Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
3 views

lecture

The document discusses earthquake engineering topics, focusing on time history, elastic and inelastic response spectra, and strong motion attenuation. It explains how ground motion is recorded and analyzed, detailing key parameters such as Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and the factors influencing response spectra. Additionally, it covers the effects of distance, site conditions, and faulting mechanisms on strong motion attenuation and duration.

Uploaded by

Gian Bascos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

lecture

The document discusses earthquake engineering topics, focusing on time history, elastic and inelastic response spectra, and strong motion attenuation. It explains how ground motion is recorded and analyzed, detailing key parameters such as Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and the factors influencing response spectra. Additionally, it covers the effects of distance, site conditions, and faulting mechanisms on strong motion attenuation and duration.

Uploaded by

Gian Bascos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERING
TOPICS: TIME HISTORY, ELASTIC AND INELASTIC RESPONSE
SPECTRA, DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION

ENGR. ALLYSSA GALE E. OLLAGON


TIME HISTORY

During the 1930s, sensitive strong motion


seismometers are used to record actual
ground motions. The ground motion
records are termed Seismographs or
Time histories, have recorded
acceleration known as accelerograms.
TIME HISTORY
Time histories theoretically contain complete information about the
motion at the instrumental location, recording three traces or
orthogonal records. Earthquake motion at a site obtains time
histories which differs dramatically in duration, frequency content,
and amplitude.

The maximum amplitude of recorded acceleration is termed the


Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) which is also termed as Zero Period
Acceleration (ZPA).

The maximum respective amplitudes of velocity and displacement


are termed Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) and Peak Ground
Displacement (PGD).

Acceleration is normally recorded, with velocity and displacement


being determined by integration.

Acceleration can be expressed in units of 𝑐𝑚Τ𝑠2, but is often also


expressed in terms of the fraction or percentage of the acceleration
of gravity (980.66 gals, termed 1g). Velocity is expressed in cm/s.
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
The shape of an earthquake spectra is influenced by a number of factors, which are similar to those affecting earthquake ground-
motion characteristics:

i. Magnitude
ii. Source mechanism and characteristics
iii. Distance from the source of energy release
iv. Wave travel path
v. Rupture directivity
vi. Local geology and site conditions

The three fundamental parameters influencing spectra:


i. Magnitude
ii. Distance
iii. Site conditions
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
If a single degree-of freedom (SDOF) mass is
subjected to a time history of ground motion, the
mass elastic structural response can be readily
calculated as a function of time, generating a
structural response time history as shown.
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
2𝜋
𝑆𝑣 = 𝑆 =𝜔 𝑆𝑑
𝑇 𝑑

2𝜋 2𝜋 2
𝑆𝑎 = 𝑆 =𝜔 𝑆𝑣 =( ) 𝑆𝑑
𝑇 𝑣 𝑇

𝑆𝑎 =𝜔2 𝑆𝑑
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
The velocity response spectrum is
plotted on tripartite logarithmic axes,
which equally enables reading of
displacement and acceleration
response.
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
Newmark observed that response spectra tend to
be characterized by three regions:

(1) a region of constant acceleration,


(2) constant displacement and;
(3) constant velocity
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
𝑈𝑚
𝜇=
𝑈𝑦

Where:
𝑈𝑚 - is the actual displacement of the mass under actual ground motions
𝑈𝑦 - is the displacement at yield

If elastoplastic behavior is assumed, then elastic response spectra can be readily modified to reflect
inelastic behavior, on the basis that
1. At low frequencies (<0.3Hz)
2. At high frequencies (>33Hz)
3. At intermediate frequencies
INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
STRONG MOTION ATTENUATION AND DURATION

Attenuation, is the rate at which earthquake ground motion decreases with


distance.

Major factors:
1. Source
2. Path
3. Site-specific effects
STRONG MOTION ATTENUATION AND DURATION

Hypocentral Distance – straight line distance from point of interest to hypocentre

Epicentral Distance – the distance between the epicentre and a specific point on
the ground

Closest Distance to the causative fault

Closest Horizontal Distance from the station to the point on the earth’s surface
that lies directly above the seismogenic source.
STRONG MOTION ATTENUATION AND DURATION

According to Campbell and Bozorgnia, Attenuation relation can be represented by the


expressions:

𝑙𝑛𝑌 = 𝐶1 + 𝑓1 (𝑀𝑤 ) + 𝐶4 𝑙𝑛 𝑓2 (𝑀𝑤 , 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠 , 𝑆) + 𝑓3 (𝐹) + 𝑓4 (𝑆) + 𝑓5 (𝐻𝑊, 𝑀𝑤 , 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠 ) + 𝜀

Natural Magnitude Distance Scaling Faulting Far-source Hanging


Logarithm of Scaling Characteristics Mechanism Effect of Wall
the median Characteristics local site
conditions
STRONG MOTION ATTENUATION AND DURATION

Magnitude Scaling Characteristic: 𝑓1 (𝑀𝑤 ) = 𝑐2 𝑀𝑤 + 𝑐3 (8.5 − 𝑀𝑤 )2

Distance Scaling Characteristic: 𝑓2 (𝑀𝑤 , 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠 , 𝑆)= r2seis + g(S)2(exp(c8Mw+c9(8.5-Mw)2)2

The Near-source effect of local site conditions: g(S) = c5 + c6(SVFS+SSR)c7SFR

Effect of Faulting Mechanism: 𝑓3 (𝐹) = c10FRV + c11FTH


Far-source effect of local site conditions: 𝑓4 (𝑆) = c12SVFS + c13SSR + c14SFR

Effect of Hang wall: 𝑓5 (𝐻𝑊, 𝑀𝑤 , 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠 ) = HWf3(F)fHW(Mw)fHW(rseis)


STRONG MOTION ATTENUATION AND DURATION

The parameter HW quantifies the


effect of the hanging wall and will
always evaluate to zero for firm soil
and for a horizontal distance of 5km
or greater from the rupture plane.
The standard deviation of lnY is
defined as a function of magnitude
according to the expression:
Hanging Wall and Footwall

You might also like