The Software Development

Process
 The process of creating a program is often broken
down into stages according to the information that is
produced in each phase.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 2

The Software Development
Process
 Analyze the Problem
 Figure out exactly the problem to be solved. Try to
understand it as much as possible.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 3

The Software Development
Process
 Determine Specifications
 Describe exactly what your program will do.
 Don't worry about how the program will work, but
what it will do.
 Includes describing the inputs, outputs, and how
they relate to one another.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 4

The Software Development
Process
 Create a Design
 Formulate the overall structure of the program.
 This is where the how of the program gets worked
out.
 Develop your own algorithm that meets the
specifications.
 Algorithm
• a well-defined recipe for solving a problem
o Has a finite number of steps

o Completes in a finite amount of time

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 5

The Software Development
Process
 Create a Design
 Often referred to as pseudocode
 Pseudocode is a dummy language.
• It has no defined instruction. But it's instructions must be
completely clear.
• It must be completely detailed.
• It is easily convertible to programming languages.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 6

The Software Development
Process
 Create a Design
 Flowchart
 A graphical model to represent an algorithm
 Steps are shown with boxes of different shapes
 The flow is specified by arrows

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 7

The Software Development
Process
 Implement the Design
 Translate the design into a computer language.
 In this course we will use Python.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 8

The Software Development
Process
 Test/Debug the Program
 Try out your program to see if it worked.
 If there are any errors (bugs), they need to be
located and fixed. This process is called debugging.
 Your goal is to find errors, so try everything that
might "break" your program!

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 9

The Software Development
Process
 Maintain the Program
 Continue developing the program in response to the
needs of your users.
 In the real world, most programs are never
completely finished – they evolve over time.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 10

Example Program:
Temperature Converter
 Analysis
 the temperature is given in Celsius, user wants it
expressed in degrees Fahrenheit.

 Specification
 Input: temperature in Celsius
 Output: temperature in Fahrenheit
 Relationship: Output = 9/5(input) + 32

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 11

Example Program:
Temperature Converter
 Design

1.Begin
2.C ← input from user
3.F ← C x 9/5 + 32
4.Output F
5.End

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 12

Example Program:
Temperature Converter
 Implementation
 Now we need to convert this to Python!

C = eval(input("What is the Celsius temperature? "))

F = (9/5) * C + 32
print("Temperature is ",F," degrees Fahrenheit.")

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 13

Example Program:
Temperature Converter
 Once we write a program, we should test it!

What is the Celsius temperature? 0

The temperature is 32.0 degrees Fahrenheit.

What is the Celsius temperature? 100

The temperature is 212.0 degrees Fahrenheit.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 14

Example Program:
Average of Grades
 Analysis
 Given the grades of N students of a class, the user
wants the average grade.

 Specification
 Input: Grades of students (N grades)
 Output: The average grade
1
 Process: Average = 𝑁 σ𝑁𝑖=1 𝐺𝑖

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 15

Example Program:
Average of Grades
 Design: Flowchart

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 16

Example Program:
Average of Grades
 Design: pseudocode
1.Begin
2.N ← input from user
3.i← 0
4.Sum← 0
5.G ← input from user
6.Sum ← Sum + G
7.i← i+ 1
8.If i< N then go to step 5
9.Average ← Sum / N
10.Output Average
11.End

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 17

Example Program:
Average of Grades
 Implementation

N = eval(input("number of students:"))
i=0
Sum = 0
for i in range(N):
G = eval(input("next grade:"))
Sum = Sum + G
Average = Sum / N
print(Average)

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 18

Example Program:
Average of Grades
 Test

number of students:5
next grade:11
next grade:12
next grade:13
next grade:14
next grade:15
13.0

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 19

Some Simple Problem
Objectives
 Write a program that asks the user for their name
and greets them with their name.
 The user wants the summation of 1 to 10.
 Given a number N, the user wants the average and
summation of odd numbers less or equal to N.
 Given a number, the user wants to know if it is prime
or not.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 20

Some Simple Problem
Objectives

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 21

Some Simple Problem
Objectives

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 22

Elements of Programs
 <variable> = <value>
 Names
 Names are given to variables (C, F,Sum,i), etc.
 These names are called identifiers
 Every identifier must begin with a letter or
underscore ("_"), followed by any sequence of
letters, digits, or underscores.
 Identifiers are case sensitive.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 23

Elements of Programs
 These are all different, valid names
• X
• Celsius
• Spam
• spam
• spAm
• Spam_and_Eggs
• Spam_And_Eggs
• _spam245
• __10
 Not valid
• 44spAm

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 24

Elements of Programs
 Some identifiers are part of Python itself. These
identifiers are known as reserved words (or
keywords).
 This means they are not available for you to use as
a name for a variable, etc. in your program.
 and, del, for, is, raise, assert,
elif, in, etc.
 For a complete list, see Table 2.1 (p. 32)

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 25

Elements of Programs

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 26

Elements of Programs
 Expressions
 The fragments of code that produce or calculate
new data values are called expressions.
 Literals are used to represent a specific value, e.g.
3.9, 1, 1.0, 32
 Simple identifiers can also be expressions.
 Also included are strings (textual data) and string
literals (like "Hello", "32").

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 27

Elements of Programs
>>> x = 5
>>> x
5
>>> print(x)
5
>>> print(spam)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#15>", line 1, in -toplevel-
print spam
NameError: name 'spam' is not defined
>>>

 NameError is the error when you try to use a variable without a

value assigned to it.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 28

Elements of Programs
 Simpler expressions can be combined using
operators.
 +, -, *, /, **
 Spaces are irrelevant within an expression.
 The normal mathematical precedence applies.
 ((x1 – x2) / 2*n) + (spam / k**3)

 >>> "Bat" + "man"

'Batman'

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 29

Elements of Programs
 Output Statements
 print()
 print(<expr>, <expr>, …, <expr>)
 A print statement can print any number of
expressions.
 Successive print statements will display on separate
lines.
 A bare print will print a blank line.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 30

Elements of Programs

Code:
var = -2
nextVar = var * var / 4 Output:
print(3+4) 7
print(3, 4, 3+4) 3 4 7
print()
print("The answer is", 3+4) The answer is 7
print("var is", var,".") var is -2 .
print(nextVar) 1.0

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 31

Assignment Statements
 Simple Assignment

 <variable> = <expr>

 variable is an identifier, expr is an expression

 The expression on the RHS is evaluated to produce a
value which is then associated with the variable
named on the LHS.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 32

Assignment Statements
x = 5
celsius = 20
x = 3.9 * x * (1-x)
fahrenheit = 9/5 * celsius + 32
y = x ** fahrenheit
z1 = "first"
z2 = "last"
z = z1 + z2

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 33

Assignment Statements
 Variables can be reassigned as many times as you
want!
>>> myVar = 0
>>> myVar
0
>>> myVar = 7
>>> myVar
7
>>> myVar = myVar + 1
>>> myVar
8
>>> myVar = "something"
>>> myVar
"something"

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 34

Assignment Statements
 ''variable as a box" is not right.
 Variables are like a box we can put values in.
 When a variable changes, the old value is erased
and a new one is written in.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 35

Assignment Statements
 Technically, this model of assignment is simplistic for
Python.
 Python doesn't overwrite these memory locations
(boxes).
 Assigning a variable is more like putting a "sticky
note" on a value and saying, "this is x".

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 36

Assigning Input
 The purpose of an input statement is to get input
from the user and store it into a variable.

 <variable> = input(<prompt>)

 First the prompt is printed

 The input part waits for the user to enter a value
and press <enter>
 The value is assigned to the variable as a string.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 37

Assigning Input
>>> name = input ("Enter your name: ")
Enter your name: John Yaya
>>> name
'John Yaya'
>>>

>>> ans = input ("Enter an expression: ")

Enter an expression: 3 + 4 * 5
>>> print (ans)
'3 + 4 * 5'
>>>

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 38

Assigning Input
 <variable> = eval(input(<prompt>))

 The expression that was entered is evaluated to

turn it from a string of characters into a Python value
(a number).

>>> ans = eval (input ("Enter an expression: ") )

Enter an expression: 3 + 4 * 5
>>> print (ans)
23

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 39

Simultaneous Assignment
 Several values can be calculated at the same time
 <var>, <var>, … = <expr>, <expr>, …
 Evaluate the expressions in the RHS and assign them
to the variables on the LHS

x, y = 2, 4
sum, diff = x+y, x-y

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 40

Simultaneous Assignment
 How could you use this to swap the values for x and
y?
x = y
y = x

 Why doesn't this work?

# variables x=2, y=4
x = y
# now x=4, y=4
y = x
# final x=4, y=4 , wrong solution

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 41

Simultaneous Assignment
 We could use a temporary variable…
temp = x
x = y
y = temp
 Why does this work?
# variables x y temp
# initial values 2 4 no value yet
temp = x
# 2 4 2
x = y
# 4 4 2
y = temp
# 4 2 2

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 42

Simultaneous Assignment
 We can swap the values of two variables quite easily
in Python!
x, y = y, x

>>> x = 3
>>> y = 4
>>> print(x, y)
3 4
>>> x, y = y, x
>>> print(x, y)
4 3
Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 43
Simultaneous Assignment
 We can use this same idea to input multiple variables
from a single input statement!
 Use commas to separate the inputs

spam, eggs = eval(input("Enter num of slices of spam

followed by num of eggs:"))
print ("You ordered", eggs, "eggs and", spam, "slices of
spam. Yum!")

Enter num of slices of spam followed by num of eggs: 3, 2

You ordered 2 eggs and 3 slices of spam. Yum!

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 44

Definite Loops
 A definite loop executes a definite number of times,
i.e., at the time Python starts the loop it knows
exactly how many iterations to do.
 The beginning and end of the body are indicated by
indentation.

for <var> in <sequence>:

<body>

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 45

Definite Loops
for <var> in <sequence>:
<body>

 The variable after the for is called the loop index. It

takes on each successive value in sequence.
 Often, the sequence portion consists of a list of
values.
 A list is a sequence of expressions in square
brackets.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 46

Definite Loops
>>>for i in [2.5, 4, -1, 3]:
print(i)
2.5
4
-1
3
>>>for odd in [1, 3, 5, 7]:
odd = 2 * odd
print(odd*odd)
4
36
100
196
Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 47
Definite Loops
 what did range(10) do?

>>> list(range(10))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

 range is a built-in Python function that generates a

sequence of numbers, starting with 0.
 The body of the loop executes 10 times.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 48

Definite Loops
count = 0
for i in range(7):
print (i)
count = count + 1
print("count =", count)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
count = 7
Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 49
Definite Loops
for <var> in <sequence>:
<body>

 for loops alter the flow of

program execution, so they
are referred to as control
structures.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 50

Question: True/False
 The best way to write a program is to immediately type in
some code and then debug it until it works.
 An algorithm can be written without using a programming
language.
 Keywords make good variable names.
 Python does not allow the input of multiple values with a
single statement.
 A counted loop is designed to iterate a specific number of
times.
 In a flowchart, diamonds are used to show statement
sequences, and rectangles are used for decision points.

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 51

Question: Output?
print ("start")
for i in range (0):
print ("Hello")
print ("end")

IndentationError: expected an indented block

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 52

Question: Output?
print ("start")
for i in range (0):
print ("Hello")
print ("end")

start
end

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 53

Question: Output?
print ("start")
for i in range (3):
print ("Hello")
print ("end")

start
Hello
Hello
Hello
end

Fundamentals of Computer & Programming 54