MA 102/AM 102 (Mathematics)

Assignment-3
Special Function
Q.1 Classify into ordinary point (OP), regular singular point (RSP) and irregular singular point (ISP) of the
following differential equations.

(a) x2 (x2 − 4)y ′′ + 2x3 y ′ + 3y = 0,

(b) ex y ′′ + 2y ′ − xy = 0,
(c) y ′′ + (x2 + 1)y ′ − 3x2 y = 0,
(d) x(x − 1)2 (x + 2)y ′′ + x2 y ′ − (x3 + 2x − 1)y = 0
(e) x2 (x − 2)y ′′ + 2(x − 2)y ′ + (x + 1)y = 0,
(f) x(x − 1)3 y ′′ + 2(x − 1)3 y ′ + 3y = 0,

Answer:
(a): x = 0, ±2 are RSP, No ISP, All points except x = 0 ± 2 are OP. (b):Any point is OP, no singular
points. (c): Any point is OP, no singular points. (d): x = 0, −2 are RSP; x = 1 is ISP; All other points
are OP (e): x = 0, 2 are SP; x = 0 is ISP; x = 2 is RSP; All other points OP (f): x = 0 RSP; x = 1ISP;
All other points OP

Q.2 Find the power series solution of the following differential equations:

(a) (1 + x2 )y ′′( + xy ′ − y = 0 about x =

) 0.
2 4 6
Ans.: y = a0 1 + x2 − x8 + x16 − ...... + a1 x.

(b) y ′′ + 2xy ′ + (1 − x2 )y = 0 y(0) = −2, and y ′ (0) = 2.

Ans.: y(x) = −2 + 2x + x2 − x3 − 12 7 4 9 5
x + 20 x + .......

(c) y ′′ + xy = 0 (about x = 0. ) ( )
Ans.: y(x) = a0 1 − 16 x3 + 180 1
x6 − ....... + a1 x − 1 4
12 x + 1
504 x
7
− ....... .

(d) (x − 1)y ′′ + xy ′ + y, y(0) = 2, and y ′ (0) = −1

4 5
Ans.: y = 2 − x + x2 + x4 + 3x 20 + ......

(e) y ′′ − y = 0 about x = 1,
Ans.: y(x) = a0 cosh(x − 1) + a1 sinh(x − 1)

Q.3 Using method of Frobenius, obtain series solution of the following differential equations.

(a): 8x2 y ′′ + 10xy ′ − (1 + x)y = 0,

Ans.: x =(0 -RSP; Indicial roots: 14 and − 12 ; ) ( )
∑∞ 1
xn+ 4
∑∞ xn− 2
1
+ B x− 2 + n=1
1
y(x) = A x1/4 + n=1 2n .n!7.11...(4n−1)(4n+3) 2n .n!1.5.9...(4n−3)

(b): 9x(1 − x)y ′′ − 12y ′ + 4y = 0 about x = 0,

Ans.: x =(0-RSP; Roots: 0 and 7/3, ) 7 ( )
y(x) = A 1 + 31 x + 1.4 2 1.4.7 3
3.6 x + 3.6.9 x + ..... + Bx
3 1+ 8
10 x + 8.11 2
10.13 x + 8.11.14 3
10.13.16 x + ....

(c): x2 y ′′ − (x − x2 )y ′ + y = 0,
Ans.: x = 0-RSP;
( Roots-1,1; ) { ( ) ( )}
2 3
x2 x3 3 x2 11 x3
y(x) = Ax 1 + x + x2! + x3! + ..... +B x loge x 1 + x + 2! + 3! + ..... − x x + 2 2! + 6 3! + ..... .

(d): xy ′′ + y ′ + xy = 0,
Ans.: x =(0-RSP; Roots-0 (equal roots);) { ( ) ( 2 )}
2 4 6
x2 x4 x6
y(x) = A 1 − x22 + 22x.42 − 22 .4x2 .62 + .... +B loge x 1 − 22 + 22 .42 − 22 .42 .62 + .... + x22 − 1
22 .42 (1 + 12 )x4 + .... .

(e): x2 y ′′ + xy ′ (x2 − 4)y = 0,

Ans.:x = 0-RSP; Roots:-2 and 2;

1
 ( 4 6 8
)
y(x) = Ax−2 − 2x2 .4 + 23x.4.6 − 23 .4x2 .6.8 − ....
{ ( 4 6 8
) ( )}
x2 x4
+ Bx−2 loge x. − 2x2 .4 + 23x.4.6 − 23 .4x2 .6.8 − .... + 1 + 22 + 22 .42 + .... .

(f): x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + (x2 − 1))y = 0,

Ans.: x = 0-RSP;( 2Roots; -1 and 1; )
−1 x4 x6
y(x) = Ax − 2 + 22 .4 − 22 .4
x
2 .6 − ....
{ ( 2 4
) ( )}
x6 x2
+ Bx−1 loge x. − x2 + 2x2 .4 − 22 .4 2 .6 − .... + 1+ 22 − 1 2
22 .4 ( 2 + 14 )x4 + .... .

Q.4 Express the following in terms of Legendre’s polynomials

(a): P (x) = x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 − x − 3,

21 P2 (x) + 5 P1 (x) −
8
Ans.: p(x) = 35 P4 (x) + 45 P3 (x) + 40 1 224
105 P0 (x)

(b): P (x) = 4x3 − 2x2 − 3x + 8,

Ans.: p(x) = 58 P3 (x) − 34 P2 (x) − 35 P1 (x) + 22
5 P0 (x)

(c): p(x) = x5 ,
8 28 27
Ans.: p(x) = 63 P5 (x) + 63 P3 (x) + 63 P1 (x)

(d): p(x) = 2x + 10x3 ,

Ans.: P (x) = 8P1 (x) + 4P3 (x)

Q.5 Show that (i) Pn (1) = 1, (ii) Pn (−x) = (−1)n Pn (x), and hence deduce that Pn (−1) = (−1)n .

Q.6 Use Rodrigue’s formula, prove the following.

∫ +1 ∫ +1
(a): −1
Pn (x)dx = 0, n ̸= 0 (b): −1
P0 (x)dx = 2.
∫ +1
(c): −1
xm Pn (x) dx = 0.

∫ +1 ′
Q.7 Prove that −1
(1 − x2 )Pm (x)p′n (x) dx = 0, m ̸= n.

Q.8 When n is a non-negative integer,show that J−n (x) = (−1)n Jn (x).

√ ( )
Q.9 Show that J 52 (x) = 2x
π
3
x3 − 1
x − 3
x2 cosx.

( 384 ) ( )
Q.10 Express J5 (x) in terms of J0 (x) and J1 (x). Ans.: J5 (x) = x4 − 72
x2 + 1 J1 (x) − 192
x3 −
12
x J0 (x).

[n ]
Q.11 Show that d 2
dx [Jn (x)
2
+ Jn+1 (x)] = 2 2
x Jn (x) − n+1 2
x Jn+1 (x) .

√ ( )
2 cosx
Q.12 Prove that J− 32 (x) = πx sinx + x .

( )
Q.13 Show that J2′ (x) = 1 − 4
x2 J1 (x) + x2 J0 (x).

∫
Q.14 Evaluate (i): ∫x2 J1 (x) dx. Ans.: 2J1 (x) − x2 J0 (x) + c ∫
(ii): x3 J3 (x) dx. Ans.: −x3 J2 (x) − 5x2 J1 (x) − 15xJ0 (x) + 15 J0 (x)dx

[ ]
Q.15 Show that d
dx {x.Jn (x).Jn+1 (x)} = x Jn2 (x) − Jn+1
2
(x) .

*THE END*