Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Functions
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Outline

Functions
Definition of a Function
Graphs of Functions
Application

New functions from Old

Operation on Functions
Application

Families of Functions

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Outline

Functions
Definition of a Function
Graphs of Functions
Application

New functions from Old

Operation on Functions
Application

Families of Functions

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Outline

Functions
Definition of a Function
Graphs of Functions
Application

New functions from Old

Operation on Functions
Application

Families of Functions

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Outline

Functions
Definition of a Function
Graphs of Functions
Application

New functions from Old

Operation on Functions
Application

Families of Functions

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Outline

Functions
Definition of a Function
Graphs of Functions
Application

New functions from Old

Operation on Functions
Application

Families of Functions

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Functions

Functions

Machine and arrow diagram representation of a function.

Definition
If a variable y depends on a variable x in such a way that each
value of x determines exactly one value of y , then we say that y is
a function of x .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Functions

Functions

Machine and arrow diagram representation of a function.

Definition
If a variable y depends on a variable x in such a way that each
value of x determines exactly one value of y , then we say that y is
a function of x .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Four common methods for representing functions

Numerically by tables
Geometrically by graphs
Algebraically by formulas
Verbally

Example
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies in the
Universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This is the verbal description of the formula
Gm1 m2
F =
r2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Four common methods for representing functions

Numerically by tables
Geometrically by graphs
Algebraically by formulas
Verbally

Example
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies in the
Universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This is the verbal description of the formula
Gm1 m2
F =
r2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Four common methods for representing functions

Numerically by tables
Geometrically by graphs
Algebraically by formulas
Verbally

Example
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies in the
Universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This is the verbal description of the formula
Gm1 m2
F =
r2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Four common methods for representing functions

Numerically by tables
Geometrically by graphs
Algebraically by formulas
Verbally

Example
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies in the
Universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This is the verbal description of the formula
Gm1 m2
F =
r2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Four common methods for representing functions

Numerically by tables
Geometrically by graphs
Algebraically by formulas
Verbally

Example
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies in the
Universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This is the verbal description of the formula
Gm1 m2
F =
r2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Four common methods for representing functions

Numerically by tables
Geometrically by graphs
Algebraically by formulas
Verbally

Example
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies in the
Universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This is the verbal description of the formula
Gm1 m2
F =
r2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Four common methods for representing functions

Numerically by tables
Geometrically by graphs
Algebraically by formulas
Verbally

Example
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies in the
Universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This is the verbal description of the formula
Gm1 m2
F =
r2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with each
input. If the input is denoted by x , then the output is denoted by
f (x ) (read "f of x ").

Note: The term unique means "exactly one". Thus, a function

cannot assign two different outputs to the same input.
Independent and Dependent Variables
For a given input x , the output of a function f is called the value
of f at x or the image of x under f . Sometimes written as

y = f (x )

The variable x is called independent variable (or argument) of f .

The variable y is called dependent variable of f .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with each
input. If the input is denoted by x , then the output is denoted by
f (x ) (read "f of x ").

Note: The term unique means "exactly one". Thus, a function

cannot assign two different outputs to the same input.
Independent and Dependent Variables
For a given input x , the output of a function f is called the value
of f at x or the image of x under f . Sometimes written as

y = f (x )

The variable x is called independent variable (or argument) of f .

The variable y is called dependent variable of f .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with each
input. If the input is denoted by x , then the output is denoted by
f (x ) (read "f of x ").

Note: The term unique means "exactly one". Thus, a function

cannot assign two different outputs to the same input.
Independent and Dependent Variables
For a given input x , the output of a function f is called the value
of f at x or the image of x under f . Sometimes written as

y = f (x )

The variable x is called independent variable (or argument) of f .

The variable y is called dependent variable of f .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with each
input. If the input is denoted by x , then the output is denoted by
f (x ) (read "f of x ").

Note: The term unique means "exactly one". Thus, a function

cannot assign two different outputs to the same input.
Independent and Dependent Variables
For a given input x , the output of a function f is called the value
of f at x or the image of x under f . Sometimes written as

y = f (x )

The variable x is called independent variable (or argument) of f .

The variable y is called dependent variable of f .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with each
input. If the input is denoted by x , then the output is denoted by
f (x ) (read "f of x ").

Note: The term unique means "exactly one". Thus, a function

cannot assign two different outputs to the same input.
Independent and Dependent Variables
For a given input x , the output of a function f is called the value
of f at x or the image of x under f . Sometimes written as

y = f (x )

The variable x is called independent variable (or argument) of f .

The variable y is called dependent variable of f .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Numerical representation

x 0 1 2 3
y 3 4 −1 6

describes a functional relationship

y = f (x )

f (1) = 4 : f associates y = 4 with x = 1

Example
Algebraic representation

y = 3x 2 − 4x + 2

has the form y = f (x ) given by f (x ) = 3x 2 − 4x + 2

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Numerical representation

x 0 1 2 3
y 3 4 −1 6

describes a functional relationship

y = f (x )

f (1) = 4 : f associates y = 4 with x = 1

Example
Algebraic representation

y = 3x 2 − 4x + 2

has the form y = f (x ) given by f (x ) = 3x 2 − 4x + 2

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Graph of Functions
The most common method for visualizing a function is its graph. If
f is a function with domain D, then its graph is the set of ordered
pairs n o

(x , f (x )) x ∈ D
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Graph of Functions
The most common method for visualizing a function is its graph. If
f is a function with domain D, then its graph is the set of ordered
pairs n o

(x , f (x )) x ∈ D
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Domain and Range

If x and y are related by the equation y = f (x ), then the set of all
allowable inputs (x -values) is called the domain of f , and the set
of outputs (y -values) that result when x varies over the domain is
called the range of f .

Example
Find the natural domain of

(a) f (x ) = x 3
2
(b) f (x ) =
x2 − 9
p
(c) f (x ) = x2 − 4
1
(d) f (x ) = 3
x −x
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Domain and Range

If x and y are related by the equation y = f (x ), then the set of all
allowable inputs (x -values) is called the domain of f , and the set
of outputs (y -values) that result when x varies over the domain is
called the range of f .

Example
Find the natural domain of

(a) f (x ) = x 3
2
(b) f (x ) =
x2 − 9
p
(c) f (x ) = x2 − 4
1
(d) f (x ) = 3
x −x
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Find the Domain and Range of
√
(a) f (x ) = 2 + x − 1
x +1
(b) f (x ) =
x −1
√
x −2
(c) f (x ) = 2
x −1
x2 + 1
(d) f (x ) =
x2 − 1
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Vertical Line Test

Definition
A curve in the xy -plane is the graph of some function f if and only
if (iff) no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.

Example

x 2 + y 2 = 25
circle of radius 5 centered at the origin.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Vertical Line Test

Definition
A curve in the xy -plane is the graph of some function f if and only
if (iff) no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.

Example

x 2 + y 2 = 25
circle of radius 5 centered at the origin.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Vertical Line Test

Definition
A curve in the xy -plane is the graph of some function f if and only
if (iff) no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.

Example

x 2 + y 2 = 25
circle of radius 5 centered at the origin.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Absolute Value Function

The absolute value function is given by

x if x ≥ 0,
f (x ) = |x | = (1)
−x if x < 0,

Example
|5| = 5 , | − 47 | = 4
7 , |0| = 0

Properties of Absolute Value

If a and b are real numbers, then

(a) | − a| = |a|
(b) |ab| = |a||b|
a |a|
(c) = , b 6= 0
b |b|
(d) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Absolute Value Function

The absolute value function is given by

x if x ≥ 0,
f (x ) = |x | = (1)
−x if x < 0,

Example
|5| = 5 , | − 47 | = 4
7 , |0| = 0

Properties of Absolute Value

If a and b are real numbers, then

(a) | − a| = |a|
(b) |ab| = |a||b|
a |a|
(c) = , b 6= 0
b |b|
(d) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Absolute Value Function

The absolute value function is given by

x if x ≥ 0,
f (x ) = |x | = (1)
−x if x < 0,

Example
|5| = 5 , | − 47 | = 4
7 , |0| = 0

Properties of Absolute Value

If a and b are real numbers, then

(a) | − a| = |a|
(b) |ab| = |a||b|
a |a|
(c) = , b 6= 0
b |b|
(d) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Absolute Value Function

The absolute value function is given by

x if x ≥ 0,
f (x ) = |x | = (1)
−x if x < 0,

Example
|5| = 5 , | − 47 | = 4
7 , |0| = 0

Properties of Absolute Value

If a and b are real numbers, then

(a) | − a| = |a|
(b) |ab| = |a||b|
a |a|
(c) = , b 6= 0
b |b|
(d) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Absolute Value Function

The absolute value function is given by

x if x ≥ 0,
f (x ) = |x | = (1)
−x if x < 0,

Example
|5| = 5 , | − 47 | = 4
7 , |0| = 0

Properties of Absolute Value

If a and b are real numbers, then

(a) | − a| = |a|
(b) |ab| = |a||b|
a |a|
(c) = , b 6= 0
b |b|
(d) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Absolute Value Function

The absolute value function is given by

x if x ≥ 0,
f (x ) = |x | = (1)
−x if x < 0,

Example
|5| = 5 , | − 47 | = 4
7 , |0| = 0

Properties of Absolute Value

If a and b are real numbers, then

(a) | − a| = |a|
(b) |ab| = |a||b|
a |a|
(c) = , b 6= 0
b |b|
(d) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Absolute Value Function

The absolute value function is given by

x if x ≥ 0,
f (x ) = |x | = (1)
−x if x < 0,

Example
|5| = 5 , | − 47 | = 4
7 , |0| = 0

Properties of Absolute Value

If a and b are real numbers, then

(a) | − a| = |a|
(b) |ab| = |a||b|
a |a|
(c) = , b 6= 0
b |b|
(d) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Piecewise-Defined Functions

The absolute value function is an example of a function that is

defined piecewise.
Example
Sketch the graph of the function defined piecewise by the formula

 √ x + 1 if x ≤ −1,
f (x ) = 1 − x 2 if − 1 < x ≤ 0,
x if x > 0.

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Piecewise-Defined Functions

The absolute value function is an example of a function that is

defined piecewise.
Example
Sketch the graph of the function defined piecewise by the formula

 √ x + 1 if x ≤ −1,
f (x ) = 1 − x 2 if − 1 < x ≤ 0,
x if x > 0.

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

New Functions From Old

Arithmetic Operations on Functions

Two functions, f and g, can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and
divided to form new functions
f + g, f − g, fg, and gf

Definition
Given functions f and g, we define

(f + g)(x ) = f (x ) + g(x )
(f − g)(x ) = f (x ) − g(x )
(fg)(x ) = f (x )g(x )
f  f (x )
(x ) =
g g(x )
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

New Functions From Old

Arithmetic Operations on Functions

Two functions, f and g, can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and
divided to form new functions
f + g, f − g, fg, and gf

Definition
Given functions f and g, we define

(f + g)(x ) = f (x ) + g(x )
(f − g)(x ) = f (x ) − g(x )
(fg)(x ) = f (x )g(x )
f  f (x )
(x ) =
g g(x )
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

For f + g, f − g, and fg we define the domain to be the

intersection of the domain of f and g, and for gf we define the
domain to be the intersection of the domain of f and g but with
the points where g(x ) = 0 excluded.
Example
Let
√
f (x ) = 1 + x −2
and g(x ) = x − 3

Find the domains and formulas for the functions f + g, fg,

and gf
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

For f + g, f − g, and fg we define the domain to be the

intersection of the domain of f and g, and for gf we define the
domain to be the intersection of the domain of f and g but with
the points where g(x ) = 0 excluded.
Example
Let
√
f (x ) = 1 + x −2
and g(x ) = x − 3

Find the domains and formulas for the functions f + g, fg,

and gf
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example

x 1
(a) f (x ) = , and g(x ) =
1 + x2 x
√ p
(b) f (x ) = 3 − x , and g(x ) = x 2 − 1

Find the domains and formulas for the functions f − g, fg,

and gf
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Composition of Functions

Definition
Given functions f and g, the composition of f with g, denoted by
f ◦ g, is the function defined by

(f ◦ g)(x ) = f (g(x )) (2)

The domain of f ◦ g is defined to consist of all x in the domain of

g for which g(x ) is in the domain of f .

Example
√
Let f (x ) = x 2 + 3 and g(x ) = x
Find
(a) (f ◦ g)(x ) (b) (g ◦ f )(x )
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Composition of Functions

Definition
Given functions f and g, the composition of f with g, denoted by
f ◦ g, is the function defined by

(f ◦ g)(x ) = f (g(x )) (2)

The domain of f ◦ g is defined to consist of all x in the domain of

g for which g(x ) is in the domain of f .

Example
√
Let f (x ) = x 2 + 3 and g(x ) = x
Find
(a) (f ◦ g)(x ) (b) (g ◦ f )(x )
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Finding the domain of the composite functions

step1: Find the domain of the inside function. If there are
restrictions on the domain keep them.
step2: Construct the composite function. Find the domain
of this new function. If there is an overlap, use the
more restrictive domain ( or the intersection of the
domains). The composite may also result in a domain
unrelated to the domain of the original function.

Example
Find the domain of f ◦ g and g ◦ f if
√
(a) f (x ) = x 2 + 2, g(x ) = 3−x
1+x x
(b) f (x ) = , g(x ) =
1−x 1−x
x
(c) f (x ) = , g(x ) = sin 2x
x +1
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Finding the domain of the composite functions

step1: Find the domain of the inside function. If there are
restrictions on the domain keep them.
step2: Construct the composite function. Find the domain
of this new function. If there is an overlap, use the
more restrictive domain ( or the intersection of the
domains). The composite may also result in a domain
unrelated to the domain of the original function.

Example
Find the domain of f ◦ g and g ◦ f if
√
(a) f (x ) = x 2 + 2, g(x ) = 3−x
1+x x
(b) f (x ) = , g(x ) =
1−x 1−x
x
(c) f (x ) = , g(x ) = sin 2x
x +1
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Finding the domain of the composite functions

step1: Find the domain of the inside function. If there are
restrictions on the domain keep them.
step2: Construct the composite function. Find the domain
of this new function. If there is an overlap, use the
more restrictive domain ( or the intersection of the
domains). The composite may also result in a domain
unrelated to the domain of the original function.

Example
Find the domain of f ◦ g and g ◦ f if
√
(a) f (x ) = x 2 + 2, g(x ) = 3−x
1+x x
(b) f (x ) = , g(x ) =
1−x 1−x
x
(c) f (x ) = , g(x ) = sin 2x
x +1
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Finding the domain of the composite functions

step1: Find the domain of the inside function. If there are
restrictions on the domain keep them.
step2: Construct the composite function. Find the domain
of this new function. If there is an overlap, use the
more restrictive domain ( or the intersection of the
domains). The composite may also result in a domain
unrelated to the domain of the original function.

Example
Find the domain of f ◦ g and g ◦ f if
√
(a) f (x ) = x 2 + 2, g(x ) = 3−x
1+x x
(b) f (x ) = , g(x ) =
1−x 1−x
x
(c) f (x ) = , g(x ) = sin 2x
x +1
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Composition can also be defined for three or more functions

Example
Find (f ◦ g ◦ h)(x ) if

1
(a) f (x ) = x 2 + 1, g(x ) = , h(x ) = x 3
x
(b) f (x ) = 3x − 2, g(x ) = sin x , h(x ) = x 2
√
(c) f (x ) = x − 3, g(x ) = x 2 , h(x ) = x 3 + 2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Translation

y = f (x ) + c c units up
y = f (x + c) c units left

Reflection

y = f (−x ) reflection about y -axis

y = −f (x ) reflection about x -axis

Example
Sketch the graph of
y = 4 − |x − 2|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Translation

y = f (x ) + c c units up
y = f (x + c) c units left

Reflection

y = f (−x ) reflection about y -axis

y = −f (x ) reflection about x -axis

Example
Sketch the graph of
y = 4 − |x − 2|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Translation

y = f (x ) + c c units up
y = f (x + c) c units left

Reflection

y = f (−x ) reflection about y -axis

y = −f (x ) reflection about x -axis

Example
Sketch the graph of
y = 4 − |x − 2|
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Stretches and Compressions

Multiplying f (x ) by a positive constant c has the geometric effect
of stretching the graph of y = f (x ) in the y direction by a factor
of c if c > 1 and compressing it in the y direction by a factor of c1
if c ∈ (0, 1).
Similarly, multiplying x by a positive constant c has the geometric
effect of compressing the graph of y = f (x ) by a factor of c in the
x -direction if c > 1 and stretching it by a factor of c1 if c ∈ (0, 1).

Example

y = f (x ) = cos x (3)
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Stretches and Compressions

Multiplying f (x ) by a positive constant c has the geometric effect
of stretching the graph of y = f (x ) in the y direction by a factor
of c if c > 1 and compressing it in the y direction by a factor of c1
if c ∈ (0, 1).
Similarly, multiplying x by a positive constant c has the geometric
effect of compressing the graph of y = f (x ) by a factor of c in the
x -direction if c > 1 and stretching it by a factor of c1 if c ∈ (0, 1).

Example

y = f (x ) = cos x (3)
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Stretches and Compressions

Multiplying f (x ) by a positive constant c has the geometric effect
of stretching the graph of y = f (x ) in the y direction by a factor
of c if c > 1 and compressing it in the y direction by a factor of c1
if c ∈ (0, 1).
Similarly, multiplying x by a positive constant c has the geometric
effect of compressing the graph of y = f (x ) by a factor of c in the
x -direction if c > 1 and stretching it by a factor of c1 if c ∈ (0, 1).

Example

y = f (x ) = cos x (3)
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Symmetry
Three types
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Symmetry Test
Theorem
(a) A plane curve is symmetric about the y -axis iff
replacing x by −x in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(b) A plane curve is symmetric about the x -axis iff
replacing y by −y in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(c) A plane curve is symmetric about the origin iff
replacing both x by −x and y by −y in its equation
produces an equivalent equation.

Example

y = x2
Replacing x by −x yields y = (−x )2 which simplifies to the
original equation y = x 2 ∴ symmetric about y -axis.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Symmetry Test
Theorem
(a) A plane curve is symmetric about the y -axis iff
replacing x by −x in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(b) A plane curve is symmetric about the x -axis iff
replacing y by −y in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(c) A plane curve is symmetric about the origin iff
replacing both x by −x and y by −y in its equation
produces an equivalent equation.

Example

y = x2
Replacing x by −x yields y = (−x )2 which simplifies to the
original equation y = x 2 ∴ symmetric about y -axis.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Symmetry Test
Theorem
(a) A plane curve is symmetric about the y -axis iff
replacing x by −x in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(b) A plane curve is symmetric about the x -axis iff
replacing y by −y in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(c) A plane curve is symmetric about the origin iff
replacing both x by −x and y by −y in its equation
produces an equivalent equation.

Example

y = x2
Replacing x by −x yields y = (−x )2 which simplifies to the
original equation y = x 2 ∴ symmetric about y -axis.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Symmetry Test
Theorem
(a) A plane curve is symmetric about the y -axis iff
replacing x by −x in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(b) A plane curve is symmetric about the x -axis iff
replacing y by −y in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(c) A plane curve is symmetric about the origin iff
replacing both x by −x and y by −y in its equation
produces an equivalent equation.

Example

y = x2
Replacing x by −x yields y = (−x )2 which simplifies to the
original equation y = x 2 ∴ symmetric about y -axis.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Symmetry Test
Theorem
(a) A plane curve is symmetric about the y -axis iff
replacing x by −x in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(b) A plane curve is symmetric about the x -axis iff
replacing y by −y in its equation produces an
equivalent equation.
(c) A plane curve is symmetric about the origin iff
replacing both x by −x and y by −y in its equation
produces an equivalent equation.

Example

y = x2
Replacing x by −x yields y = (−x )2 which simplifies to the
original equation y = x 2 ∴ symmetric about y -axis.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Even and Odd Functions

A function f is said to be an even function if

f (−x ) = f (x ) (4)

and an odd function if

f (−x ) = −f (x ) (5)

Geometrically even functions are symmetric about y -axis.

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Even and Odd Functions

A function f is said to be an even function if

f (−x ) = f (x ) (4)

and an odd function if

f (−x ) = −f (x ) (5)

Geometrically even functions are symmetric about y -axis.

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Even and Odd Functions

A function f is said to be an even function if

f (−x ) = f (x ) (4)

and an odd function if

f (−x ) = −f (x ) (5)

Geometrically even functions are symmetric about y -axis.

Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Families of Functions

Straight Line

f (x ) = c horizontal line
f (x ) = mx + c line of slope m and y -intercept c
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Power Functions; The Family y = x n

The function of the form f (x ) = x n , where n is constant, is called
a Power Function.
For n ∈ Z+ or n ∈ N
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

For n ≥ 2 the shape of the curve y = x n depends on whether n is

even or odd
If n is even, then f (x ) = x n is even and the graph is
symmetric about the y -axis
If n is odd, then f (x ) = x n is odd and the graph is symmetric
about the origin
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

For n ≥ 2 the shape of the curve y = x n depends on whether n is

even or odd
If n is even, then f (x ) = x n is even and the graph is
symmetric about the y -axis
If n is odd, then f (x ) = x n is odd and the graph is symmetric
about the origin
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

For n ≥ 2 the shape of the curve y = x n depends on whether n is

even or odd
If n is even, then f (x ) = x n is even and the graph is
symmetric about the y -axis
If n is odd, then f (x ) = x n is odd and the graph is symmetric
about the origin
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Family y = x −n
1
The function y = x when n = 1 is called an equilateral hyperbola.
1
If n is even, the function f (x ) = xn is even and symmetric
about the y -axis
1
If n is odd, then f (x ) = xn is odd and symmetric about the
origin
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Family y = x −n
1
The function y = x when n = 1 is called an equilateral hyperbola.
1
If n is even, the function f (x ) = xn is even and symmetric
about the y -axis
1
If n is odd, then f (x ) = xn is odd and symmetric about the
origin
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Family y = x −n
1
The function y = x when n = 1 is called an equilateral hyperbola.
1
If n is even, the function f (x ) = xn is even and symmetric
about the y -axis
1
If n is odd, then f (x ) = xn is odd and symmetric about the
origin
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Power Functions with Non-integer Exponents

If p = n1 , where n is a positive integer, then the power functions
f (x ) = x p have the form
1 √
n
f (x ) = x n = x
√
In particular, if n = 2, then f (x ) = x , and if n = 3, then
√
f (x ) = 3 x .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Polynomials

General polynomial

c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + · · · + cn x n
cn x n + cn−1 x n−1 + · · · + c1 x + c0

with c0 , c1 , . . . , cn being the coefficient of the polynomial.

Example

3 + 5x degree 1 (linear)
x2 − 3x + 1 degree 2 (quadratic)
2x 3 −7 degree 3 (cubic)
8x 4 − 9x 3
+ 5x − 3 degree 4 (quadric)
√
3 + x + x5
3 degree 5 (quantic )
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Polynomials

General polynomial

c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + · · · + cn x n
cn x n + cn−1 x n−1 + · · · + c1 x + c0

with c0 , c1 , . . . , cn being the coefficient of the polynomial.

Example

3 + 5x degree 1 (linear)
x2 − 3x + 1 degree 2 (quadratic)
2x 3 −7 degree 3 (cubic)
8x 4 − 9x 3
+ 5x − 3 degree 4 (quadric)
√
3 + x + x5
3 degree 5 (quantic )
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Polynomials

General polynomial

c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + · · · + cn x n
cn x n + cn−1 x n−1 + · · · + c1 x + c0

with c0 , c1 , . . . , cn being the coefficient of the polynomial.

Example

3 + 5x degree 1 (linear)
x2 − 3x + 1 degree 2 (quadratic)
2x 3 −7 degree 3 (cubic)
8x 4 − 9x 3
+ 5x − 3 degree 4 (quadric)
√
3 + x + x5
3 degree 5 (quantic )
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Rational Functions

A function that can be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials is

called a rational function.
If P(x ) and Q(x ) are polynomials, then

P(x )
f (x ) = (6)
Q(x )

is a rational function.
Algebraic Functions
Functions that can be constructed from polynomials by applying
finitely many algebraic operations ( addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and root extraction) are called algebraic
functions.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Rational Functions

A function that can be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials is

called a rational function.
If P(x ) and Q(x ) are polynomials, then

P(x )
f (x ) = (6)
Q(x )

is a rational function.
Algebraic Functions
Functions that can be constructed from polynomials by applying
finitely many algebraic operations ( addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and root extraction) are called algebraic
functions.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example

p √ 2
f (x ) = x 2 − 4, f (x ) = 3 3 x (2 + x ), f (x ) = x 3 (x + 2)2

The Families y = A sin Bx and y = A cos Bx

The graphs of trigonometric functions of the form

f (x ) = A sin Bx − C and g(x ) = A cos Bx − C

where A, B, and C are nonzero constants, can be obtained by

stretching, compressing, translating, and reflecting the graph of

y = sin x and y = cos x

If A and B are positive numbers, then the graph of

y = A sin Bx and y = A cos Bx oscillate between −A and A,
repeat every 2π 2π
B units. They have amplitude A, period B and
B
frequency 2π .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example

p √ 2
f (x ) = x 2 − 4, f (x ) = 3 3 x (2 + x ), f (x ) = x 3 (x + 2)2

The Families y = A sin Bx and y = A cos Bx

The graphs of trigonometric functions of the form

f (x ) = A sin Bx − C and g(x ) = A cos Bx − C

where A, B, and C are nonzero constants, can be obtained by

stretching, compressing, translating, and reflecting the graph of

y = sin x and y = cos x

If A and B are positive numbers, then the graph of

y = A sin Bx and y = A cos Bx oscillate between −A and A,
repeat every 2π 2π
B units. They have amplitude A, period B and
B
frequency 2π .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example

p √ 2
f (x ) = x 2 − 4, f (x ) = 3 3 x (2 + x ), f (x ) = x 3 (x + 2)2

The Families y = A sin Bx and y = A cos Bx

The graphs of trigonometric functions of the form

f (x ) = A sin Bx − C and g(x ) = A cos Bx − C

where A, B, and C are nonzero constants, can be obtained by

stretching, compressing, translating, and reflecting the graph of

y = sin x and y = cos x

If A and B are positive numbers, then the graph of

y = A sin Bx and y = A cos Bx oscillate between −A and A,
repeat every 2π 2π
B units. They have amplitude A, period B and
B
frequency 2π .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Inverse Functions

Example
Find the inverse of
2x + 1 √
f (x ) = f (x ) = 3 + 2x − 1
1−x

Definition
If the functions f and g satisfy the two conditions

g(f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f

f (g(y )) = y for every y in the domain of g

then we say that f is an inverse of g and g is an inverse of f or

that f and g are inverse functions.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Inverse Functions

Example
Find the inverse of
2x + 1 √
f (x ) = f (x ) = 3 + 2x − 1
1−x

Definition
If the functions f and g satisfy the two conditions

g(f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f

f (g(y )) = y for every y in the domain of g

then we say that f is an inverse of g and g is an inverse of f or

that f and g are inverse functions.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

It can be shown that if a function f has an inverse, then that

inverse is unique and denoted by the symbol f −1
Definition

f −1 (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f

−1
f (f (y )) = y for every y in the domain of f −1

these are called the cancelation equations for f and f −1

Definition

f −1 (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f (7)

−1 −1
f (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

It can be shown that if a function f has an inverse, then that

inverse is unique and denoted by the symbol f −1
Definition

f −1 (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f

−1
f (f (y )) = y for every y in the domain of f −1

these are called the cancelation equations for f and f −1

Definition

f −1 (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f (7)

−1 −1
f (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

It can be shown that if a function f has an inverse, then that

inverse is unique and denoted by the symbol f −1
Definition

f −1 (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f

−1
f (f (y )) = y for every y in the domain of f −1

these are called the cancelation equations for f and f −1

Definition

f −1 (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f (7)

−1 −1
f (f (x )) = x for every x in the domain of f
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Confirm that the inverse of
1+x x −1
f (x ) = is f −1 (x ) =
1−x x +1

Example
Given that the function f has an inverse and that f (2) = 7, find
f −1 (7).

Definition
domain of f −1 = range of f
range of f −1 = domain of f

Theorem
If an equation y = f (x ) can be solved for x as a function of y , say
x = g(y ), then f has an inverse and that inverse is g(y ) = f −1 (y ).
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Confirm that the inverse of
1+x x −1
f (x ) = is f −1 (x ) =
1−x x +1

Example
Given that the function f has an inverse and that f (2) = 7, find
f −1 (7).

Definition
domain of f −1 = range of f
range of f −1 = domain of f

Theorem
If an equation y = f (x ) can be solved for x as a function of y , say
x = g(y ), then f has an inverse and that inverse is g(y ) = f −1 (y ).
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Confirm that the inverse of
1+x x −1
f (x ) = is f −1 (x ) =
1−x x +1

Example
Given that the function f has an inverse and that f (2) = 7, find
f −1 (7).

Definition
domain of f −1 = range of f
range of f −1 = domain of f

Theorem
If an equation y = f (x ) can be solved for x as a function of y , say
x = g(y ), then f has an inverse and that inverse is g(y ) = f −1 (y ).
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Confirm that the inverse of
1+x x −1
f (x ) = is f −1 (x ) =
1−x x +1

Example
Given that the function f has an inverse and that f (2) = 7, find
f −1 (7).

Definition
domain of f −1 = range of f
range of f −1 = domain of f

Theorem
If an equation y = f (x ) can be solved for x as a function of y , say
x = g(y ), then f has an inverse and that inverse is g(y ) = f −1 (y ).
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

A Procedure for Finding the Inverse of a Function f

Step 1 Write down the equation y = f (x )

Step 2 If possible, solve this equation for x as a function of
y.
Step 3 The resulting equation will be x = f −1 (y ), which
provides a formula for f −1 with y as the independent
variable.
Step 4 If y is acceptable as the independent variable for the
inverse function, then you are done, otherwise
interchange x and y .
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Find a formula for the inverse of
1 1√
f (x ) = + 2x − 1
2 2
with x as the independent variable, and state the domain for f −1 .

Existence of Inverse functions

Theorem
A function has an inverse iff it is one-to one.
Algebraically a function f is one-to-one iff f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 ) whenever
x1 6= x2 .
Geometrically, a function f is one-to one iff the graph of y = f (x )
is cut at most once by any horizontal line.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Example
Find a formula for the inverse of
1 1√
f (x ) = + 2x − 1
2 2
with x as the independent variable, and state the domain for f −1 .

Existence of Inverse functions

Theorem
A function has an inverse iff it is one-to one.
Algebraically a function f is one-to-one iff f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 ) whenever
x1 6= x2 .
Geometrically, a function f is one-to one iff the graph of y = f (x )
is cut at most once by any horizontal line.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Horizontal Line Test

Theorem
A function has an inverse function iff its graph is cut at most once
by any horizontal line.

Increasing or Decreasing Functions are Invertible

If x1 and x2 are points in the domain of a function f , then f is
increasing if
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 and f is decreasing if
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

The Horizontal Line Test

Theorem
A function has an inverse function iff its graph is cut at most once
by any horizontal line.

Increasing or Decreasing Functions are Invertible

If x1 and x2 are points in the domain of a function f , then f is
increasing if
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 and f is decreasing if
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Graphs of Inverse Functions

Theorem
If f has an inverse, then the graphs of y = f (x ) and y = f −1 (x )
are reflections of one another about the line y = x , that is, each
graph is the mirror image of the other with respect to that line.
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Restricting Domains for Invertibility

If a function g is obtained from a function f by placing restrictions

on the domain of f , then g is called a restriction of f .
Example

g(x ) = x 3 , x ≥0
is called the restriction of x 3 on the interval [0, ∞).

It is sometimes possible to create an invertible function from a

function that is not invertible by restricting the domain
appropriately.
Example

f1 (x ) = x 2 , x ≥0 and f2 (x ) = x 2 , x ≤0
are one-to-one restricted functions of f (x ) = x 2 (hence invertible)
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Restricting Domains for Invertibility

If a function g is obtained from a function f by placing restrictions

on the domain of f , then g is called a restriction of f .
Example

g(x ) = x 3 , x ≥0
is called the restriction of x 3 on the interval [0, ∞).

It is sometimes possible to create an invertible function from a

function that is not invertible by restricting the domain
appropriately.
Example

f1 (x ) = x 2 , x ≥0 and f2 (x ) = x 2 , x ≤0
are one-to-one restricted functions of f (x ) = x 2 (hence invertible)
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Restricting Domains for Invertibility

If a function g is obtained from a function f by placing restrictions

on the domain of f , then g is called a restriction of f .
Example

g(x ) = x 3 , x ≥0
is called the restriction of x 3 on the interval [0, ∞).

It is sometimes possible to create an invertible function from a

function that is not invertible by restricting the domain
appropriately.
Example

f1 (x ) = x 2 , x ≥0 and f2 (x ) = x 2 , x ≤0
are one-to-one restricted functions of f (x ) = x 2 (hence invertible)
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The six basic trigonometric functions do not have inverse because

their graphs repeat periodically and hence do not pass the
horizontal line test. To circumvent this problem we will restrict the
domains of trigonometric functions to produce one-to-one
functions and then define the inverse to be the inverses of these
restricted functions
Definition
The inverse sine function, denoted by sin−1 , is defined to be the
inverse of the restricted sine function
−π π
sin x , ≤x ≤
2 2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The six basic trigonometric functions do not have inverse because

their graphs repeat periodically and hence do not pass the
horizontal line test. To circumvent this problem we will restrict the
domains of trigonometric functions to produce one-to-one
functions and then define the inverse to be the inverses of these
restricted functions
Definition
The inverse sine function, denoted by sin−1 , is defined to be the
inverse of the restricted sine function
−π π
sin x , ≤x ≤
2 2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
The inverse cosine function, denoted by cos−1 , is defined to be the
inverse of the restricted cosine function

cos x , 0≤x ≤π

Definition
The inverse tangent function, denoted by tan−1 , is defined to be
the inverse of the restricted tangent function
−π π
tan x , ≤x ≤
2 2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
The inverse cosine function, denoted by cos−1 , is defined to be the
inverse of the restricted cosine function

cos x , 0≤x ≤π

Definition
The inverse tangent function, denoted by tan−1 , is defined to be
the inverse of the restricted tangent function
−π π
tan x , ≤x ≤
2 2
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
The inverse secant function, denoted by sec−1 , is defined to be the
inverse of the restricted secant function

sec x , 0≤x ≤π

Example
1
sin x = 2 can be solved using the equation
 −π π 
x = sin−1 y −1≤y ≤1 x∈ ,
2 2

∴ sin−1 ( 12 ) = π
6
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Definition
The inverse secant function, denoted by sec−1 , is defined to be the
inverse of the restricted secant function

sec x , 0≤x ≤π

Example
1
sin x = 2 can be solved using the equation
 −π π 
x = sin−1 y −1≤y ≤1 x∈ ,
2 2

∴ sin−1 ( 12 ) = π
6
Outline Functions New Functions From Old Families of Functions Inverse Functions

Identities for Inverse Trigonometric Functions

π
arccos x + arcsin x =
p 2
−1
cos(sin x ) = 1 − x 2
p
sin(cos−1 x ) = 1 − x 2
x
tan(sin−1 x ) = √
1 − x2
p
sec(tan−1 x ) = 1 + x 2
√
−1 x2 − 1
cos(sec x ) = (|x | ≥ 1)
|x |

Note: inverse sine and inverse tangent are odd functions