Computer Networking Notes

Definition of a Computer Network:

A computer network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, and

other related devices connected to each other to share data and resources such as printers,
internet access, or files. This connection is made possible via physical cables or wireless
methods.

Advantages of Networking:

1. Resource Sharing: Allows users to share resources like printers, scanners, and internet
connections.
2. Centralized Data Management: Data is stored in central locations (servers), making it
easier to back up and manage.
3. Cost Efficiency: Reduces hardware costs by enabling the sharing of devices like printers
or external storage.
4. Remote Access: Enables access to resources from remote locations, improving
flexibility.
5. Communication: Facilitates communication through emails, video conferencing, and
instant messaging.
6. Security: Centralized security mechanisms like firewalls and antivirus software can be
implemented.

Disadvantages of Networking:

1. Security Risks: Networks are vulnerable to cyber threats like hacking, data breaches, and
malware.
2. Complexity: Setting up and maintaining a network requires technical knowledge.
3. Cost: Initial setup, hardware, and maintenance can be costly.
4. Performance Issues: Overloaded networks may experience slow data transfer speeds.
5. Dependency on Centralized Servers: If the central server goes down, all devices might
lose access to network resources.

Types of Networks:

1. LAN (Local Area Network):

o Covers a small geographical area, such as a home, office, or school.
 oHigh data transfer speeds.
oEasily scalable and typically uses Ethernet or Wi-Fi for connection.
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
o Spans a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, usually within a city or
large campus.
o Used for connecting multiple LANs within a region.
o Typically uses fiber optics or leased lines.
3. WAN (Wide Area Network):
o Covers a large geographical area (e.g., a country or continent).
o Connects multiple LANs or MANs using leased lines, satellites, or the internet.
o Slower data transfer speeds compared to LANs and MANs.

Types of Network Topologies:

1. Bus Topology:
o All devices are connected to a single central cable, called a bus.
o Simple and cost-effective, but performance can degrade as more devices are
added.
o If the bus fails, the entire network goes down.
2. Star Topology:
o Devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
o Easy to manage and expand, but if the central hub fails, the entire network goes
down.
o Common in home and office networks.
3. Ring Topology:
o Devices are connected in a circular manner, with each device having two
connections.
o Data travels in one direction around the ring.
o If one device fails, the entire network is affected.
4. Mesh Topology:
o Every device is connected to every other device.
o Offers redundancy, as multiple paths exist between devices.
o Expensive and complex to set up.
5. Hybrid Topology:
o A combination of two or more different topologies (e.g., star and bus).
o Provides flexibility and fault tolerance.
o Can be complex and costly.

Network Operating System (NOS):

A Network Operating System (NOS) is software that manages network resources and provides
services like file sharing, printer management, and security control.
Features of NOS:

1. File Management: Enables the sharing and management of files across the network.
2. User Authentication: Ensures secure access by requiring authentication (e.g., usernames
and passwords).
3. Network Communication: Manages data transmission between devices.
4. Security: Provides firewall, antivirus, and encryption for secure communication.
5. Resource Sharing: Allows devices like printers and storage to be shared across the
network.
6. Fault Tolerance: Includes features for error detection, redundancy, and system recovery.

Transmission Media:

1. Guided/Wired Media:
o Twisted Pair: Two insulated copper wires twisted together. Commonly used for
phone lines and Ethernet cables.
 Advantages: Inexpensive and easy to install.
 Disadvantages: Susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
o Coaxial Cable: A central conductor, insulating layer, metallic shield, and outer
insulation.
 Advantages: Can transmit data over longer distances.
 Disadvantages: Bulkier and more expensive than twisted pair.
o Fiber Optic: Uses light to transmit data through glass or plastic fibers.
 Advantages: High bandwidth, long-distance transmission, immune to
electromagnetic interference.
 Disadvantages: Expensive and difficult to install.
2. Unguided/Wireless Media:
o Wi-Fi: A wireless technology that uses radio waves to transmit data.
 Advantages: Provides mobility, no need for physical cables.
 Disadvantages: Range limitations and potential interference.
o Bluetooth: A short-range wireless technology primarily for connecting devices
like smartphones, speakers, or headsets.
 Advantages: Low power consumption and ease of use.
 Disadvantages: Limited range and slower data transfer speeds compared
to other wireless technologies.
o Infrared: Uses infrared light to transmit data over short distances.
 Advantages: Simple, low cost, and secure.
 Disadvantages: Limited range, line-of-sight required.
o Microwave: High-frequency radio waves used for long-distance communication.
 Advantages: High speed, long-distance communication.
 Disadvantages: Susceptible to weather interference and requires line-of-
sight.
The Internet:

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate using the
Internet Protocol (IP). It enables services such as email, web browsing, social media, and cloud
computing.

Advantages of the Internet:

1. Access to Information: Provides vast information resources and online services.

2. Communication: Enables instant communication through emails, messaging, and video
calls.
3. Convenience: Online shopping, banking, and entertainment can be accessed anytime.
4. Education: Offers online learning resources and courses.

Disadvantages of the Internet:

1. Security Risks: Exposure to hacking, identity theft, and malware.

2. Addiction: Can lead to internet addiction and social isolation.
3. Misinformation: Spread of fake news and misleading information.
4. Privacy Concerns: Data privacy issues and unauthorized collection of personal
information.

These notes cover the key aspects of computer networking. If you need further explanations or
examples, feel free to ask!