used to start the Spindle in anticlockwise Direction. Format: M04 S__ In this case spindle will start rotating in anticlockwise direction with the S speed.
M05 - SPINDLE STOP: This command is used to STOP the Spindle rotation. Format: M05 Spindle rotation can also be stopped by M30 command.
M08 - COOLANT ON: This command is used to ON the Coolant Pump provided. If two pumps are provided, M08 command will start the Pump Format: M08
M09 - COOLANT PUMP OFF: This command is used to STOP the Coolant Pumps. If both pumps are ON, M09 command will STOP the Pump. Format: M09 Coolant Pumps can also be stopped by M30 command.
M13 SPINDLE CLOCKWISE & COOLANT ON: This command is used to move the spindle in clockwise direction & coolant ON. Format: M13 S__
67
S = spindle speed in rpm. ON. Format: M14 S = spindle speed in rpm. M30 - END OF PROGRAM: M30 command must be the last command in the program. This command indicates the END OF PROGRAM. If not specified, ERROR ALARM will be displayed. The M30 command will stop all the Auxiliary functions like, Spindle & Coolant. After the execution of this command program will be reset to first Block. M98 SUBROUTINE CALL: M99 - END OF SUBROUTINE: When a program contains certain fixed sequences or frequently repeated patterns, these sequences or patterns may be entered into memory as a subprogram to simplify programming. A subprogram can call another subprogram .When the main program call a subprogram; it is regarded as a one-loop subprogram call. When a command calling a subprogram is encountered in the main program control is passed to the subprogram. And control returns to the main program when returning command is encountered in the program. Format : M98 P__ R__ M99 Where, P = subroutine repetitions. R = subroutine label (alphabetical as well as numerical). S__ M14 SPINDLE ANTICLOCKWISE & COOLANT ON This command is used to move the spindle in anticlockwise direction & coolant
68
M98 is followed by P i.e. No. of repetitions & then by label which can be either name or no. N001 G21 | | | | | N040 M98 P1 ABC N041 G00 X30 | | | N100 M30
ABC N105 G00 U40 W0 | | N135 M98 P1 XYZ N140 G00 W1 | | | N150 M99
XYZ N155 G01 U20 | | | | | N170 M99
Each subroutine is terminated by M99 & a subroutine can have another subroutine in it as shown above. The subroutines has to be written in Incremental format only.
69
STUDY ABOUT RECENT TRENDS IN CAD/CAM
PROGRAMMING.
DATE: / /
Objective: - Study recently trends in cad/cam Learning:I. II. Numerical control system Flexible manufacturing system
III. IV.
Robotics Computer integrated manufacturing
INTRODUCTION: Following are the important trends in CAD/CAM: 1. ADAPTIVE CONTROL IN CAM 2. DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL (DNC) 3. FLEXIBLE MAUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS) 4. ROBOTICS 5. COMPUTER INTEGRETED MANUFACTURING (CIM)
ADAPTIVE CONTROL IN CAM: This is a control system in which output process variable is measured and by using this output feed and/or speed is controlled so that maximum output can be achieved and process efficiency can be increased. Following can be considered as a output process variable; Spindle deflection or force Torque Cutting temperature Vibration amplitude etc.
Types of adaptive control: Adaptive Control with Constraint (ACC) Adaptive Control Optimization (ACO)
70
DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL (DNC): DNC may be defined as a system connecting a group of numerically controlled machines to a common computer memory for part program storage, distribution of machine data. Provision of collection, display or editing of part programs, operation instruction or data related to the NC processor are also available.
Component of DNC system: 1. Central computer 2. Bulk memory 3. Telecommunication line 4. Machine tools 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Advantage of DNC system: 1. All machines can be controlled at a time. Calculation speed is high. Central computer can be placed at any place. Tape and tape reader is not required. Post processing facilities are available. Ideal time can be reduced. Inventory control and scheduling is possible. FLEXIBLE MAUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS): Flexible manufacturing system can be defined as a set of machines in which parts are automatically transferred under computer form one machine to another for processing. Flexible system is one, which is able to respond to change components of FMS like;

Machine tools Handling system Tool system Transport system Monitoring system Planning system 71
CAD/CAM Component of FMS: 1. Hardware: It contains CNC Machine tools, Material handling system, Automatic storage and retrieval system, Coolant system, Tooling system Co-ordinate measuring machines, Computer hardware etc.
2.
Software: NC programming, CMM programming, Software tooling information etc.
Types of FMS: 1. Flexible Manufacturing Module (FMM) 2. Flexible Manufacturing Cell (FMC) 3. Flexible Manufacturing Group (FMG) 4. Flexible Fabrication Machining Assembly System (FFMAS) Advantage of FMS: 1. Operation control 2. Reduction in direct labour cost 3. Increasing utilization factor 4. Reduction in inventory 5. Wide range processing. Application of FMS: All manufacturing process like; sheet metal work, forging, assemble, inspection and quality control etc. ROBOTICS: An industrial robot is defined as a reprogrammable, multi functional manipulator, designed to move the material, parts or specialized device through variable programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks. Types of joints for robots:
1. 2. 3.
Linear joint (L joint) Orthogonal joint (O joint) Rotational joint (R joint) 72
4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Twisting joint (T joint) Revolving joint (V joint) Robot configuration: Polar configuration Cylindrical Cartesian Joint arm robot SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) Application of Robot: Arc welding, spray painting, Material handling, Mobile robot etc. COMPUTER INTEGRETED MANUFACTURING (CIM): CIM is recent technology being tried in advanced countries and it comprises a combination of software and hardware for product design, production, planning, production control etc. Area of CIM:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Marketing Product design Planning Product purchasing Manufacturing engineering Inventory control Ware housing Finance Information management Advantage of CIM: 1. Renewable flexibility for manufacturing diverse components in the same setup easy and quick manipulation of software.
2. 3.
High production rate. Reduction in lead time. 73
4.
Integrating and fine tuning of all factory functions.
74

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE BASNA

This is certify that Mr/Miss._______________________________ Enroll. No. Of class 6TH Mechanical

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE BASNA CAD/CAM

COMMANDS AND PROGRAMMING.

INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT OF CAD/CAM

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

Objective: - Basic concepts of CAD/CAM Learning:I. II. III.

Era of cad/cam Importance of cad/cam Basic of cad/cam

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

Improved engineering productivity

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

TO STUDY COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

CLASSIFICATION OF CAD WORK STATION:

CONFIGURATION OF CAD WORK STATION: SYSTEM PROCESSING UNIT:

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

Business graphic package includes following tools. File handling

Graph making Text entry Printing

Drafting (2D) to modeling (3D) packages Drawing facilities 13

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

TO STUDY AUTOCAD COMMAND AND ITS APPLICATION

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

:BLOCK :POINT :HATCH :REGION :MULTI LINE TEXT

:NEW :OPEN :SAVE :PLOT

Finds, replaces, selects, or zooms to specified text 19

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

Copies objects to the Clipboard Inserts data from the Clipboard

Controls properties of existing objects :PROPERTIES

Provides an AutoCAD interface to external database tables Displays online help

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

:LIST :LOCATE POINT

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

:PARALLEL :NODE :NEAREST

Snaps to the insertion point of text, a block, a shape, or an attribute :INSERT

:BOX :SPHERE :CYLINDER :CONE :WEDGE :TORUS :EXTRUDE

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

:SLICE :SECTION :INTERFERE

sectional view drawings of 3D solid and body objects

Creates profile images of three-dimensional solids Solids editing commands:

Creates a composite region or solid by subtraction

:SOLID EDIT FACE COPY :SOLID EDIT FACE

Changes the color of individual faces on a solid object

CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual

Imprints geometry on a face of a solid object

Validates a 3D solid object as a valid ACIS solid Surfaces commands:

UCS & VIEW COMMANDS:

Defines a new UCS by shifting the origin

Defines a UCS using a positive Z axis extrusion method

AUTOLISP COMMANDS AND PROGRAMMING.

Objective: - Perform & study auto-lisp command and programming

choose Tools Load Text in Editor from the VLISP menu.

indicating it has loaded the program.

Respond to the prompts by specifying points in the graphics window or on

(multiply) Returns the product of all numbers (* [number number] ...)

returns the quotient (/ [number number] ...)