Department of Mathematics, IIT Madras

MA 2020 - Differential Equations, Instructor: Prof. A. K. B. Chand

2022-2023 : First Semester - BATCH-1
Problem Sheet-2: Homogeneous and Exact Differential Equations

1. Verify that the following differential equations are homogeneous. Apply suitable substitution, solve
these equations by separation variable method:
dy dy
(i) (x2 − 2y 2 )dx + xydy = 0 (ii) x2 y 0 − 3xy − 2y 2 = 0 (iii) y 2 + x2 = xy
dx dx
y dy 3 dy
y
p
3 2
(iv)(x + y)dy = (y − x)dx (v) x sin( x ) = y sin( x ) + x (vi)x = y + y y 2 − x2
dx dx
(vii) 2y exp(x/y)dx + (y − 2x exp(x/y))dy = 0
(viii) (x exp(y/x) − y sin(y/x))dx + x sin(y/x)dy = 0
p
(ix) (y + x2 + y 2 )dx − xdy = 0, y(1) = 0.

2. (i) If ae 6= bd, show that constants h and k can be chosen in such a way that the substitutions x = z−h,
y = w − k reduce
dy  ax + by + c 
=F
dx dx + ey + f
to a homogeneous equation.
(ii) If ae = bd, find a suitable substitution that reduces the equation in (i) to one in which the variables
are separable.

3. Solve the following equations:

dy x+y+4 dy x+y+4 dy x+y−1 dy 2x + 3y + 4
(i) = (ii) = (iii) = (iv) =
dx x−y−6 dx x+y−6 dx x + 4y + 2 dx 4x + 6y + 5
dy 4x − 6y − 1 dy x + 2y − 3 dy y+2
(v) = (vi) = (vii) =
dx 2x − 3y + 2 dx 2x + y − 3 dx x+y+1

4. By making the substitution z = y/xn or y = zxn and choosing a convenient value of n, show that
the following differential equations can be transformed into equations with separable variables, and
thereby solve them:
dy 1 − xy 2 dy y − xy 2 dy 2 + 3xy 2 dy 2y x3 y
(i) = (ii) = (iii) = (iv) = + + x tan
dx 2x2 y dx x + x2 y dx 4x2 y dx x y x2
5. Test the following equations for exactness and solve it if it is exact:
(i) (x + y2 )dy + ydx = 0 (ii) (y − x3 )dx + (x + y 3 )dy = 0 (iii) ey dx + (xey + 2y)dy = 0
y x
(iv) (sin x tan y + 1)dx + cos x sec2 ydy = 0 (v) dx = 2 2
dx + dy
1−x y 1 − x2 y 2
(vi) − y1 sin xy dx + yx2 sin xy dy = 0 (vii) (2xy 4 + y cos x)dx + (3x2 y 2 + sin x)dy = 0
 ydx + xdy
(viii) + xdx = 0 (ix) cos x cos2 ydx + 2 sin x sin y cos ydy = 0
1 − x2 y 2
2 2
(x) (y 2 exy + 4x3 )dx + (2xyexy − 3y 2 )dy = 0 (xi) (2y 2 − 4x + 5)dx = (4 − 2y + 4xy)dy

6. Show that if (∂M/∂y − ∂N/∂x)/(N y − M x) is a function g(z) of the product z = xy, then
R
g(z)dz
µ=e

is an integrating factor for the equation M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0.

7. Under what circumstances will the equation M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 have an integrating factor
that is a function of the sum z = x + y ?

8. Find the value of b for which the equation (xy 2 + bx2 y)dx + (x + y)x2 dy = 0 is exact and then solve
it using that value of b.

9. Solve the following equations by finding an integrating factor:

(i) (3x2 − y 2 )dy − 2xydx = 0 (ii)x2 ydx − (x3 + y 3 )dy = 0 (iii) (x + 2) sin ydx + x cos ydy = 0
(iv) (y log y − 2xy)dx + (x + y)dy = 0 (v) (y 2 + xy + 1)dx + (x2 + xy + 1)dy = 0
(vi)(x2 y − 2xy 2 )dx − (x3 − 3x2 y)dy = 0 (vii)(x3 + xy 4 )dx + 2y 3 dy = 0 (viii)(2xy 4 ey + 2xy 3 +
y)dx + (x2 y 4 ey − x2 y 2 − 3x)dy = 0 (ix) (x2 y 2 + xy + 1)ydx − (x2 y 2 − xy + 1)xdy = 0
(xi) (x + 3y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0 (xii) ex dx + (ex cot y + 2y csc y)dy = 0
(xiii) (x2 + y 2 + x)dx + xydy = 0 (xiv)y(2x + y 3 )dx − x(2x − y 3 )dy = 0

∂F ∂F
10. Solve the following by converting them into the form dF = ∂x
dx + ∂y
dy :
(i) xdy − ydx = (1 + y 2 )dy (ii) ydx − xdy = xy 3 dy
(iii) xdy = (x + x3 y 2 + y)dx5

√
(iv) (x + y)dy = (y − x)dx (v) (y 2 − y)dx + xdy = 0 (vi) xdy + ydx = xydy
dy p 3
(vii) dy + xy dx = sin xdx (viii) x − y = x x2 + y 2 (ix) (xy 2 − e1/x )dx − x2 ydy = 0
dx
(x) xdx + ydy = xdy − ydx

11. Show that the equation (3y 2 − x)dx + 2y(y 2 − 3x)dy = 0 admits an integrating factor which is a
function of (x + y 2 ). Hence solve the differential equation.

12. Show that if the differential equation is of the form

xa y b (my dx + nx dy) + xc y d (py dx + qx dy) = 0,

where a, b, c, d, m, n, p, q ∈ R(mq 6= np) are constants, then there exist suitable h, k ∈ R such that
xh y k is an integrating factor. Using this technique, find a general solution of

1 3
(x 2 y − xy 2 ) + (x 2 + x2 y)y 0 = 0.