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Labaad
SQL Course
Semester Four
Chapter TWO
DDL & DML
 SQL Commands

SQL Commands are instructions that are used by the user to communicate with the
database, to perform specific tasks, functions and queries of data
 Koowaad
Qaybta
Section ONE
Data Definition Language
 Data Definition Language update
DDL is used to define and modify database structures.
 CREATE Command

The CREATE statement in SQL is used to create new databases, tables, indexes, or other
database objects. The most commonly used form is CREATE TABLE, which defines a
new table and its columns.

Create Object Object Name

• Table
• Database
• Views
 CREATE Command

Before creating tables, we first need to create a database where all the tables will be
stored.
command
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Create Database School

Database Is fixed when

Keyword Database Name
we creating database
 Using the Database

Once the database is created, we need to select it before creating tables.

command
tama
keyword object
USE School

Keyword Database Name

 Show All Databases in SQL Server

SELECT * FROM sys.databases

command
 CREATE Command - Tables

To create table in database

Create Table Students

Table Key word Is fixed when

Keyword Table Name
we creating tables
 Create Table Syntax

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column_name1 data_type Constraints,
column_name2 data_type [NULL | NOT NULL],
column_name3 data_type [NULL | NOT NULL],
...,
);
SQL Data Types
 one
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SQL Constraints
 Create Table Students

CREATE TABLE Students (

STUDENT_ID INT NOT NULL Primary Key,
StudentName Varchar(100),
Age INT CHECK (Age >0),
Enrollment_Date DATETIME DEFAULT,
Class Varchar(10) ,
);
 Create Table Grades

CREATE TABLE Grades (

STUDENT_ID INT,
Subject Varchar(25),
Score INT CHECK (SCORE Between 0 and 100),
Exam_DATE DATETIME DEFAULT,
FOREIGN KEY (STUDENT_ID) REFERENCES
Students(STUDENT_ID)
);
 View Table Structure

EXEC sp_help Students ;

 ALTER
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 ALTER

The ALTER statement is used to modify an existing table structure without deleting or
recreating it. It allows us to add, delete, or modify columns and constraints
in a table

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD | DROP | MODIFY | ALTER COLUMN column_name data_type;
 ALTER

The ALTER statement is used to modify an existing table structure without deleting or
recreating it. It allows us to add, delete, or modify columns and constraints
in a table

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD | DROP | MODIFY | ALTER COLUMN column_name data_type;
 ALTER

Adding new column with an existing table using Alter

ALTER TABLE students ADD Age int;

Now, the "Students" table has an extra column named "Age"

 Modifying an Existing Column

Changing the data type or constraints of a column

ALTER TABLE students ALTER COLUMN age BIGINT;

 Deleting a Column

Removing an unnecessary column

ALTER TABLE students Drop COLUMN age;

! Be careful! Dropping a column permanently deletes its data

⚠
 Adding a Constraint

Adding a NOT NULL constraint to a column

ALTER TABLE students Alter COLUMN FirstName Varchar(50) NOT NULL;

DROP
 DROP

The DROP statement is used to remove objects like databases, tables, columns,
or constraints permanently from the database.

Drop Object Object Name

Database, Table Object Name

Keyword
 DROP

Dropping a Database

Drop Database school_db

Dropping a Table

Drop Table students

 Labaad
Qoybta

Section Two
Data Manipulation Language
 Data Manipulation Language

• DML is a subset of SQL used for managing and manipulating data in

a database
• It allows you to retrieve, insert, update, and delete records in the
database tables.

DML

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9
1 tirtat
I Insert Update Delete
 Overview of DML

Command Purpose Example

SELECT Retrieves data from one or SELECT * FROM Students
more tables.
INSERT Adds new rows to a table. INSERT INTO Students (ID,
Name) VALUES (1, Ahmed')
UPDATE Modifies existing records. UPDATE Students SET Name =
Ali' WHERE ID = 1
DELETE Removes records from a table. DELETE FROM Students
WHERE ID = 1
 INSERT Command

The INSERT command adds new rows of data to a table.

INSERT INTO TABLE table_name (column1 ,column2 , column3 )

Values (‘value’, ‘value’, ‘value’ )
 INSERT Command

The INSERT command adds new rows of data to a table.

 UPDATE Command

The UPDATE command modifies existing records in a table based on a condition.

Update TABLE table_name SET column = value , column = value

Where condition;
 UPDATE Command

The UPDATE command modifies existing records in a table based on a condition.

 DELETE Command

The DELETE command removes records from a table based on a condition

Delete FROM table_name Where condition;

 SELECT Command

The SELECT command is used to query the database and retrieve data from one or
more tables

SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE

condition
 SELECT All Columns

If you want to select all columns from a table, use the asterisk * symbol:

SELECT * FROM Students ;

 SELECT Specific Columns

To retrieve specific columns, specify the column names

This will retrieve the StudentName, Age, and Class columns from the Students table.
SELECT with WHERE Clause (Filtering Data)

The WHERE clause is used to filter records based on a condition. For example, to
select students who are 20 years old or older

This will retrieve the StudentName and Age of students who are 20 years old or older
 saddataad
Qousta

Section Three
ALIAS
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 ALIAS

• An alias is a temporary name assigned to a table or a column in a

query. It does not change the actual table or column name but
makes the output more readable.

Aliases

Column Table
 Column ALIAS

• Used to rename column names in the output

• The AS keyword is used
Formatting Column Names with out AS
 Table Alias

• Shortens table names for better readability in complex queries

• Mostly used when working with joins

Aliases

Column Table
 four
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Section SQL Operators

AFaraad
Qaybta
 Operators in SQL

• Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to

serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.

Operators

Arithmetic Comparison Logical

operators operators operators
 SQL Arithmetic Operators

• Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to

serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.
 SQL Arithmetic Operators
Examples
 SQL Comparison Operators
Examples
 SQL Comparison Operators

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

 Retrieving High- Earning Customers
This query selects all customers whose salary is greater than 5000 from the
CUSTOMERS table
 Retrieving Customers with a Salary of 2000
This query selects all records from the CUSTOMERS table where the salary is
exactly 2000.
 Retrieving Customers with a Salary Not Equal to 2000

This query selects all records from the CUSTOMERS table where the salary is
NOT 2000.
 SQL Logical Operators
• Here is a list of all the logical operators available in SQL
 SQL Comparison Operators

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

 Retrieving Customers with a Non-Null Age
This query selects all records from the CUSTOMERS table where the age is not
NULL
 Retrieving Customers Whose Names Start with 'Ko'

This query selects all customers from the CUSTOMERS table whose name starts with 'Ko'
using the LIKE operator. The % wildcard allows for any characters to follow the 'Ko'
 Retrieving Customers Aged Between 25 and 27
This query selects all records from the CUSTOMERS table where the age is between 25
and 27, inclusive, using the BETWEEN operator
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leadihiin Quiz Assignant

Done for Chapter Two

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