PROBABILITY P a g e | 468

13 Probability
Quick Recap
Conditional Probability
Let 𝐸 and 𝐹 be two events of a random experiment, then the conditional probability of
occurrence of 𝐸 under the condition that 𝐹 has already occurred i.e. 𝑃(𝐸/𝐹) is given by
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
(𝐸/𝐹) = , where 𝑃(𝐹) ≠ 0
𝑃(𝐹)

Properties of Conditional Probability

(i) For an event 𝐴 and sample space 𝑆, 𝑃(𝑆/𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴/𝐴) = 1
(ii) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two events of a sample space 𝑆 and 𝐹 is an event of 𝑆 such that 𝑃(𝐹) ≠
0, then 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)/𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐴/𝐹) + 𝑃(𝐵/𝐹) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)/𝐹)
In particular, if 𝐴 and 𝐵 are disjoint events, then 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)/𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐴/𝐹) + 𝑃(𝐵/𝐹)
𝐴′
(iii) 𝑃 ( ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵)
𝐵
(iv) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) ≤ 1

Multiplication Theorem on Probability

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two events associated with a sample space 𝑆. Then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 denotes the
event that both 𝐴 and 𝐵 have occurred. The event 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is also written as 𝐴𝐵.
𝐵
Also, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃 ( ) = 𝑃(𝐵) ∙ 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵), provided 𝑃(𝐴) ≠ 0, 𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 0
𝐴
Note
If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are three events associated with a random experiment, then
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐶/(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) )
= 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐶/𝐴𝐵)
Similarly, multiplication rule of probability can be to four or more events.

Independent Events
Events are said to be independent, if the occurrence or non – occurrence of one does not
affect the probability of the occurrence or non – occurrence of the other.

Two events 𝐴 and 𝐵 associated with a random experiment are said to be independent if
(i) 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) provided 𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 0
(ii) 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) provided 𝑃(𝐴) ≠ 0
Note
(i) Two events 𝐴 and 𝐵 associated with a random experiment are independent of
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵)
(ii) Two events 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be dependent if they are not independent, i.e. if
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ≠ 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵)
(iii) Events 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 are mutually independent of the probability of the simultaneous
occurrence of any finite number of events is equal to the product of their separate
probabilities. While these events are pairwise independent if 𝑃(𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ) =
𝑃(𝐴𝑖 ) 𝑃(𝐴𝑗 ) for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 469

(iv) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are independent evvents, then so are the events 𝐴 and 𝐵′ ; 𝐴′ and 𝐵; 𝐴′ and
𝐵′

Theorem of Total Probability

If 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 , … , 𝐸𝑛 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a
random experiment and 𝐴 is any event associated with the experiment, then
𝑃(𝐸 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸𝑖 )
𝑃(𝐸𝑖 /𝐴) = ∑ 𝑖 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴/𝐸 where 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛
𝑖 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 𝑖)

Random Variable
A random variable is a real valued function, whose domain is the sample space of a
random experiment. Generally, it is denoted by 𝑋.

Probability Distributions
Let real numbers 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … 𝑥𝑛 are the possible values of a random variable 𝑋 and
𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , … , 𝑝𝑛 are the corresponding probabilities to each value of the random variable
𝑋. Then the probability distribution is
𝑋: 𝑥1 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛
𝑃(𝑋): 𝑃1 𝑝2 … 𝑝𝑛 .
Note:
(i) 𝑝1 > 0
(ii) Sum of probabilities (𝑝1 + 𝑝2 + ⋯ 𝑝𝑛 ) = 1

Mean: If 𝑋 is a random variable, then mean (𝑋⃗) of 𝑋 is defined as

𝑋⃗ = μ = 𝑝1 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑝1 𝑥1
Mean of a random variable is also called the expectation of 𝑋, denotes by 𝐸(𝑋).
Variance: If 𝑋 is a random variable, then variance of 𝑋 is defined as
Var(𝑋) = σ2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑝1 𝑥12 − (∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑝1 𝑥1 )2 or
Var (𝑋) = 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) − {𝐸(𝑋)}2
Note Standard deviation (σ) = √Var (𝑋)

Bernoulli Trials
Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if they satisfy the following
conditions:
(i) They are finite in number.
(ii) They are independent of each other.
(iii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes i.e. success or failure.
(iv) The probability of success or failure remains same in each trial.

Binomial Distribution
A random variable 𝑋 which takes values 0,1,2, … , 𝑛 is said to follow binomial
distribution of its probability distribution function is given by
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟 ; 𝑟 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛, where 𝑝, 𝑞 > 0 such that
𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 470

Question Bank
1. A bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A
die is thrown. If 1 or 2 appears on it, then bag A is chosen, otherwise bag B. If two balls are
drawn at random (without replacement) from the selected bag, find the probability of
one of them being red and another black.

2. A bag contains 7 red, 4 white and 5 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random and are
found to be white. What is the probability that both the balls are white

3. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of obtaining
the sum 8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.

4. assume that each born child is equally likely to a boy or a girl. If family has two children,
what is the conditional probability that both are girls? Given that
(i) the youngest is a girl.
(ii) atleast one is a girl.

5. A couple has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known that
(i) one of them is a boy,
(ii) the older child is a boy.

6. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it again, but if it
shows tail, then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the event that ‘the die
shows a number greater than 4’ given that ‘there is at least one tail’.

7. A bag contains 3 red and 7 black balls. Two balls are selected at random one-by-one
without replacement. If the second selected ball happens to be red, what is the
probability that the first selected ball is also red?

8. Prove that if E and F are independent events, then the event E’ and F’ are also
independent.

9. A die, whose faces are marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green, is tossed. Let A be the
event “number obtained is even” and B be the event “number obtained is red”. Find if A
and B are independent events.

10. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game of he gets a total of 7 and B
wins the game if he gets a total of 10. If A starts the game, then the probability that B wins.
1 1
11. probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are and
2 3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that
(i) The problem is solved
(ii) exactly one of them solved the problem.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 471

12. P speaks truth in 70% of the cases and Q in 80% of the cases. In what percent of cases
are they likely to agree in starting the same fact? Do you think, when they agree, means
both are speaking truth?

13. A speaks truth 75% of cases, while B in 90% of cases. In what per cent of cases are they
likely to contradict each other in starting the same fact?
Do you think that statement of B is true?

14. A speaks truth in 60% of the cases, while B in 90% of the cases. In what per cent of cases
are they likely to contradict each other in starting the same fact? In the cases of
contradiction do you think, the statement of B will carry more weight as he speaks truth
in more number of cases than A?
3 5
15. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time are and
7 7
respectively. Assuming that the events, ‘A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are
independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to the school in time.
Write at least one advantage of coming school in time.
2 1
16. If A and B are two independent events such that 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = and 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅) = ,
15 6
then find P(A) and P(B).

17. In a hockey match, both teams A and B scored same number of goals up to the end of the
game, so as to decide the winner, the referee asked both the captains to throw a die
alternately and decided that the team, whose captain gets a six first, will be declared the
winner. If the captain of team A was asked to start, find their respective probabilities of
winning the match and state whether the decision of the referee was fair or not.

18. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, she tosses a coin once and notes the number
of tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a ‘head’ or ‘tail’, is
obtained. If she obtained exactly one ‘tail’, what is the probability that she threw 3, 4, 5
or 6 with the die?

19. Often it is taken that a truthful person commands, more respect in society. A man is
known to speak the truth 4 out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find
the probability that it is actually a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six. Do you
also agree that the value of truthfulness leads to more respect in the society?

20. Of the students in a school, it is known that 30% have 100% attendance and 70%
student students are irregular. Previous year results report that 70% of all students who
have 100% attendance attain A grade and 10% irregular students attain A grade in
their annual examination. At the end of the year, one student is chosen at random from
the school and he was found to have an A grade. What is the probability that the student
has 100% attendance? Is regularity required only in school? Justify your answer.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 472

21. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of Manager in a Private company. Chances of
their selection (A, B and C) are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4. The probabilities that (A, B and C) are
in the ratio can introduce changes to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3
respectively. If the change does not take place, find the probability that it is due to the
appointment of C.

22. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) and are
found to be white. What is the probability that all balls in the bag are white?

23. Three machines 𝐸1 , 𝐸2, and 𝐸3 in a certain factory producing electric bulbs, produce
50%, 25% and 25% respectively, of the total daily output of electric bulbs. It is known
that 4% of the bulbs produced by each of machines 𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 are defective and that
5% of those produced by machine 𝐸3 are defective. If one bulb is picked up at random
from a day’s production, calculate the probability that it is defective.

24. There are two bags, bag I and bag II. Bag I contains 4 white and 3 red balls while another
bag II contains 3 white and 7 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags
and it is found to be white. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag I.

25. In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of 430,
10% pf the girls study in class XII, what is the probability that a student chosen randomly
studies in class XII, given that the chosen student is a girl?

26. Bag A contains 3 red and 5 black ball, while bag B contains 4 red and 4 black balls. Two
balls are transferred at random from bag A to bag B and then a ball is drawn from bag B
at random. If the ball drawn from bag B is found to be red find the probability that two
red ball were transferred from A to B.

27. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively

30%, 50% and 20% of the bolts. Of there outputs 3, 4 and 1 percent respectively are
defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the product and is found to be defective.
Find the probability that this is not manufactured by machine B.

28. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One
of the two bags is selected at random and 2 balls are drawn at random without
replacement from the bag and are found to be both red. Find the probability that the
balls are drawn from the first bag.

29. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or
3 2
guesses. Let be the probability that he knows the answer and be the probability that
5 5
he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses the answer will be correct with
1
probability , what is the probability that the student knows the answer given that he
3
answered it correctly?

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 473

30. A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack three
cards are drawn at random (without replacement) and are found to be all spades. Find the
probability of the lost and being a spade.

31. There are three coins. One is a two-headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the times and third is also a biased coin that
comes up tails 40% of the times. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed,
and it shows head. What is the probability that it was the two-headed coin?

32. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probability of an accident for them are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One
of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter
driver or a car driver?

33. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports that it is
‘1’. Find the probability that it is actually 1.

34. An urn contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random from the urn (without
replacement) and are found to be white. What is the probability that all the four balls in
the urn are white?

35. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. Assuming that a
meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of
contain drug reduce its chance by 25%. At a time, a patient can choose any one of two
options with equal probability. It is given that after going through one of the two options,
the patient selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the
patients follow a meditation and yoga. Interpret the result and state which of the above
stated methods is more beneficial for the patient.

36. In a group of 400 people, 160 are smokers and non-vegetarian, 100 are smokers and
vegetarian and the remaining are non-smokers and vegetarian. The probability of
getting a special chest disease are 35%, 20% and 10% respectively. A person is chosen
from the group at random and is found to be suffering from the disease. What is the
probability that the selected person is a smoker and non-vegetarian? What value is
reflected in this question?

37. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack are 50%. Assume that a
meditation and yoga course reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% at the prescription
of certain drugs and certain restrictions reduces the risk by 25%. At a time a patient
chooses only one of the two options with equal probability. After going through one of
the two options, the patient selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the
probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga. What values are
reflected in this question?

38. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day
scholars (not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students who

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 474

reside in hostel attain ‘A’ grade in their annual examination. At the end of the year, One
student is chosen at random from the college and he has an ‘A’ grade, what is the
probability that the student is a hosteler?

39. A girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin 3 times and notes the number of
heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, She tosses a coin two times and notes the number of heads
obtained. If she obtained exactly two heads, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3
or 4 with the die?

40. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. Two
balls are transferred at random from bag I to bag II and then a ball is drawn from bag II.
The ball so drawn is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred
balls were both black.

41. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin 3 times and notes the
number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or
tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw
1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die?

42. A card from a pack of 42 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are
drawn at random and are found to be hearts. Find the probability of missing card to be a
heart.

43. An insurance company insured 2000 scooters drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers, the probability of their meeting an accident respectively are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15.
One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a
car driver?

44. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. A grey haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? Assume that there
are equal number of males and females.

45. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One
ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability
that it was drawn from bag II.

46. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is
a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.

47. Given three identical boxes I, II and II each containing tow coins. In box I, both coins are
gold coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in box III, there is one gold and one silver
coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of gold, what is
the probability that the other coin in the box is also of gold?

48. There are three coins. One is a two-tailed coin (having tail on both faces), another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 60% of the times and third is an unbiased coin. One of

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 475

the 3 coins is chosen at random and tossed, and it shows tail. What is the probability that
it was a two-tailed coin?

49. A card from a pack of 52 card is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are
drawn at random and are found to be both clubs. Find the probability of the lost cards
being of clubs.

50. In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufactures 25%, 35% and 40% of the total
production respectively. Of their outputs, 5%, 4% and 2% respectively are defective
bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the production and is found to be defective. Find
the probability that it is manufacture by machine B.

51. In a class, 5% of boys and 10% of the girls have an IQ of more than 150. In the class, 60%
of the students are boys and rest are girls. If a student is selected at random found to have
an IQ of more than 150, then find the probability that the student is a boy.

52. Three bags contain balls as shown in the table below:

Bag Number of white Number of black Number of red

balls balls balls
I 1 2 3
II 2 1 1
III 4 3 2
A bag is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it. They happen to be white and
red. What is the probability that they come from the III bag?

53. Two groups are competing for the position on the board of Directors of a corporation. The
probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively.
Further, If the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and
corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the probability that the
new product was introduced by the second group.

54. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a
biased coin that comes up tails 25% of the times and the third is an unbiased coin. One
of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability
that it was the two headed coin?

55. Coloured balls are distributed in three bags as shown in the following table:
Bag Colour of the ball
Black white Red
I 1 2 3
II 2 4 1
III 4 5 3

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 476

A bag is selected at random and then two balls are randomly drawn from the selected
bag. They happen to be black and red. What is the probability that they came from bag
I?

56. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 5 times. He throws a dice and reports that it is
a number greater than 4. Find the probability that it is actually a number greater than 4.

57. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls. Another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls.
One of the bags is selected at random and a ball drawn from the bag which is found to be
red. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag.

58. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first five positive
integers. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find the mean and
variance of X.

59. The random variable X can take only the values 0, 1, 2, 3. Given that 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑃) =
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑃 and 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) such that ∑𝑝𝑖 𝑥𝑖2 = 2∑𝑝𝑖 𝑥𝑖 , find the
value of p.

60. There are 4 cards numbered 1, 3, 5 and 7, one number on one card. Two cards are drawn
at random without replacement. Let X denote the sum of the numbers on the two drawn
cards. Find the mean and variance of X.

61. In a game, a man wins ₹ 5 for getting a number greater than 4 and loss ₹ 1 otherwise,
when a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when
he gets a number greater than 4. Find the expected value of the amount he wins/loses.

62. Let X denote the number of college where you will apply after your results and 𝑃(𝑋 =
𝑥) denotes your probability of getting admission in 𝑥 number of colleges. It is given that
𝑘𝑥 , if x = 0 or 1
2𝑘𝑥 , if x = 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = {
𝑘(5 − 𝑥) , if x = 3 or 4
0 , if x > 4
Where 𝑘 is a positive constant. Find the value of 𝑘. Also find the probability that you
will get admission in
(i) exactly one college
(ii) atmost 2 colleges
(iii) at least 2 colleges.

63. Three cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52
cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of spades. Hence find the mean of
the distribution.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 477

64. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from positive integers 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 and 7. Let 𝑋 denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find the mean and
variance of the probability distribution of 𝑋.

65. From a lot of 15 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at random
(without replacement). Find the probability distribution of the number of defective
bulbs.

66. Three cards are drawn at random (without replacement) from a well shuffled pack of 52
playing cards. Find the probability distribution of number of red cards. Hence find the
mean of the distribution.

67. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17, 16, 19 and
20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has the same chance of
being chosen and the age 𝑋 of the selected student is recorded. What is the probability
distribution of the random variable 𝑋? Find the mean of 𝑋.

68. Out of a group of 30 honest people, 20 always speak the truth. Two persons are selected
at random from the group. Find the probability distribution of the number of selected
persons who speak the truth. Also find the mean of the distribution. What values are
described in this question?

69. In a group of 30 scientists working on an experiment, 20 never commit error in their work
and are reporting results elaborately. Two scientists are selected at random from the
group. Find the probability distribution of the number of selected scientists who never
commit error in work and reporting. Also find the mean of the distribution. What values
are described in this question?

70. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (without replacement) from a well-shuffled pack of
52 cards. Find the mean and variance of the number of red cards.

71. An urn contains 4 white and 6 red balls. Four balls are drawn at random (without
replacement) from the urn. Find the probability distribution of the number of white balls.

72. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled pack of 52
cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of kings and hence find the mean
of the distribution.

73. A random variable 𝑋 has the following probability distribution:

𝑋 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑃(𝑋) 0 𝐾 2𝐾 2𝐾 3𝐾 𝐾 2 2𝐾 2 7𝐾 2 + 𝐾
Determine:
(i) 𝐾 (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3)
(ii) 𝑃(𝑋 > 6) (iv) 𝑃(0 < 𝑋 < 3)

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 478

74. Two cards are successively with replacement from a pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability distribution of the number of aces drawn.

75. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (without replacement) from a well-shuffled pack of
52 cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces. Also find the mean of
the distribution.

76. An urn contains 3 white and 6 red balls. Four balls are drawn one by one with
replacement from the urn. Find the probability distribution of the number of red balls
drawn. Also find mean and variance of the distribution.

77. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive
integers. Let 𝑋 denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find the probability
distribution of the random variable 𝑋, and hence find the mean of the distribution.

78. In a game, a man wins rupees five for a six and loses rupee one for any other number, when
a fair die is thrown. The man decided to gets a six. Find the expected value of the amount
he wins/loses.

79. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement) from a well
shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation for the number
of aces.

80. A box has 20 pens of which 2 are defective. Calculate the probability that out of 5 pens
drawn one by one with replacement, at most 2 are defective.

81. An unbiased coin is tossed 4 times. Find the mean and variance of the number of heads
obtained.

82. For 6 trials of an experiment, let 𝑋 be a binomial variant which satisfies the relation
9𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2). Find the probability of success.

83. Four cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled deck of 52
cards, what is the probability that
(i) all the four cards are spades?
(ii) only 2 cards are spades?

84. An experiment succeeds thrice as often as it fails. Find the probability that in the next
five trials, there will be at least 3 successes.

85. How many times must a man toss a fair coin, so that the probability of having atleast one
head is more than 80%?

86. Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 479

87. Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of a pair of dice.

88. In a multiple choice examination with three possible answer (out of which only one is
correct) for each of the five questions, what is the probability that a candidate would get
four or more correct answers just by guessing?

89. Find the probability distribution of the number of doublets in three throws of a pair of
dice and find its mean.

90. A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the probability of
obtaining the third six in the sixth throw of the dice.

91. Three cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled deck of 52
playing cards. If getting a card of spade is considered a success, then find the probability
distribution of the number of successes.

92. Five bad oranges are accidently mixed with 20 good ones. If four oranges are drawn one
by one successively with replacement, then find the probability distribution of number
of bad oranges drawn. Hence, Find the mean and variance of the distribution.

93. Find the probability distribution of the number of doublets in four throws of a pair of dice.
Also find the mean and variance of this distribution.

94. From a lot of 15 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn one by one
with replacement. Find the probability distribution of number of defective bulbs. Hence,
find the mean of the distribution.

95. Five cards are drawn one by one, with replacement, from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards.
Find the probability that
(i) all the five cards are diamonds,
(ii) only 3 cards are diamonds,
(iii) None is a diamond.

96. From a lot of 10 bulbs which includes 3 defective, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at random
with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective bulbs.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 480

Detailed Solutions
2 1
1. Probability of choosing bag 𝐴 = 𝑃(𝐴) = =
6 3
4 2
Probability of choosing bag 𝐵 = 𝑃(𝐵) = =
6 3
Let 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 be the events of drawing a red and a black ball from bag 𝐴 and 𝐵
respectively.
6×4 7×3
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = and 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
10𝐶 2 10𝐶 2
∴ Required probability
= 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐵) × 𝑃(𝐸2 )
1 6×4 2 7×3 8 14 22
= × + × = + =
3 10𝐶 2 3 10𝐶 2 45 45 45

2. Total number of ball presents in a bag = (7 + 4 + 5) = 16

4𝐶 4×3 1
Probability of drawing two white balls is = 2 = =
16𝐶 2 16×15 20

3. 𝐸: ‘a total of 8’ and 𝐹: ‘red die resulted in a number less than 4’

𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐸 = {(2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)}
and 𝐹 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 ∈ {1,23,4,5,6}, 𝑦 ∈ {1,2,3}}
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐹 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3)}
Hence, 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = {(5,3), (6,2), 𝑃(𝐸) = 5/36,
𝑃(𝐹) = 18/36, 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 2/36
∴ Required probability = 𝑃(𝐸/𝐹)
2
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹) 2 1
= = 36
18 = = .
𝑃(𝐹) 18 9
36

4. Let 𝐺𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2) and 𝐵𝑖 = (𝑖 = 1,2) denote the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ child is girl or a boy respectively.
The sample space is,
𝑆 = {𝐺1 𝐺2 , 𝐺1 𝐵2 , 𝐵1 𝐺2 , 𝐵1 𝐵2 }
Let 𝐴 be the event that both children are girls, 𝐵 be the event that youngest child is a girl
and 𝐶 be the event that at least one of the children is a girl.
Then 𝐴 = {𝐺1 , 𝐺2 }, 𝐵 = {𝐺1 𝐺2 , 𝐵1 𝐺2 }
and 𝐶 = {𝐵1 𝐺2 , 𝐺1 𝐺2 , 𝐺1 𝐵2 }
⇒ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝐺1 𝐺2 } and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐺1 𝐺1 }
𝐴
(i) Required probability = 𝑃 ( )
𝐵
1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 4 1
= = =
𝑃(𝐵) 2 2
4
𝐴
(ii) Required probability = 𝑃 ( )
𝐶

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 481

1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) 4 1
= = =
𝑃(𝐶) 3 3
4

5. Let 𝐵𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2) and 𝐺𝑖 = (𝑖 = 1,2) denote the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ child is boy or airl g respectively.
The sample space is,
𝑆 = {𝐵1 𝐵2 , 𝐵1 𝐺2 , 𝐺1 𝐵2 , 𝐺1 𝐺2 }
Let 𝐴 be the event that both are boys, 𝐵 be the event that one of them is a boy and 𝐶 be
the event that the older child is a boy.
𝐴 = {𝐵1 𝐵2 }, 𝐵 = {𝐺1 𝐵2 , 𝐵1 𝐺2 , 𝐵1 𝐵2 }
𝐶 = {𝐵1 𝐵2 , 𝐵1 𝐺2 } ⇒ A ∩ B = {B1 𝐵2 } and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐵1 𝐵2 }
𝐴
(i) Required probability = 𝑃 ( )
𝐵
1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 4 1
= = =
𝑃(𝐵) 3 3
4
𝐴
(ii) Required probability = 𝑃 ( )
𝐶
1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) 4 1
= = =
𝑃(𝐶) 2 2
4

6. The sample space 𝑆 of with the given random experiment is

𝑆 = {(𝐻, 𝐻), (𝐻, 𝑇), (𝑇, 1), (𝑇, 2), (𝑇, 3), (𝑇, 4), (𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 6)}
Let 𝐴 be the event that the die shows a number greater than 4 and 𝐵 be the event that
there is at least one tail.
∴ 𝐴 = {(𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 6)}
and 𝐵 = {(𝑇, 1), ((𝑇, 2), (𝑇, 3), (𝑇, 4), (𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 6), (𝐻, 𝑇) }
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {(𝑇, 5), (𝑇, 6)}
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃{(𝑇, 1)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 2)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 3)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 4)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 5)}
+{(𝑇, 6)} + 𝑇{(𝐻, 𝑇)}
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
= + + + + + + =
12 12 12 12 12 12 4 4
1 1 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃{(𝑇, 5)} + 𝑃{(𝑇, 6)} = + =
12 12 6
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
∴ Required probability = 𝑃 ( ) =
𝐵 𝑃(𝐵)
1
2
= 6
3 =
9
4

7. Let 𝐴 be the event of drawing a red ball in first draw and 𝐵 be the event of drawing a
red ball in second draw,
3𝐶 3
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 =
10𝐶 1 10

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 482

𝐵
Now, 𝑃 ( ) = Probability of drawing a red ball in the second draw, when red
𝐴
ball already has been drawn in the first draw
2𝐶 2
= 1=
9𝐶 1 9
∴ The required probability = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝐵 3 2 1
= 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃 ( ) = × =
𝐴 10 9 15

8. Since, 𝐸 and 𝐹 are independent events.

∴ 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸)𝑃(𝐹) … (i)
′ ′) [𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 ′ ) = 𝑃((𝐸 ∪ 𝐹)′ )]
′
Now, 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 𝐹)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐹) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹)]
= 1 − 𝑃(𝐸) − 𝑃(𝐹) + 𝑃(𝐸)𝑃(𝐹) [Using (i)]
′ )𝑃(𝐹 ′ )
= (1 − 𝑃(𝐸))(1 − 𝑃(𝐹)) = 𝑃(𝐸
Hence, 𝐸′ and 𝐹′ are independent events.

9. We have, 𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and 𝐴 be the event that number is even = {2,4,6}

3 1
⇒ 𝑃(𝐴) = =
6 2
𝐵 be the event that number is red = {1,2,3}
3 1
⇒ 𝑃(𝐵) = =
6 2
and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2}
1
⇒ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = … (i)
6
1 1 1
Also, 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵) = × = … (ii)
2 2 4
From (i) and (ii),
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
So, 𝐴 and 𝐵 are not independent.

10. Total outcomes = 36

Favourable outcomes for 𝐴 win
= {(1,6), (6,1), (2,5), (5,2), (3,4), (4,3)}
6 1
∴ Probability of 𝐴 to win, 𝑃(𝐴) = =
36 36
1 5
Probability of 𝐴 to lose, 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − =
6 6
Favourable outcomes for 𝐵 to win = {(4,6), (6,4), (5,5)}
3 1
∴ Probability of 𝐵 to win, 𝑃(𝐵) = =
36 12
1 11
̅
Probability of 𝐵 to lose, 𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − =
12 12
∴ Required probability
= 𝑃(𝐴̅)𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴̅)𝑃(𝐵̅)𝑃(𝐴̅)𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴̅)𝑃(𝐵̅)𝑃(𝐴̅)𝑃(𝐵̅)𝑃(𝐴̅)𝑃(𝐵) + ⋯
5 1 5 11 5 1 5 11 5 11 5 1
= × + × × × + × × × × × +⋯
6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12
5
5
= 72
5 11 =
1− × 17
6 12

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 483

11. Let 𝑋 and 𝑌 denote the respective events of solving the given specific problem by 𝐴 and
𝐵, then
1 1
𝑃(𝑋) = and 𝑃(𝑌) =
2 3
(i) 𝑃(problem is solved)
= 𝑃(𝑋 ∪ 𝑌) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋̅)𝑃(𝑌̅)
1 1 1 2 2
= 1 − (1 − ) (1 − ) = 1 − × = .
2 3 2 3 3
(ii) 𝑃 (Exactly one of 𝐴 and 𝐵 solves the problem)
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
= (1 − ) + (1 − . ) = . + .
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
1 2 1 1
= ( + )=
2 3 3 2

12. Let 𝐸 be the event that 𝑃 makes truth and 𝐹 be the event that 𝑄 speaks truth. Then, 𝐸
70 7 80 4
and 𝐹 are independent events such that 𝑃(𝐸) = = and 𝑃(𝐹) = =
100 10 100 5
𝑃 and 𝑄 will agree to each other in stating the same fact in the following mutually
exclusive ways:
(I) 𝑃 speaks truth and 𝑄 speaks truth 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹
(II) 𝑃 tells a lie and 𝑄 tells a lie 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹.
∴ 𝑃(𝑃 and 𝑄 agree to each other)
7 4 7 4
= 𝑃(𝐸)𝑃(𝐹) + 𝑃(𝐸̅ )𝑃(𝐹̅ ) = × + (1 − ) (1 − )
10 5 10 5
28 3 31 62
= + = =
50 50 50 100
Hence, in 62% of the cases 𝑃 and 𝑄 are likely to agree in stating the same fact.
𝑃 and 𝑄 agree means either both 𝑃 and 𝑄 are speaking truth or both are telling lie.

13. Probability of 𝐴 speaking the truth is,

75 3 3 1
𝑃(𝐴) = = ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − =
100 4 4 4
Probability of 𝐵 speaking the truth is,
90 9 9 1
𝑃(𝐵) = = ⇒ 𝑃(𝐵̅) = 1 − =
100 100 10 10
Now, 𝐴 and 𝐵 will contradict each other in the following mutually exclusive cases:
(i) 𝐴 speaks the truth and 𝐵 does not.
(ii) 𝐵 speaks the truth and 𝐴 does not.
∴ Probability that 𝐴 and 𝐵 will contradict each other = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵̅) + 𝑃(𝐵)𝑃(𝐴̅)
3 1 9 1 12 3 30
= × + × = = =
4 10 10 4 40 10 100
𝑖. 𝑒., they will contradict each other in 30% of the cases. We think that statement 𝐵 may
be false.

14. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 13.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 484

3
15. Let 𝐸 be the event that 𝐴 is coming in time; 𝑃(𝐸) =
7
5
and 𝐹 be the event that 𝐵 is coming in time, 𝑃(𝐹) =
7
Also 𝐸 and 𝐹 are given to be independent events.
∴ Probability of only one of them coming to the school in time = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹̅ ) +
𝑃(𝐸̅ ). 𝑃(𝐹)
3 5 3 5
= . (1 − ) + (1 − ) .
7 7 7 7
3 2 4 5 26
= . + . =
7 7 7 7 49
One advantage of coming to school in time is vital to the education process and
encourages for a good pattern of work.

16. Let 𝑝 = 𝑃(𝐴) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 𝑝

and 𝑞 = 𝑃(𝐵) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − 𝑞
Now, from (i) and (ii), we get
2
(1 − 𝑝)𝑞 = … (iii)
15
1
and 𝑝(1 − 𝑞) = … (iv)
6
Subtracting (iii) from (iv), we get
1 2 1 1
𝑝−𝑞 = − = ⇒𝑝 =𝑞+
6 15 30 30
Putting this value of 𝑝, (iin (iii), we get
1 2
(1 − 𝑞 − ) 𝑞 = 30 15
29 2 2
⇒ 𝑞−𝑞 =
30 15
2
⇒ 30𝑞 − 29𝑞 + 4 = 0
⇒ 30𝑞 2 − 24𝑞 − 5𝑞 + 4 = 0
⇒ 6𝑞(5𝑞 − 4) − 1(5𝑞 − 4) = 0
⇒ (5𝑞 − 4)(6𝑞 − 1) = 1
4 1
⇒ 𝑞 = or
5 6
4
For 𝑞 = , using (iv), we have
5
4 1 1 1 5
𝑝 (1 − ) = ⇒ 𝑝 ( ) = ⇒ 𝑝 =
5 6 5 6 6
1
For 𝑞 = , using (iv), we have
6
1 1 5 1 1
𝑝 (1 − ) = ⇒ 𝑝 ( ) = ⇒ 𝑝 =
6 6 6 6 5
5 4 1 1
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = or 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) =
6 5 5 6

17. Probability of getting a six by the captains of both the teams 𝐴 and 𝐵 is
1
𝑃(𝐴) = = 𝑃(𝐵)
6
1 5
∴ 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 𝑃(𝐵̅) = 1 − =
6 6
1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1
= + . . + . . . . +⋯
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 485

1 1 5 2 1 5 4
= + .( ) + .( ) +⋯
6 6 6 6 6
1 5 2
This is an infinite G.P., with 𝑎 = and 𝑟 = ( ) .
6 6
Hence, the probability of the team 𝐴 winning the match
1
6
= 6
5 2
=
1−( ) 11
6
Since, the total probability is unity, the probability of team 𝐵 winning the match=
6 5
1 − = . The decision of the referee was not fair as whosoever starts throwing the die
11 11
gets an upper hand.

18. Let 𝐸1 be the event that the outcome on the die is 1 or 1, 𝐸2 be the event that the
outcome on the die is 3,4,5,6.
2 1 4 2
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = and 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = =
6 3 6 3
Let 𝐴 be the event of getting exactly one tail.
𝐴
Now, 𝑃 ( ) be the probability of getting exactly one tail by tossing the coin three times
𝐸 1
3
if she gets 1 or 2 = and
8
𝐴
𝑃 ( ) be the probability of getting exactly one tail in a single throw of coin if she gets
𝐸 2
1
3,4,5,6 =
2
The probability that the girl threw 3,4,5,6 with the die, if she obtained exactly one tail
𝐸
given by 𝑃 ( 2 ).
𝐴
𝐴
𝐸2 𝑃(𝐸2 ).𝑃( )
𝐸2
∴ 𝑃( ) = 𝐴 𝐴
𝐴 𝑃(𝐸1 ).𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐸2 ).𝑃( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
2 1
. 8
= 3 2 =
1 3 2 1 11
. + .
3 8 3 2

19. Let 𝐸1 be the event that ‘6’ occurs, 𝐸2 be the event that ‘6’ does not occur and 𝐴 be
the event that the man reports that it is ‘6’ .
1 5
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
6 6
𝐴
Now, 𝑃 ( ) be the probability that the man reports that there is ‘6’ on the die and ‘6’
𝐸1
4
actually occurs = Probability that the man speaks the truth =
5
𝐴
And 𝑃 ( ) be the probability that the man reports that there is ‘6’ when actually ‘6’ does
𝐸 2
4 1
not occurs = Probability that man does not speaks the truth = 1 − =
5 5
𝐸1
∴ Required probability = 𝑃 ( )
𝐴

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 486

𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
=
𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
1 4
× 4 4
= 6 5 = =
1 4 5 1 4+5 9
× + ×
6 5 6 6
Yes, we are agree that the value of truthfulness leads to more respect in the society.

20. Let 𝐸1 is event of students which have 100% attendance, 𝐸2 is event of students
which are irregular and 𝐴 is the event of students which have an 𝐴 grade.
𝐴 𝐴
Then, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 0.3, 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 0.7, 𝑃 ( ) = 0.7 and 𝑃 ( ) = 0.1
𝐸 1 𝐸 2
So, 𝑃 (Probability that students has 100% attendance given that he has 𝐴 grade)
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ).𝑃( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) = 𝐴 𝐴 [Using Baye’s Theorem]
𝐴 𝑃(𝐸1 ).𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐸2 ).𝑃( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
0.3 × 0.7
=
0.3 × 0.7 + 0.7 × 0.1
0.3 × 0.7 0.3 3
= = = = 0.75
0.7(0.3 + 0.1) 0.4 4
As per answer, the probability of regular students having grade 𝐴 is more than 50%. So,
the regularity is required. No, regularity is required everywhere as it maintains our
respect in society.

21. Let 𝐼 be the event that changes take place to improve profits.
1
Probability of selection of 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐴) =
7
2
Probability of selection 𝐵, 𝑃(𝐵) =
7
4
Probability of selection 𝐶, 𝑃(𝐶) =
7
𝐼̅
Probability that 𝐴 does not introduce changes, 𝑃 ( ) = 1 − 0.8 = 0.2
𝐴
𝐼̅
Probability that 𝐴 does not introduce changes, 𝑃 ( ) = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5
𝐵
𝐼̅
Probability that 𝐴 does not introduce changes, 𝑃 ( ) = 1 − 0.3 = 0.7
𝐶
𝐶
So, required probability = 𝑃 ( ̅ )
𝐼
̅𝐼
𝑃(𝐶) 𝑃 ( )
𝐶
=
𝐼̅ 𝐼̅ 𝐼̅
𝑃(𝐴)𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐵)𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐶)𝑃 ( )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4
× 0.7
= 7
1 2 4
× 0.2 + × 0.5 + × 0.7
7 7 7

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 487

22. Consider the following events.

𝐸: Two balls drawn are white.
𝐴: There are 2 white balls in the bag
𝐵: There are 3 white balls in the bag
𝐶: There are 4 white balls in the bag
1
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐶) =
3
𝐸 2𝐶 2 1 𝐸 3𝐶 3 1 𝐸 4𝐶
𝑃( ) = = ,𝑃( ) = 2 = = ,𝑃( ) = 2 = 1
𝐴 4𝐶2 6 𝐵 4𝐶 2 6 2 𝐶 4𝐶 2
𝐸
𝐶 𝑃(𝐶). 𝑃 ( )
∴ 𝑃( ) = 𝐶
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐶). 𝑃 ( )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1
×1
= 3
1 1 1 1 1
× + × + ×1
3 6 3 2 3

23. Let 𝐴 be the event that the bulb is defective.

50 25 25
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸3 ) =
100 100 100
𝐴 4 𝐴 4 𝐴 5
𝑃( ) = ,𝑃( ) = ,𝑃( ) =
𝐸1 100 𝐸2 100 𝐸3 100
∴ Required probability
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
5 4 25 4 25 5
= × + × + ×
100 100 100 100 100 100
200 + 100 + 125 425 17
= = =
10000 10000 400

24. Let 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 be the events to select bag I and bag II respectively.
1 1
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
2 2
Let 𝐸 be the event that drawn ball is white.
𝐸 4 𝐸 3
𝑃 ( ) = and 𝑃 ( ) =
𝐸1 7 𝐸2 10
∴ 𝑃 (White ball was drawn from bag I)
𝐸
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
1 4 4 4
. 40
= 2 7 = 7 = 7 =
1 4 1 3 4 3 40 + 21 61
. + . +
2 7 2 10 7 10 70

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 488

25. Let 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 be the event that selected students is a girl and other student
respectively.
430 43 43 57
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 1 − =
1000 100 100 100
Let 𝐸 be the event that selected student studies in class XII.
𝐸 10 1
𝑃 ( ) = 10% = =
𝐸1 100 10
𝐸 1 9
𝑃( ) = 1− =
𝐸2 10 10
𝐸
∴ Required probability = 𝑃 ( 1 )
𝐸
𝐸
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
=
𝐸 𝐸
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
43 1
× 43
= 100 10 =
43 1 57 9 556
× + ×
100 10 100 10

26. Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 and 𝐶 be the events as defined below:

𝐸1 : Two red balls are transferred from bag 𝐴 to bag 𝐵.
𝐸2 : One red ball and one black are transferred from bag 𝐴 to bag 𝐵.
𝐸3 : Two black balls are transferred from bag 𝐴 to bag 𝐵.
𝐶: Ball drawn from bag 𝐵 is red.
3𝐶 3 3𝐶 ×5𝐶 15
So, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 2 = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 1 1 =
8𝐶 2 28 8𝐶 2 28
5𝐶 2 10
𝑃(𝐸3 ) = =
8𝐶 2 28
𝐶 6 𝐶 5 𝐶 4
Also, 𝑃 ( ) = , 𝑃 ( ) = , 𝑃 ( ) =
𝐸 1 10 𝐸 10 2 𝐸 10 3
𝐸1
∴ Required probability, 𝑃 ( )
𝐶
𝐶
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
=
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
3 6
× 18 18
= 28 10 = =
3 6 15 5 10 4 18 + 75 + 40 133
× + × + ×
28 10 28 10 28 10

27. Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 and 𝐸 be the events as follows:

𝐸1 : The bolt is manufactured by the machine 𝐴
𝐸2 : The bolt is manufactured by the machine 𝐵
𝐸3 : The bolt is manufactured by the machine 𝐶
𝐸: The bolt is defective

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 489

30 3 50 5
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = ; 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = = ;
100 10 100 10
20 2
𝑃(𝐸3 ) = =
100 10
𝐸 3 𝐸 4 𝐸 1
𝑃( ) = ;𝑃( ) = ;𝑃( ) =
𝐸1 100 𝐸2 100 𝐸3 100
𝐸
We find: 𝑃 ( 2 ) (𝑖. 𝑒., Bolt is defective and it is manufactured by machine 𝐵)
𝐸
𝐸
𝑃(𝐸 ). 𝑃 (
𝐸2 2 𝐸2 )
𝑃( ) =
𝐸 𝐸
∑3𝑖=11 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸𝑖
5 4
. 20 20
= 10 100 = =
3 3 5 4 2 1 9 + 20 + 2 31
. + . + .
10 100 10 100 10 100
∴ Required probability
= The probability that bolt is defective and not manufactured by machine 𝐵
𝐸2 20 11
= 1−𝑃( ) = 1− = .
𝐸 31 31

28. Let 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 denote the events of selection of first bag and second bag
respectively. Let 𝐴 be the event that 2 balls drawn are both red.
1
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = 𝑃(𝐸2 )
2
𝐴 4𝐶 4.3 3
Now, 𝑃 ( ) = 2 = =
𝐸1 8𝐶 2 8.7 14
𝐴 2𝐶 1×2 1
𝑃( )= 2= =
𝐸2 8𝐶 2 8.7 28
𝐸
The required probability = 𝑃 ( 1 )
𝐴
𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
=
𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
1 3
. 3×2 6
= 2 14 = = .
1 3 1 1 3×2+1 7
. + .
2 14 2 28

29. Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , and 𝐴 be the events defined as follows:

𝐸1 : The student knows the answer
𝐸2 : The student guesses the answer
𝐴: The student answers correctly
3 2
We have, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = ; 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
5 5
𝐴 1 𝐴
Also, 𝑃 ( ) = and 𝑃 ( ) = 1
𝐸2 3 𝐸 2

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 490

∴ Required probability
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
3
.1 3×3 9
= 5 = = .
3 2 1 3 × 3 + 2 11
.1 + .
5 3 3

30. Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3, 𝐸4 and 𝐴 be the events as defined as below:

𝐸1 : Missing card is a card of heart.
𝐸2 : Missing card is a card of spade.
𝐸3 : Missing card is a card of club.
𝐸4 : Missing card is a card of diamond.
𝐴: Drawing three spade cards from the remaining cards.
13 1
Now, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸3 ) = 𝑃(𝐸4 ) = =
52 4
𝐴 12𝐶 3
𝑃( ) =
𝐸2 51𝐶 3
𝐴 𝐴 13𝐶 3
𝑃( ) = 𝑃( ) =
𝐸 1 𝐸 51 4 𝐶3
𝐸
∴ Required probability, 𝑃 ( 2 )
𝐴
𝐴
𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸2
=
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝐸2 ) + 𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝐸3 ) + 𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝐸4 )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐸4
1 12 𝐶3
×
4 51𝐶 3
=
1 13𝐶 3 1 12𝐶 3 1 13𝐶 3 1 13𝐶 3
× + × + × + ×
4 51𝐶 3 4 51𝐶 3 4 51𝐶 3 4 51𝐶 3
20 220 10
= = =
286 + 220 + 286 + 286 1078 49

31. Let 𝐴 be the two headed coin, 𝐵 be the biased coin showing up heads 75% of the
times and 𝐶 be the biased coin showing up tails 40% (𝑖. 𝑒., showing up heads 60%) of
the times.
1 1 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸3 ) =
3 3 3
𝑆 𝑆 75 3
𝑃 ( ) = 1, 𝑃 ( ) = = ,
𝐸1 𝐸2 100 4
𝑆 60 3
𝑃( ) = =
𝐸2 100 5
∴ Required probability

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 491

𝑆
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) =
𝑆 𝑆
∑3𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸𝑖
1
.1 20 20
= 3 = =
1 1 3 1 3 20 + 15 + 12 47
.1 + . + .
3 3 4 3 5

32. Let the events are defined as

𝐸1 : Person is a scooter driver.
𝐸2 : Person is a car driver.
𝐸3 : Person is truck driver.
𝐴: Person meets with an accident.
2000 1 4000 2
Then, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = = ,
12000 6 12000 6
6000 3
𝑃(𝐸3 ) = = .
12000 6
𝐴 1 𝐴 3 𝐴 15
Also, 𝑃 ( ) = 0.01 = , 𝑃 ( ) = 0.03 = , 𝑃 ( ) = 0.15 = .
𝐸 1 100 𝐸 2 100 𝐸 100
3
∴ Required probability = 1 − 𝑃(the person who meets with accident is a truck
driver)
𝐸
𝑖. 𝑒., Required probability = 1 − 𝑃 ( 3 )
𝐴
𝐴
𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝐸3 )
𝐸3
=1−
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝐸2 ) + 𝑃 ( ) 𝑃(𝐸3 )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
15 3
× 45
= 100 6 =1−
1 1 3 2 15 3 1 + 6 + 45
× + × + ×
100 6 100 6 100 6
45 7
=1− =
52 52

33. Let 𝐸1 be the event that ′1′ occurs, 𝐸2 be the event that ′1′ does not occur and 𝐴 be
the event that man reports that it is ‘1’.
1 5
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
6 6
𝐴
Now, 𝑃 ( ) be the probability that man reports that there is ‘1’ on the die and ‘1’
𝐸 1
actually occurs.
3 𝐴
=Probability that the man speaks the truth = and 𝑃 ( ) be the probability that
5 𝐸2
and reports that there is ‘1’, when actually ‘1’ does not occur.
3 2
=Probability that man does not speak the truth = 1 − =
5 5
𝐸1
We have to find 𝑃 ( ) 𝑖. 𝑒., probability that there is ‘1’ on the die given that the
𝐴
man has reported that there ‘1’.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 492

𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
1 3
× 3 3
= 6 5 = =
1 3 5 2 3 + 10 13
× + ×
6 5 6 5

34. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 22.

36. Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐸 are respectively the events that a person is smoker and non-
vegetarian, smoker and vegetarian, non-smoker and vegetarian and the selected
person is suffering from the disease.
Here, 𝑛(𝐴) = 160, 𝑛(𝐵) = 100, 𝑛(𝐶) = 400 − (160 + 100) = 140.
160 100 140
Also, 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = , 𝑃(𝐶) =
400 400 400
𝐸 35 𝐸 20 𝐸 10
and 𝑃 ( ) = ,𝑃( ) = ,𝑃( ) =
𝐴 100 𝐵 100 𝐶 100
∴ Required probability
𝐸
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃 ( )
= 𝑃( ) = 𝐴
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐶). 𝑃 ( )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
160 35
= ×
400 100

38. Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 and 𝑆 be the following events:

𝐸1 :The students resides in hostel
𝐸2 : The student is a day-scholar
𝑆: The student attains 𝐴 grade.
60 40
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = ; 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
100 100
𝑆 30 𝑆 20
𝑃( ) = ;𝑃( ) =
𝐸1 100 𝐸2 100
∴ Required probability
𝑆
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) =
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
60 30
×
= 100 100
60 30 40 20
× + ×
100 100 100 100
6×3 18 9
= = =
6 × 3 + 4 × 2 18 + 8 13

39. Let 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 and 𝐴 be the following events:

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)
PROBABILITY P a g e | 493

𝐴1 : The girl gets 5 or 6 and hence tosses a coin 3-times.

𝐴2 : The girl gets 1,2,3 or 4 and hence tosses a coin 2-times.
𝐴: The girl gets exactly two heads.
1 1 1
Now, 𝑃(𝐴1 ) = 𝑃(5 or 6) = 𝑃(5) + 𝑃(6) = + =
6 6 3
𝑃(𝐴2 ) = 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(3) + 𝑃(4)
1 1 1 1 2
= + + + =
6 6 6 6 3
𝐴 3 𝐴 1
𝑃( ) = ,𝑃( ) =
𝐴1 8 𝐴2 4
∴ Required probability
𝐴
𝐴2 𝑃(𝐴2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐴2
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐴1 ). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐴2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐴1 𝐴2
2 1 1 1
× 4
= 3 4 = 6 = 6 =
1 3 2 1 1 1 3+4 7
× + × +
3 8 3 4 8 6 24

40. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 26.

41. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 39.

42. Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 , 𝐸4 be the events of the missing card to be of hearts, spade club
and diamond respectively and 𝐴 be the event of drawing 2 heart cards from the
remaining cards. Then,
13 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸3 ) = 𝑃(𝐸4 ) = =
52 4
𝐴 12𝐶 2 𝐴 13𝐶 2
𝑃( ) = ,𝑃( ) = ,
𝐸1 51𝐶 2 𝐸2 51𝐶 2
𝐴 13𝐶 2
Similarly, 𝑃 ( ) = 𝑃(𝐸4 ) =
𝐸3 51 𝐶2
∴ Required probability
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴
∑4𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸𝑖
1 12𝐶 2
.
4 51𝐶 2 12 × 11
= =
1 12𝐶 2 1 13𝐶 2 12 × 11 + 3 × 13 × 12
. + 3. .
4 51𝐶 2 4 51𝐶 2
11 11
= =
11 + 39 50

43. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 43.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 494

∴ Required probability
𝐴
𝐸2 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸2
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴
∑4𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸𝑖
2 3
×
= 6 10
1 1 2 3 3 15
× + × + ×
6 100 6 100 6 100
6 6 3
= = =
1 + 6 + 45 52 26

44. Let 𝐸1 be the event of choosing a male, 𝐸2 be the event of choosing a female and 𝐴 be
the event that a person has grey hair.
1
Then, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
2
𝐴 5 𝐴 0.25
and 𝑃 ( ) = ,𝑃( ) =
𝐸 1 100 𝐸 2 100
∴ Required probability
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
1 5
× 5 5 20
= 2 100 = = =
1 5 1 0.25 5 + 0.25 5.25 21
× + ×
2 100 2 100

45. Let 𝐸1 be the event that bag I is chosen and 𝐸2 be the event that bag II is chosen
and 𝐴 be the event that the chosen ball is red.
1
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = 𝑃(𝐸2 )
2
𝐴 3 𝐴 5
Also, 𝑃 ( ) = ; 𝑃 ( ) =
𝐸 7
1 𝐸 11 2
∴ Required probability
𝐴
𝑃(𝐸 ). 𝑃 (
𝐸2 2 𝐸2 )
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
1 5 5
× 5×7 35
= 2 11 = 11 = =
1 3 1 5 3 5 3 × 11 + 5 × 7 68
× + × +
2 7 2 11 7 11

46. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 33.

47. Consider the following events:

𝐸1 : Box I is chosen.
𝐸2 ∶ Box II is chosen.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 495

𝐸3 : Box III is chosen.

𝐴: The coin drawn is of gold.
We have,
1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸3 ) = .
3
𝐴 2 𝐴 𝐴 1
𝑃 ( ) = = 1; 𝑃 ( ) = 0, 𝑃 ( ) =
𝐸1 2 𝐸2 𝐸3 2
Probability that the other coin in the box is of gold = Probability that gold coin is drawn
from box I.
𝐸
= 𝑃 ( 1)
𝐴
𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
=
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
1
×1 2
= 3 = .
1 1 1 1 3
×1+ ×0+ ×
3 3 3 2

48. Let 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 and 𝐶3 be the events of selecting a two-tailed coin, a biased coin and an
unbiased coin. Let 𝑇 be the event that the coin appears with a tail. Now,
1
𝑃(𝐶1 ) = 𝑃(𝐶2 ) = 𝑃(𝐶3 ) =
3
𝑇 2 𝑇 60 3 2
𝑃 ( ) = = 1, 𝑃 ( ) = 1 − =1− =
𝐶1 2 𝐶2 100 5 5
𝑇 1
𝑃( ) =
𝐶3 2
∴ Required probability
𝑇
𝑃(𝐶 ). 𝑃 (
𝐶1 1 𝐶1 )
= 𝑃( ) =
𝑇 𝑇
∑3𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐶𝑖 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐶𝑖
1
×1 1 10
= 3 = =
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 19
×1+ × + × 1+ +
3 3 5 3 2 5 2

49. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 42.

50. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 27.

51. Consider the following events

𝐸1 : Selected student is a boy
𝐸2 : Selected student is a girl
𝐴: The student has an IQ of more than 150

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 496

60 3
Now, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = =
100 5
3 2
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 1 − =
5 5
𝐴 5 1
𝑃( )= =
𝐸1 100 20
𝐴 10 1
𝑃( ) = =
𝐸2 100 10
Required probability
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
3 1
× 3 3
= 5 20 = =
3 1 2 1 3+4 7
× + ×
5 20 5 10

52. Let 𝐸1 be the event that bag I is chosen, 𝐸2 be the event that bag II is chosen, 𝐸3 be the
event that bag III is chosen and 𝐴 be the event that ball drawn are 1 white and 1 red balls.
1
Now, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸3 ) =
3
𝐴 1𝐶 1 ×3𝐶 1 3 1
Also, 𝑃 ( ) = = =
𝐸1 6𝐶 2 15 5
𝐴 2𝐶 × 1𝐶 1 2 1
𝑃( )= 1 = =
𝐸2 4𝐶 2 6 3
𝐴 4𝐶 × 2𝐶 1 8 2
𝑃( ) = 1 = =
𝐸3 9𝐶 2 36 9
∴Required probability
𝐴
𝐸3 𝑃(𝐸3 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸3
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
1 2 2
×
= 3 90 = 9
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
× + × × + +
3 5 3 3 9 5 3 9
5×2 10 5
= = =
9 + 15 + 10 34 17

53. Let 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 be the events that the first and second group wins respectively and 𝐸 be
the event of introducing a new product.
6 4
∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 0.6 = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 0.4 =
10 10
𝐸 7 𝐸 3
𝑃 ( ) = 0.7 = , 𝑃 ( ) = 0.3 =
𝐸1 10 𝐸2 10
∴Required probability
Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)
PROBABILITY P a g e | 497

𝐸
𝐸2 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸2
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
4 3
× 12 12 2
= 10 10 = = =
6 7 4 3 42 + 12 54 9
× + ×
10 10 10 10

54. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 48.

55. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 52.

56. Consider the following events,

𝐸1 :Number is greater than 4
𝐸1 :Number is not greater than 4
𝐴: The man reports that number is greater than 4
2 1
Then, 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = =
6 3
1 2
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 1 − =
3 3
𝐴 3
𝑃 ( ) =Probability that man speaks truth =
𝐸1 5
𝐴 3 2
𝑃 ( ) =Probability that man does not speak truth = 1 − =
𝐸2 5 5
∴ Required probability
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1
= 𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ). 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2
1 3
× 3 3
= 3 5 = =
1 3 2 2 3+4 7
× + ×
3 5 3 5

57. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 49.

58. Let 𝑋 denote the random variable, which represents the larger of the two numbers
drawn from firs five positive integers.
∴ 𝑋 can take values 2,3,4 or 5
Total number of ways = 5 × 4 = 20
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 𝑃({1,2}, {2,1})
Similarly, 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 𝑃({1,3}, {3,1}, {2,3}, {3,2})
4 2
= =
20 10
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃{(1,4), (4,1), (2,4), (4,2), (3,4), (4,3)}
6 3
= =
20 10

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 498

𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = 𝑃{(1,5), (5,1), (2,5), (5,2), (3,5), (5,3), (4,5), (5,4)}

8 4
= =
20 10
Hence, probability distribution is
𝑋 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋 2 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋)
2 1 4 4
10 10
3 2 9 18
10 10
4 3 16 48
10 10
5 4 25 100
10 10
∴ 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
1 2 3 4
= (2 × ) + (3 × ) + (4 × ) + (5 × )
10 10 10 10
2 6 12 20 40
= + + + = =4
10 10 10 10 10
Variance= ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋) − (∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋))2
4 18 4 100
=( + + + ) − 42
10 10 10 100
170
= − 16 = 1
10

59. We have, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑝

Let 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 𝑘
Since, 𝑋is a random variable taking values 0,1,2,3
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 1
1
⇒ 𝑝 + 𝑝 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 − 1 ⇒ 2𝑝 + 2𝑘 = 1 ⇒ 𝑝 + 𝑘 = … (i)
2
Now, ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝑥𝑖3 = 2 ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝑥𝑖
⇒ 𝑝(0) + 𝑝(1) + 𝑘(4) + 𝑘(9) = 2[𝑝(0) + 𝑝(1) + 𝑘(2) + 𝑘(3)]
⇒ 𝑝 + 13𝑘 = 2𝑝 + 10𝑘
⇒ 𝑝 − 3𝑘 = 0 … (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
1 1
4𝑘 = ⇒ 𝑘 =
2 8
1 1 3
∴ From (i), we get 𝑝 = − =
2 8 8

60. Since, 𝑋 denotes the sum of the numbers on the two drawn cards.
∴ 𝑋 can take values 4,6,8,10,12.
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = {1,3} or {3,1}
1 1 1 1 2 1
=( × )+( × )= =
4 3 4 3 12 6
𝑃(𝑋 = 6) = {1,5} or {5,1}

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 499

1 1 1 1 1
= × + × =
4 3 4 3 6
𝑃(𝑋 = 8) = {3,5} or {5,3} or {1,7} or {7,1}
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1
= × + × + × + × = =
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 12 3
𝑃(𝑋 = 10) = {3,7} or {7,3}
1 1 1 1 1
= × + × =
4 3 4 3 6
𝑃(𝑋 = 12) = {5,7} or {7,5}
1 1 1 1 1
= × + × =
4 3 4 3 6
𝑋 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋𝑃 (𝑋) 𝑋 2 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋)
4 1 4 16 16
6 6 6
6 1 1 36 6
6
8 1 8 64 64
3 3 3
10 1 10 100 100
6 6 6
= ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋) − (8)2
16 64 100 144
= +6+ + + − (8)2
6 3 6 6
8 64 50 72 20
= + + + − 64 = = 6.67
36 3 3 3 3

61. Let 𝑋 be the amount he wins/loses.

Then, 𝑋 can take values −3,3,4,5.
2 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = 𝑃(Getting a number greater than 4 in the first throw)= =
6 3
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃(Getting a number less than or equal to 4 in the first throw and a number
4 2 2
greater than 4 in the second throw)= × =
6 6 9
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 𝑃 (Getting a number less than or equal to 4 in the first two throws and a
4 4 2 4
number greater than 4 in the third throw) = × × =
6 6 6 27
4
𝑃(𝑋 = −3) = 𝑃 (Getting a number less than or equal to 4 in all three throws)= ×
6
4 4 8
× =
6 6 27
∴ The probability distribution is
𝑋 5 4 3 −3
𝑃(𝑋) 1 2 4 8
3 9 27 27
1 2 4 8
∴ 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋) = 5 ( ) + 4 ( ) + 3 ( ) − 3 ( )
3 9 27 27

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 500

57 19
= =
27 9
19
Hence, expected value of the amount he wins/loses is .
9

62. The probability distribution of 𝑋 is

(i) 𝑃 (getting admission in exactly one college)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑘 = 0.125
(ii) 𝑃 (getting admission in atmost 2 colleges)
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0 + 𝑘 + 4𝑘 = 5𝑘 = 0.625
(iii) 𝑃 (getting admission in atleast 2 colleges)
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = 4𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 = 7𝑘 = 0.875

63. Let 𝑋 denote the number of spade cards in a sample of 3 cards drawn from well-
shuffled pack of 52 cards.
Since there are 13 spade cards in the cards in the pack, so in a sample of 3 cards drawn,
either there is no spade card or one spade card or two spade cards or 3 spade cards. Thus,
𝑋 = 0,1,2 and 3.
Now, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) =Probability of getting no spade card
39 39 39 27
= . . =
52 52 52 64
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) =Probability of getting one spade card
13 39 39 39 13 39 39 39 13 27
= . . + . . + . . =
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 64
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) =Probability of getting 2 spade cards
13 13 39 13 39 13 39 13 13 9
= . . + . . + . . =
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 64
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = Probability of getting 3 spade cards
13 13 13 1
= . . =
52 52 52 64
Hence, the probability distribution of 𝑋 is
𝑋 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑋) 27 27 9 1
64 64 64 64
Now, mean of this distribution is given by
27 27 9 1 48 3
𝑋̅ = 0 × +1× +2× +3× = =
64 64 64 64 64 4

64. Let 𝑋 be the random variable.

∴ 𝑋 can take values 3,4,5,6 or 7.
Total number of ways = 6𝐶 2 = 15
The probability distribution of a random variable 𝑋 given by
𝑋 3 4 5 6 7
𝑃(𝑋) 1 2 3 4 5
15 15 15 15 15

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 501

∴ Mean = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
1 2 3 4 5
=3× +4× +5× +6× +7×
15 15 15 15 15
3 8 15 24 35 85 17
= + + + + = =
15 15 15 15 15 15 3
And Variance = ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋) − (∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋))2
9 32 75 144 245 17 2
= + + + + −( )
15 15 15 15 15 3
505 289 210 14
= − = =
15 9 135 9

65. Let 𝑋 denote the number of defective bulbs in a sample of 2 bulbs which are to be
drawn.
Here number of defective bulbs = 5
Number of non-defective bulbs = 15 − 5 = 10
∴ 𝑋 can take values 0,1,2.
Now, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = Probability of getting no defective bulb
=Probability of getting 2 non-defective bulbs.
10𝐶 2 10 × 9 3 9
= = = =
15𝐶 2 15 × 14 7 21
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = Probability of getting 2 defective bulbs
5𝐶 × 10𝐶 1 5 × 10 × 2 10
= 1 = =
15𝐶 2 15 × 14 21
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) =Probability of getting 2 defective bulbs
5𝐶 2 5×4 2
= = =
15𝐶 2 15 × 14 21
Thus the probability distribution of 𝑋 is given by
𝑋 0 1 2
𝑃(𝑋) 9 10 2
21 21 21

66. Let 𝑋 denote the number of red cards. So, 𝑋 can take values 0,1,2,3.
Total number of cards = 52
Number of red cards = 26.
26𝐶 3 26×25×24 4
Now, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = = =
52𝐶 3 52×51×50 34
26𝐶 2 × 26𝐶 1 26 × 25 × 26 × 6 13
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = = =
52𝐶 3 2 × 52 × 51 × 50 34
26𝐶 3 26 × 25 × 24 4
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = = =
52𝐶 3 52 × 51 × 50 34
∴ Probability distribution of 𝑋 is given by
𝑋 0 1 2 3

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 502

𝑃(𝑋) 4 13 13 4
34 34 34 34
Mean = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
4 13 13 4 3
= 0( ) + 1( ) + 2( )+ 3( ) =
34 24 34 34 2

67. Here the ages of the given 15 students are

14, 17,15,14,21,17,19,20,16,18,20,17,16,19 and 20 years.
∴ The required probability distribution of 𝑋 is given by
𝑋 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
𝑃(𝑋) 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
̅
∴ Mean 𝑋 = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
2 1 2 3 1 2 3
= 14 × + 15 × + 16 × + 17 × + 18 × + 19 × + 20 ×
15 15 15 15 15 15 15
1
+ 21 ×
15
1 263
= (28 + 15 + 32 + 51 + 18 + 38 + 60 + 21) =
15 15

68. Total number of honest people = 30

The number of people who speak truth = 20
The number of people who do not speak truth = 30 − 20 = 10
Number of selected persons = 2
Let 𝑋 denote the number of people who speak truth.
∴ 𝑋 can take values 0,1,2
20𝐶 0 ×10𝐶 2 10×9 9
Now, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = = =
30𝐶 2 30×29 87
20𝐶 1 × 10𝐶 1 20 × 10 × 2 40
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = = =
30𝐶 2 30 × 29 87
20𝐶 2 × 10𝐶 0 20 × 19 38
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = = =
30𝐶 2 30 × 29 87
Hence, the probability distribution of 𝑋 is
𝑋 0 1 2
𝑃(𝑋) 9 40 38
87 87 87
Mean of the distribution
9 40 38 40 + 76 116 4
𝑋̅ = 0 × +1× +2× = = =
87 87 87 87 87 3
Since, out of 30 honest people, 20 always speak truth. So, the value of truthfulness and
morality is described here.

69. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 68.

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 503

70. Let 𝑋 denote the number of red cards. Clearly, 𝑋 can take values 0,1 or 2.
Here, we have 26 red cards in the pack.
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = Probability of getting no red cards
26𝐶 2 26 × 25 25
= = =
52𝐶 2 52 × 51 102
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = Probability of getting 1 red card and the other non-red card
26𝐶 2 × 26𝐶 1 26 × 26 × 2 52
= = =
52𝐶 2 52 × 51 102
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) =Probability of getting two red cards
26𝐶 2 26 × 25 25
= = =
52𝐶 2 52 × 51 102
Hence, the probability distribution of 𝑋 is,
𝑋 0 1 2
𝑃(𝑋) 25 52 25
102 102 102
∴ Mean, 𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
25 52 25 102
=0× +1× +2× = =1
102 102 102 102
and variance = ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋) − (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛)2
25 52 25
= 02 × + 12 × + 22 × − 12
102 102 102
152 50 25
= −1= =
102 102 51

71. Let 𝑋 denote the number of white balls drawn from the urn. Then, 𝑋 = 1,2,3,4.
Now, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) =Probability of getting no white balls
4𝐶 . 6𝐶 15
= 0 4=
10𝐶 4 210
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) =Probability of getting 1 white ball
4𝐶 . 6𝐶 80
= 1 3=
10𝐶 4 210
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) =Probability of getting 2 white balls
4𝐶 . 6𝐶 90
= 2 2=
10𝐶 4 210
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) =Probability of getting 3 white balls
4𝐶 . 6𝐶 24
= 3 3=
10𝐶 4 210
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) =Probability of getting 4 white balls
4𝐶 . 6𝐶 1
= 4 0=
10𝐶 4 210
Thus the probability distribution of 𝑋 is given by
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 504

𝑃(𝑋) 15 80 90 24 1
210 210 210 210 210

72. Let 𝑋 denote the number of kings drawn.

Then 𝑋 can take the values 0,1 or 2.
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) =Probability of not getting a king in two draws
48 48 144
= . =
52 52 169
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) =Probability of getting one king in two draws
4 48 48 4 12 12 24
= . + . = + =
52 52 52 52 169 169 169
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) =Probability of getting two kings in two draws
4 4 1
= . =
52 52 169
Thus, the probability distribution of 𝑋 is
𝑋 0 1 2
𝑃(𝑋) 144 24 1
169 169 169
Now, Mean = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
144 24 1 26 2
=0× +1× +2× = =
169 169 169 169 13

73. (i) Since ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋) = 1

∴ 0 + 𝐾 + 2𝐾 + 2𝐾 + 3𝐾 + 𝐾 2 + 2𝐾 2 + 7𝐾 2 + 𝐾 = 1
⇒ 10𝐾 2 + 9𝐾 − 1 = 0
−9±√81+40 −9±11 1
⇒ 𝐾= = = , −1
20 20 10
Since, the probability of the event lies between 0 and 1, therefore, rejecting 𝐾 = −1
1
Hence, 𝐾 =
10
(ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
3 1
= 0 + 𝐾 + 2𝐾 = 3𝐾 = ∵ (𝐾 = )
10 10
(iii) 𝑃(𝑋 > 6) = 𝑃(7)
7 1 17 1
= 7𝐾 2 + 𝐾 = + = ∵ (𝐾 = )
100 10 100 10
(iv) 𝑃(0 < 𝐾 < 3) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
3 1
= 𝐾 + 2𝐾 = 3𝐾 = ∵ (𝐾 = )
10 10

74. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 72.

75. Total number of cards = 52

Number of ace cards = 4
Number of other cards = 52 − 4 = 48
Let 𝑋 be the number of ace cards drawn.
∴ 𝑋 can be take the values 0,1 or 2

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 505

∴ 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 𝑃 (no ace cards)

4𝐶 × 48𝐶 2 48 × 47 188
= 0 = =
52𝐶 2 52 × 51 221
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑃 (one ace card)
4𝐶 × 48𝐶 1 4 × 48 × 2 32
= 1 = =
52𝐶 2 52 × 51 221
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 𝑃 (two ace cards)
4𝐶 × 48𝐶 0 4×3 1
= 2 = =
52𝐶 2 52 × 51 221
Required probability distribution is
𝑋 0 1 2
𝑃(𝑋) 188 32 1
221 221 221
Now, Mean = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
188 32 1 34 2
=0× +1× +2× = =
221 221 221 221 13

76. Number of white balls = 3

Number of red balls = 6
Total number of balls = 9
Let 𝑋 be the random variable denoting the number of red balls drawn.
∴ 𝑋 can take values 0,1,2,3 or 4
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) =Probability of getting no red ball in four draws
1 1 1 1 1
= × × × =
3 3 3 3 81
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) =Probability of getting one red ball in four draws
1 1 1 2 8
=4×[ × × × ]=
3 3 3 3 81
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) =Probability of getting two red balls in four draws
1 1 2 2 24
=6×( × × × )=
3 3 3 3 81
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) =Probability of getting three red balls in four draws
1 2 2 2 32
=4×( × × × )=
3 3 3 3 81
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) =Probability of getting four red balls in four draws
2 2 2 2 16
= × × × =
3 3 3 3 81
The probability distribution of 𝑋 is
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 1 8 24 32 16
81 81 81 81 81
Mean = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
1 8 24 32 16
=0× +1× +2× +3× +4×
81 81 81 81 81
Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)
PROBABILITY P a g e | 506

216 8
= =
81 3
Variance = ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋) − (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛)2
1 8 24 32 16 8 2
=0× +1× +4× +9× + 16 × −( )
81 81 81 81 81 3
648 64 8
= − =
81 9 9

77. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 64. 78. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 61.

79. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 75.

2
We have, mean =
13
Variance = ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋)(∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋))2
188 2
32 2
1 2 2
=0× +1 × +2 × −( )
221 221 221 13
36 4 468 − 68 400
= − = =
221 169 2873 2873
Standard deviation = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
400 400 × 17 20
=√ =√ = √7
2873 48841 221

80. Let 𝑝 denote the probability of drawing a defective pen. Then,

2 1 1 9
𝑝= = ⇒𝑞 =1−𝑝=1− =
20 20 10 10
Let 𝑋 denote the number of defective pens dran. Then, 𝑋 is a binomial variate with
1
parameter 𝑛 = 5 and 𝑝 =
10
Now, 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) =Probability of drawing 𝑟 defective pens.
1 𝑟 9 5−𝑟
= 5𝐶 𝑟 ( ) ( ) , 𝑟 = 0,1,2,3,4,5
10 10
∴ Probability of drawing at most 2 defective pens = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
1 0 9 5 1 1 9 4 1 2 9 3
= 5𝐶 0 = ( ) ( ) + 5𝐶 1 ( ) ( ) + 5𝐶 2 ( ) ( )
10 10 10 10 10 10
3
9 81 9 10
=( ) ( +5× + )
10 100 100 100
729 136 99144
= × = = 0.99144
1000 100 100000

81. Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be the respective probabilities of occurring a head and tail in single throw of
a coin.
1
Then, 𝑝 = 𝑞 =
2

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 507

Let 𝑋 denote the number of heads obtained when a coin is tossed 4 times.
1
∴ We have, 𝑛 = 4, 𝑝 =
2
1 𝑟 1 4−𝑟 1 4
Also, 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = 4𝐶 𝑟 = ( ) ( ) = 4𝐶 𝑟 = ( ) ,
2 2 2
𝑟 = 0,1,2,3,4
1 4 1 4
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 4𝐶 0 = ( ) = ( )
2 2
1 4 1 4
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 4𝐶1 ( ) = 4. ( )
2 2
4
1 1 4
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 4𝐶2 ( ) = 6. ( )
2 2
4
1 1 4
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 4𝐶 3 ( ) = 4. ( )
2 2
4
1 1 4
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 4𝐶 4 ( ) = ( )
2 2
The probability distribution of 𝑋 is given by
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
4 4 4 4
𝑃(𝑋) 1 1 1 1 1 4
( ) 4. ( ) 6. ( ) 4. ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
∴ Mean = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4
= [0 × ( ) + 1 × 4 ( ) + 2 × 6 ( ) + 3 × 4 ( ) + 4 × ( ) ]
2 2 2 2 2
4
1 32
= ( ) × [4 + 12 + 12 + 4] = =2
2 16
Variance = ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋) − (∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋))2
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4
= [0 × ( ) + 1 × 4 ( ) + 4 × 6 ( ) + 9 × 4 × ( ) + 16 × ( ) ] − (2)2
2 2 2 2 2
1 4
= ( ) [4 + 24 + 36 + 16] − 4 = 1
2

82. For a binomial variate 𝑋, with 𝑛 = 6 and probability of success = 𝑝, we have

𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = 6𝐶 𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 6−𝑟 where, 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝
Given, 9. 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
⇒ 9.6𝐶 4 . 𝑃4 𝑞2 = 6𝐶 2 𝑝2 𝑞 4 ⇒ 9.6𝐶 2 . 𝑝2 = 6𝐶 2 𝑞 2
⇒ 9𝑝2 = (1 − 𝑝)2 = 1 − 2𝑝 + 𝑝2 ⇒ 8𝑝2 + 2𝑝 − 1 = 0
−2+√4+32
⇒ 𝑝= (Reject – 𝑣𝑒 sign as 𝑝 can’t be – 𝑣𝑒)
16
4 1
⇒ 𝑝= = .
16 4

13 1
83. Let 𝑝 =Probability of a card to be a spade = =
52 4
1 3
𝑞 =Probability of a card not to be a spade = 1 − =
4 4

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 508

1
If 𝑋 represents the number of spade cards, then we have 𝑛 = 4, 𝑝 =
4
Also, 𝑝(𝑋 = 𝑟) = 4𝐶 𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 4−𝑟 , 𝑟 = 0,1 … ,4
1
(i) 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 4𝐶 4 𝑝4 = 𝑝4 =
256
2 2 1 9 27
(ii) 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 4𝐶 2 𝑝 𝑞 = 6. . =
16 16 128

3 3
84. Let 𝑝 =probability of success = =
3+1 4
3 1
𝑞 =Probability of failure = 1 − =
4 4
Here, 𝑛 = 5.
Let 𝑋 be the random variable denoting the number of successes.
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = 5𝐶 𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 5−𝑟 , 𝑟 = 0,1, … ,5
∴ Probability of at least 3 successes
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5)
= 5𝐶 3 𝑝 3 𝑞 2 + 5𝐶 4 𝑝 4 𝑞 1 + 5𝐶 5 𝑝 5
3 3 1 2 3 4 1 3 5
= 10 ( ) ( ) + 5 ( ) ( ) + ( )
4 4 4 4 4
270 + 405 + 243 918 459
= = =
45 1024 512
1 1 1
85. Suppose a man tosses a fair coin 𝑛 times, we have 𝑝 = and 𝑞 = 1 − =
2 2 2
1 𝑟 1 𝑛−𝑟
Then, 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = 𝑛𝐶 𝑟 = ( ) ( )
2 2
1 𝑛
= 𝑛𝐶 𝑟 ( ) , 𝑟 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛
2
80
Given, 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) >
100
80 80
⇒ 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) > ⇒ 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) < 1 −
100 100
1 𝑛 2 1 𝑛 1
⇒ 𝑛𝐶 0 ( ) < ⇒( ) <
2 100 2 5
1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1
Clearly, ≮ , ( ) ≮ but ( ) <
2 5 2 5 2 5
𝑛
1 1
∴ ( ) < ⇒ 𝑛 = 3,4,5, …
2 5
Thus, he must toss the coin atleast 3 times.
1
86. Here, 𝑛 = 6, 𝑝 =Probability of getting 6 =
6
1 5
𝑞 =1−𝑝 =1− =
6 6
Required probability = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
1 0 5 6 1 1 5 5 1 2 5 4
= 6𝐶 0 ( ) ( ) + 6𝐶 1 ( ) ( ) + 6𝐶 2 ( ) ( )
6 6 6 6 6 6

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 509

5 4 25 5 15
=( ) [ + + ]
6 36 6 36
70 5 4 7 5 5
= ×( ) = ( )
36 6 3 6

87. Total number of outcomes in a throw of a pair of dice = 36.

Doubles appearing in a throw of a pair of dice.
= {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
∴ Number of doublets = 6
6 1
Probability of appearance of a doublet = =
36 6
Let 𝑋 denote the number of doublets in 3 throws of a pair of dice, then
5 3 1 0 125
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 3𝐶 0 × ( ) × ( ) =
6 6 216
2 1
5 1 25 × 3 75
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 3𝐶 1 = ( ) × ( ) = =
6 6 216 216
1 2
5 1 15
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 3𝐶 2 = ( ) × ( ) =
6 6 216
0 3
5 1 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 3𝐶 3 × ( ) × ( ) =
6 6 216
The probability distribution is
𝑋 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑋) 125 75 15 1
216 216 216 216
Now, 𝑃 (candidate would get 4 or more correct answers)
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5)
1 4 2 1 5 2 0
= 5𝐶 4 × ( ) × ( ) + 5𝐶 5 ( ) × ( )
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 11
= 5 × 5 × 2 + 5 = 5 [10 + 1] =
3 3 3 243

89. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 87.

The probability distribution is
𝑋 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑋) 125 75 15 1
216 216 216 216
∴ Mean = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)
125 75 15 1
=0× +1× +2× +3×
216 216 216 216
75 + 30 + 3 108 1
= = =
216 216 2

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 510

1
90. Probability of obtaining 6 in a throw of die =
6
5
∴ Probability of obtaining a number other than 6 =
6
𝑃 (Obtaining 3𝑟𝑑 six in sixth throw of dice)
1
= 𝑃 (Obtaining two sixes in first five throws)×
6
2 3
1 5 1 625
= 5𝐶 2 × ( ) × ( ) × =
6 6 6 23328

91. Total number of cards = 52

Number of spade cards = 13
13 1
Probability of success, 𝑝 = =
52 4
1 3
𝑞 =1−𝑝 =1− =
4 4
Let 𝑋 denote the number of successes, then
0 3
3 3 27
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 3𝐶 0 𝑝 𝑞 = ( ) =
4 64
Required probability distribution is
𝑋 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑋) 27 27 9 1
64 64 64 64
5 1
92. Let 𝑝 be the probability of getting a bad orange. Then 𝑝 = = and 𝑞 =
25 5
1 4
1− =
5 5
Let 𝑋 be the random variable denoting the number of bad oranges drawn.
1 4
∴ We have, 𝑛 = 4, 𝑝 = , 𝑞 =
5 5
1 0 4 4 256
Now, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 4𝐶 0 ( ) ( ) =
5 5 625
1 1 4 4 256
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 4𝐶 1 ( ) ( ) =
5 5 625
2 2
1 4 96
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 4𝐶 2 ( ) ( ) =
5 5 625
3 1
1 4 16
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 4𝐶 3 ( ) ( ) =
5 5 625
4 0
1 4 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 4𝐶 4 ( ) ( ) =
5 5 625
The probability distribution of 𝑋 given by
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 256 256 96 16 1
625 625 625 625 625
Now, mean (𝑋̃) = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 511

256 256 96 16 1
=0× +1× +2× +3× +4×
625 625 625 625 625
1 4
= (256 + 192 + 48 + 4) =
625 5
Also, Var(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋) − (∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋))2
256 256 96 16 1 4 2
=0× +1× +4× +9× + 16 × −( )
625 625 625 625 625 5
1 16
= (256 + 384 + 144 + 16) −
625 25
800 16 16
= − =
625 25 25

93. Total number of outcomes in a throw of a pair of dice=36

Pair of dice= 36
Number of doublets= 6
6 1
∴ Probability of success(𝑃) = =
36 6
1 5
∴𝑞 =1−𝑝 =1− =
6 6
Let 𝑋 denotes the number of successes in 4 throws of a pair of dice.
1 0 5 4 625
Now, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 4𝐶0 ( ) ( ) =
6 6 1296
1 5 3 500
𝑃(𝑥 = 1) = 4𝐶1 ( ) ( ) =
6 6 1296
1 5 3 150
𝑃(𝑥 = 2) = 4𝐶2 ( ) ( ) =
6 6 1296
1 3 5 20
𝑃(𝑥 = 3) = 4𝐶3 ( ) ( ) =
6 6 1296
1 4 5 1
𝑃(𝑥 = 4) = 4𝐶4 ( ) ( ) =
6 6 1296
∴ Required probability distribution is
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 625 500 150 20 1
1296 1296 1296 1296 1296

∴ Mean (𝜇) = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)

625 500 150 20 1
=0× +1× +2× +3× +4×
1296 1296 1296 1296 1296
864 2
= =
1296 3
2
Variance (𝜎)2 = ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑃(𝑋) − (∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋))
500 600 180 16 4
= + + + −
1296 1296 1296 1296 9
1296 4 4 5
= − =1− =
1296 9 9 9

94. Total number of bulbs= 15

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 512

Number of defective bulbs= 5

5 1
𝑃 (defective bulb)= =
15 3
Number of non-defective bulbs= 10
10 2
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏) = =
15 3
Let 𝑋 be a random variable that denotes the number of defective bulbs in a draw of 4
bulbs.
∴ 𝑋 can take values 0,1,2,3 and 4.
Now, using binomial distribution,
1 0 2 4 16
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 4𝐶0 ( ) ( ) =
3 3 81
1 2 3 32
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 4𝐶1 ( ) ( ) =
3 3 81
2 2
1 2 24
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 4𝐶2 ( ) ( ) =
3 3 81
3
1 2 8
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 4𝐶3 ( ) ( ) =
3 3 81
4
1 2 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 4𝐶4 ( ) ( ) =
3 3 81
∴ The probability distribution of 𝑋 is as follows:
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 16 32 24 8 1
81 81 81 81 81

and mean, 𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑋)

0 + 32 + 48 + 24 + 4 108 4
= = =
81 81 3

95. Total number of cards= 52

Number of diamond cards= 13
Let 𝑝 denotes the probability of obtaining a diamond card in one trial.
13 1 3
∴𝑝= = ,𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = ,𝑛 = 5
52 4 4
Let 𝑋 denote the number of diamond cards drawn. Using binomial distribution, 𝑃(𝑋 =
𝑟 = 𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑃′𝑞 𝑛−1
(i) 𝑃(𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠)
1 5 3 5−5 1
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = 5𝑐5 ( ) ( ) =
4 4 1024
(ii) 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑)
1 0 3 5−0 243
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 5𝑐0 ( ) ( ) =
4 4 1024

96. Let 𝑋 denote the number of defective bulbs drawn, then 𝑋 can take values 0,1,2

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)

PROBABILITY P a g e | 513

3
Probability of drawing defective bulb =
10
7
Probability of drawing non- defective bulb =
10
7 2 3 0 49
Then, 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 2𝐶0 × ( ) × ( ) =
10 10 100
7 1 3 1 42
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 2𝐶1 × ( ) × ( ) =
10 10 100
0 2
7 3 9
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 2𝐶2 × ( ) × ( ) =
10 10 100
Hence, probability distribution of 𝑋 is

𝑋 0 1 2
𝑃(𝑋) 49 42 9
100 100 100

Alfa Square Academy Anish Sir (9999886367)