COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION

MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

METHODS
Of the several research methods that you have learned which among them
would you want to use in your research? Why?
In my research, I would opt for the mixed-methods approach due to its
ability to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the
research problem. This method combines both qualitative and quantitative
techniques, allowing for a more complete analysis. By integrating numerical
data from surveys or experiments with qualitative insights from interviews or
focus groups, mixed-methods research enables me to explore complex issues
from multiple angles. The quantitative aspect offers broad, generalizable
findings, while the qualitative component provides deeper, contextual
insights into underlying motivations and experiences. This combination not
only enhances the validity and reliability of the results through triangulation
but also allows for a richer interpretation of the data, making the findings
more robust and actionable.

Human Behavior in Organization

Explain “A business is only as good as its people”
The phrase "A business is only as good as its people" highlights the
fundamental importance of employees in determining a company's success.
It underscores that the quality, skills, and dedication of a business’s
workforce are crucial to its overall performance and reputation. Employees
drive the production of goods and services, interact directly with customers,
and influence the company culture. Their expertise and motivation impact
innovation, efficiency, and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, effective
leadership and a positive work environment, fostered by capable and
engaged employees, contribute significantly to a business's growth and
sustainability. In essence, this phrase conveys that a company’s success is
intrinsically tied to the abilities and commitment of its people, making them
a central asset in achieving business excellence.

Human Resource development

1. Discuss Drucker’s Statement: “The only resource which can have an
output greater than the sum of its part is human resource”.
Peter Drucker's statement, “The only resource which can have an
output greater than the sum of its parts is human resource,”
underscores the exceptional nature of human capital in organizations.
Unlike tangible resources such as machinery or materials, which
operate within fixed parameters, human resources possess the unique
ability to generate results that significantly exceed the sum of
individual contributions. This is due to the synergistic potential of
human collaboration, where collective efforts and diverse perspectives
lead to innovative solutions and enhanced productivity. People can
leverage creativity, problem-solving skills, and motivation to drive
organizational success in ways that cannot be replicated by isolated
components. Furthermore, the dynamic nature of human development,
including ongoing learning and personal growth, allows individuals to
continually expand their capabilities, thereby increasing their value to
the organization. Drucker's insight highlights the critical importance of
nurturing and effectively managing human resources to unlock their
full potential and achieve extraordinary outcomes.
2. What is your concept of people power? Could it be deterrent to
organization growth? Explain.
People power refers to the collective strength, creativity, and
influence of employees within an organization. It embodies the idea
that when individuals are motivated, engaged, and aligned with
organizational goals, their combined efforts can significantly
enhance productivity, drive innovation, and foster a positive work
environment. Empowered employees are more likely to contribute
valuable ideas, collaborate effectively, and show commitment to the
organization's success. However, people power can also be a
potential deterrent to organizational growth if not managed
properly. If the collective influence leads to resistance to change,
internal conflicts, or misalignment with strategic objectives, it can
hinder progress and create obstacles to achieving growth.
Therefore, while people power is a vital asset, it must be harnessed
thoughtfully, ensuring that the diverse strengths and voices of
employees are channeled towards the organization's goals and
managed in a way that supports rather than impedes development.

3. Differentiate personnel management from human resource

management.
Personnel Management and Human Resource Management (HRM)
are distinct approaches to managing an organization's workforce.
Personnel Management traditionally focuses on the
administrative and operational aspects of employee management,
handling tasks such as payroll, benefits, and compliance with
employment laws. Its approach is often reactive, dealing with issues
as they arise and emphasizing procedural and record-keeping
functions. In contrast, Human Resource Management adopts a
broader, more strategic approach. HRM aligns human resource
practices with organizational goals, focusing on long-term planning,
employee development, and creating a positive organizational
 culture. It is proactive, aiming to enhance overall performance
through strategic initiatives like talent acquisition, training, and
performance management. While Personnel Management deals
primarily with day-to-day administrative functions, HRM integrates
people management into the organization’s strategic framework,
aiming to drive growth and achieve organizational success.

Personnel Policies and Procedures

1. Name the leading association in the Philippines that contributed
immensely to the acceptance and recognition of personnel
management by top management, in particular, and by government
and the business sector, in general.

The leading association in the Philippines that has significantly

contributed to the acceptance and recognition of personnel
management is the People Management Association of the
Philippines (PMAP). Established in 1965, PMAP has played a pivotal
role in advancing the field of personnel management through its
advocacy, professional development programs, and research
initiatives. The association has worked diligently to elevate the status
of human resource professionals and to integrate effective personnel
management practices into both government policies and business
strategies. By offering training, certification, and networking
opportunities, PMAP has helped shape the standards and practices of
personnel management, thereby gaining recognition and support from
top management, government bodies, and the business sector at
large.

2. Name some activities of this association

The People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) engages
in several key activities that advance the field of human resource
management. It organizes a range of professional development
programs, including seminars, workshops, and conferences, which
focus on topics such as leadership, labor laws, and talent
management. PMAP also offers certification programs to validate the
expertise of HR professionals, helping them showcase their skills and
adherence to industry best practices. The association conducts
research on current HR trends and challenges, producing reports and
publications to inform and guide the HR community. Additionally, PMAP
advocates for supportive HR policies and represents the interests of HR
practitioners to government bodies and other stakeholders. It provides
valuable networking opportunities through events and forums, allowing
members to connect and collaborate. Furthermore, PMAP celebrates
excellence in HR through awards and recognition programs, honoring
achievements in personnel management and leadership. These
activities collectively contribute to the growth and professionalization
of the HR field in the Philippines.

Organizational Planning & Strategies

1. What strategies will you take if you are planning to put up a
business that has a strong competitor? E.g.- you would want to
put up an eatery just beside Jollibee, Mc Donald, Greenwhich or
Chowking.

If I were planning to establish an eatery next to well-established

competitors like Jollibee, McDonald’s, Greenwich, or Chowking, I
would adopt several strategies to carve out a niche and attract
customers. First, I would conduct thorough market research to
understand the local customer preferences, dining habits, and
gaps in the offerings of these competitors. Based on this
research, I would differentiate my eatery by focusing on a unique
selling proposition, such as offering a distinct cuisine, healthier
menu options, or a unique dining experience that sets it apart. I
would emphasize exceptional customer service and create a
welcoming ambiance to foster customer loyalty. Additionally, I
would leverage targeted marketing campaigns, including social
media promotions and local community engagement, to build
brand awareness and attract customers. Offering competitive
pricing, loyalty programs, and regular promotions can also entice
customers to choose my eatery over established brands. By
addressing unmet needs and delivering a compelling value
proposition, I aim to establish a strong market presence despite
the competition.

Problem and Issues in the Business

Give at least 2 Major Problem /Issues in the Business at present.
Explain them.

Two major problems currently facing businesses are supply chain

disruptions and workforce shortages.
Supply chain disruptions have become increasingly prevalent due
to global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions,
and natural disasters. These disruptions lead to delays in the delivery
of raw materials and finished goods, increased costs, and uncertainty
 in inventory management. Businesses struggle to maintain smooth
operations and meet customer demand, which can impact profitability
and customer satisfaction.
Workforce shortages are another critical issue affecting businesses
today. The labor market is experiencing significant imbalances, with
many sectors facing difficulties in finding skilled workers. This shortage
is driven by factors such as changing worker preferences, demographic
shifts, and skill mismatches between job requirements and available
talent. As a result, businesses face higher recruitment costs, increased
competition for talent, and potential delays in service delivery or
production. Addressing these challenges requires strategic planning,
including investing in employee training, adopting flexible work
arrangements, and enhancing recruitment and retention strategies.
Decision Making Behavior
1. Discuss the ff. Eight (8) work leader Roles
In leadership roles, different functions contribute to the effectiveness and
overall success of a team or organization. Here’s a discussion of the eight
key work leader roles:
1. The Selector: The Selector is responsible for identifying and recruiting
the right talent for the team or organization. This role involves
assessing potential candidates’ skills, experience, and fit with the
organizational culture. A skilled Selector ensures that the team has the
necessary capabilities and diversity to achieve its goals, thereby
enhancing overall performance and productivity.
2. The Connector: The Connector focuses on building and maintaining
relationships both within and outside the organization. This role
involves networking, fostering collaboration, and facilitating
communication among team members and external stakeholders. By
creating and nurturing these connections, the Connector helps in
leveraging resources, sharing knowledge, and fostering a collaborative
work environment.
3. The Problem Solver: The Problem Solver tackles challenges and
obstacles that arise within the organization. This role involves
analyzing issues, identifying root causes, and developing effective
solutions. A strong Problem Solver is adept at critical thinking and
decision-making, ensuring that problems are addressed efficiently and
do not hinder progress or team morale.
4. The Evaluator: The Evaluator assesses the performance and
effectiveness of processes, projects, and team members. This role
includes monitoring progress, providing feedback, and conducting
performance reviews. By evaluating outcomes and practices, the
 Evaluator ensures that goals are met and identifies areas for
improvement, contributing to ongoing development and success.
5. The Negotiator: The Negotiator manages and facilitates agreements
between different parties, whether within the team or with external
stakeholders. This role involves negotiating terms, resolving conflicts,
and finding mutually beneficial solutions. A skilled Negotiator helps in
achieving consensus and maintaining positive relationships, which is
crucial for smooth operations and successful collaborations.
6. The Healer: The Healer focuses on addressing emotional and
interpersonal issues within the team. This role involves offering
support, resolving conflicts, and fostering a positive work environment.
By providing empathy and assistance, the Healer helps to maintain
team cohesion, boost morale, and ensure a healthy and supportive
workplace culture.
7. The Protector: The Protector safeguards the team from external
pressures and threats. This role involves shielding team members from
undue stress, ensuring a safe work environment, and defending their
interests. By acting as a buffer and providing support, the Protector
helps team members focus on their work without unnecessary
distractions or concerns.
8. The Synergizer: The Synergizer aims to integrate diverse
perspectives and skills to create a cohesive and high-performing team.
This role involves promoting teamwork, encouraging collaboration, and
aligning individual efforts with organizational goals. By harnessing the
collective strengths of the team, the Synergizer enhances overall
performance and drives successful outcomes.
Each of these roles plays a vital part in effective leadership, contributing to
the development of a well-rounded and successful team.

Communication & Networking Process (Internet)

1. Explain briefly the ff. skills that a professional should possess.

1. Reading: Professional reading skills involve the ability to efficiently

and accurately comprehend written material, such as reports,
emails, and industry-related documents. This skill enables
professionals to stay informed about relevant information, make
informed decisions, and understand complex concepts. Effective
reading skills also involve critically analyzing content and extracting
key points that are pertinent to one's role and responsibilities.
2. Speaking: Speaking skills are crucial for effective verbal
communication. This includes articulating ideas clearly, presenting
information confidently, and engaging in meaningful discussions.
Professionals with strong speaking skills can effectively convey
 messages, influence others, and collaborate with team members or
stakeholders. Good speaking also involves adapting one's message
to the audience and using appropriate tone and language.
3. Listening: Listening skills involve actively paying attention to and
understanding spoken messages from others. This skill is essential
for effective communication, as it allows professionals to grasp
information accurately, respond thoughtfully, and build strong
relationships. Active listening includes not just hearing words, but
also interpreting the speaker's intent, emotions, and non-verbal
cues to ensure comprehensive understanding and effective
feedback.
4. Writing: Writing skills are vital for creating clear, concise, and
coherent written documents, such as reports, emails, and proposals.
Effective writing involves organizing thoughts logically, using proper
grammar and punctuation, and tailoring the message to the
intended audience. Strong writing skills help professionals convey
ideas accurately, maintain professionalism, and ensure that
communication is effective and impactful.
2. Why communication is considered the Lifeblood/ Mortar that holds
together organization and the entire knowledge society?

Communication is considered the lifeblood or mortar that holds

together organizations and the entire knowledge society because it
facilitates the flow of information, ideas, and collaboration, which are
essential for functioning and growth. In an organization, effective
communication ensures that goals, expectations, and feedback are
clearly understood across all levels, fostering alignment and
coordination among team members. It enables the sharing of critical
knowledge and expertise, promotes transparency, and helps in
resolving conflicts.

In the broader knowledge society, communication is crucial for the

dissemination of information, innovation, and collective learning. It
allows individuals and organizations to exchange ideas, build networks,
and collaborate on projects, thereby advancing knowledge and
progress. Communication bridges gaps between diverse groups,
supports cultural exchange, and drives social and technological
developments. Without robust communication channels, both
organizations and knowledge societies would struggle to operate
efficiently, adapt to changes, and achieve their objectives. Thus,
communication serves as the fundamental mechanism that integrates
and sustains the various elements of modern professional and social
systems.

3. Explain why some firms end up as mere price followers

 Some firms end up as mere price followers primarily due to their
market position and resource constraints. Smaller or less resourceful
companies often lack the financial power and market influence needed
to set their own prices and, instead, align their pricing strategies with
those of dominant competitors. This is particularly true if these firms
struggle to differentiate their products or services from those of larger
players, making it difficult to justify higher prices. Competitive pressure
also plays a significant role; firms may follow established pricing to
avoid price wars and maintain market share. Additionally, firms with
higher cost structures may have no choice but to follow the lower
prices set by more cost-efficient competitors. Regulatory constraints
and market norms can further limit pricing flexibility, pushing firms to
adopt a price-following strategy to stay competitive and compliant.
Consequently, by aligning their prices with market leaders, these firms
aim to stay relevant but often miss opportunities to differentiate
themselves or command premium pricing.

Financial Management
Explain the importance of following steps in Financial Plan
1. Project financial statement and use this projection to analyze the
effects of the opening plan or projected profits & various financial
ratios.

Projecting financial statements and using these projections to analyze

the effects of an opening plan or projected profits is crucial for
effective financial planning. By forecasting future income statements,
balance sheets, and cash flow statements, a business gains insights
into its anticipated financial performance, allowing it to anticipate
potential revenues, costs, and cash needs. This process helps in
evaluating whether the business model is viable and whether the
planned investments and strategies will yield desired outcomes.
Analyzing various financial ratios, such as profitability, liquidity, and
solvency ratios, derived from these projections provides a
comprehensive understanding of the company's financial health and
operational efficiency. This analysis is essential for making informed
decisions, identifying potential financial risks, and making necessary
adjustments to the business plan. Furthermore, accurate projections
and ratio analyses are vital for attracting investors and securing
financing, as they demonstrate the business’s potential for profitability
and financial stability. Overall, projecting financial statements and
analyzing them ensures that the business remains on track toward
achieving its financial goals and can effectively manage resources and
risks.
1. Determine the funds needed to support the 5-year plan?
Determining the funds needed to support a 5-year plan involves a
comprehensive analysis of anticipated costs and investments. Begin by
outlining the strategic objectives of the plan, including growth targets,
expansion projects, and operational improvements. Estimate the costs
associated with these objectives, such as initial capital expenditures
for equipment and facilities, ongoing operational expenses like salaries
and utilities, and additional investments in marketing, research and
development, and market expansion. Project annual cash flows to
understand the timing of revenue inflows and expenditure outflows,
identifying periods when additional funding may be necessary.
Summarize these estimates to determine the total funding required
over the five years. Finally, explore potential funding sources such as
equity investment, loans, or internal reserves and develop a detailed
funding plan that aligns with the projected needs. Regularly review and
adjust the funding requirements as the plan progresses to ensure that
the business remains on track and adequately resourced.

2. Forecast funds availability over the next 5-years.

Forecasting funds availability over the next five years involves

projecting future cash flows to ensure financial stability and support for
strategic goals. Begin by analyzing historical financial data to establish
a baseline for future projections. Estimate future revenues based on
market trends, sales forecasts, and growth targets, while also
calculating anticipated expenses, including operating costs, capital
expenditures, and investments in marketing and R&D. Account for
potential financing activities, such as loans or investments, and
incorporate these inflows and their associated costs into the forecast.
Develop detailed cash flow projections to identify periods of surplus
and shortfall, and consider external factors like economic conditions
and industry trends. Create contingency plans to manage financial
risks and ensure liquidity. Regularly review and adjust these forecasts
based on actual performance and evolving business conditions to
maintain an accurate picture of funds availability and ensure that the
business remains well-positioned to meet its objectives and handle
unexpected challenges.

4. Establish & maintain a system of controls to govern the allocation and

use of funds within the firm

To establish and maintain a system of controls for governing the

allocation and use of funds within a firm, it is essential to implement a
 structured approach that ensures financial integrity and operational
efficiency. Begin by developing comprehensive financial policies that
define how funds should be allocated, managed, and monitored.
Establish a detailed budgeting process to align financial resources with
strategic goals, requiring approval for significant expenditures through
a structured authorization hierarchy. Continuously track and review
financial transactions to ensure adherence to these policies, using
accounting systems to maintain accurate records. Conduct regular
internal and external audits to identify and address any discrepancies
or inefficiencies, and implement risk management practices to mitigate
potential financial risks. Provide ongoing training for employees to
ensure they understand and adhere to financial controls. Regularly
review and update the control systems to adapt to changes in the
business environment and regulatory requirements. This approach
helps in maintaining financial discipline, preventing misuse of funds,
and ensuring that financial resources are used effectively to achieve
the firm’s objectives.

5. Develop procedures for adjusting the basic plan if the economic

forecast upon which the plan was based do not materialized.
“Feedback Loop”.

To effectively adjust the basic plan when the economic forecast upon
which it was based does not materialize, a structured “feedback loop”
is essential. Start by continuously monitoring key economic indicators
to detect any deviations from the anticipated conditions early.
Establish regular review meetings with key stakeholders to assess how
actual economic conditions are impacting the plan's performance.
When variances are identified, analyze their implications on financial
outcomes, resource allocation, and strategic goals, and determine
whether they require minor tweaks or major revisions. Develop
contingency plans for different economic scenarios to ensure readiness
for unforeseen changes. Implement the necessary adjustments to the
plan based on this analysis, and communicate these changes clearly to
all stakeholders to align expectations. Regularly evaluate the
effectiveness of the feedback loop and update procedures based on
past experiences and evolving conditions to enhance adaptability and
resilience. This proactive approach helps ensure that the organization
remains responsive and aligned with its strategic objectives despite
economic fluctuations.

6. Establish a performance-based Management Compensation System.

 To establish a performance-based management compensation system,
it is essential to design a framework that aligns financial incentives
with organizational goals and individual performance. Start by defining
clear, measurable performance metrics that reflect key business
objectives, such as revenue growth, cost control, and customer
satisfaction. Develop a compensation structure that includes a base
salary complemented by performance-based bonuses, incentives, or
profit-sharing plans tied to these metrics. Ensure that the criteria for
earning these rewards are transparent and communicated clearly to all
managers. Regularly evaluate performance against these metrics to
determine the compensation adjustments, and provide constructive
feedback to support continuous improvement. Additionally, incorporate
a review process to periodically assess and adjust the compensation
system to ensure it remains aligned with the company’s evolving goals
and market conditions. By linking compensation directly to
performance outcomes, this system motivates managers to achieve
their targets and drive the overall success of the organization.
Business Ethics
1. what is the goal of the Business ethics?
The goal of business ethics is to guide organizations and their
employees in making decisions that are not only legally compliant but
also morally sound. Business ethics aims to establish a framework for
conducting business in a way that is fair, transparent, and respectful of
all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the
broader community. It seeks to promote integrity, accountability, and
ethical behavior in business practices, thereby enhancing trust and
credibility with stakeholders. By fostering an ethical culture, businesses
aim to achieve long-term success, build a positive reputation, and
contribute to the well-being of society. Overall, the goal is to ensure
that business operations align with ethical standards and contribute to
sustainable and responsible practices.

2. How important is Ethics in Business?

Ethics in business is of paramount importance as it underpins the
integrity and credibility of an organization. Ethical practices foster trust
among stakeholders, including customers, employees, and investors,
enhancing the company's reputation and setting it apart from
competitors. By ensuring compliance with legal standards and avoiding
potential legal issues, ethics protect the company from fines and legal
conflicts. A strong ethical framework boosts employee morale and
satisfaction, leading to increased productivity and lower turnover.
 Additionally, it attracts and retains customers who value corporate
responsibility, contributing to sustained business success. Ultimately,
ethics guide businesses towards long-term viability by promoting
responsible and fair operations that support both societal well-being
and organizational growth.

3. Explain the gem for thought of MAHATMA GANDHI

It’s the action, not the fruit of the action, that’s important you have to
do right thing. It may not be in your power, may not be in your time
that there’ll be any fruit. But that doesn’t mean you stop doing the
right thing, you will never know what results, come from your action.
But if you do nothing, there will be result.

Mahatma Gandhi's profound insight, "It’s the action, not the fruit of the
action, that’s important," underscores the value of commitment to
ethical and purposeful conduct regardless of the immediate outcomes.
Gandhi emphasizes that the intrinsic value of our actions lies not in the
results they produce but in the righteousness of the actions
themselves. He acknowledges that while the fruits of our labor are
often beyond our control and may not materialize within our lifetime,
the act of doing what is morally right remains crucial. This perspective
encourages individuals to focus on their responsibilities and principles
rather than being preoccupied with the outcomes. Gandhi's message is
clear: while we may not always see the results of our efforts, inaction
guarantees that no positive change will occur. Thus, maintaining
integrity and perseverance in doing the right thing is paramount, as it
is through our actions that we contribute to a better world, even if the
benefits are not immediately apparent.
Management Problems & Strategies
What do you think is the best solution to management problem of
retrenchment due to Economic Crisis felt by Big Business Establishment
today?

In addressing the management problem of retrenchment due to an economic

crisis, big business establishments should adopt a strategic, multi-faceted
approach to balance cost reduction with long-term organizational health.
Firstly, conducting a thorough analysis of the company's financials and
operations can help identify areas where efficiency can be improved without
immediately resorting to layoffs. Implementing cost-cutting measures such
as renegotiating supplier contracts, reducing discretionary spending, and
optimizing operational processes can mitigate the need for drastic workforce
reductions. Secondly, exploring alternative cost-saving strategies, such as
temporary salary reductions or reduced work hours, can help retain key
talent and maintain morale. Additionally, investing in employee training and
upskilling can prepare the workforce for future opportunities, ensuring that
the company is well-positioned to rebound when the economic conditions
improve. Transparent communication with employees about the challenges
and the rationale behind decisions fosters trust and can aid in maintaining a
positive work environment. Finally, seeking advice from financial and
management consultants can provide external perspectives and innovative
solutions tailored to the company’s specific situation. This comprehensive
approach helps manage the immediate impact of retrenchment while
positioning the company for sustainable recovery and growth.