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Lesson 2 Phy2 Spring24-25

The document discusses the concepts of temperature, heat, and the first law of thermodynamics, focusing on thermodynamic processes involving a gas in a cylinder with a movable piston. It explains how work and heat transfer occur during these processes and introduces the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy is equal to heat added minus work done. Additionally, it covers special cases of the first law, including adiabatic, constant-volume, cyclical, and free expansion processes.

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Zaiyan Mashrafi Rahman
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© © All Rights Reserved
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5 views

Lesson 2 Phy2 Spring24-25

The document discusses the concepts of temperature, heat, and the first law of thermodynamics, focusing on thermodynamic processes involving a gas in a cylinder with a movable piston. It explains how work and heat transfer occur during these processes and introduces the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy is equal to heat added minus work done. Additionally, it covers special cases of the first law, including adiabatic, constant-volume, cyclical, and free expansion processes.

Uploaded by

Zaiyan Mashrafi Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson- 2:

Temperature, heat
&
the first law of thermodynamics
(Fundamentals of Physics, 10th edition)
18.5: A closer look
at heat and work
• Let us take a system where a gas is confined inside a
cylinder with a movable piston, as in Fig. The upward force
on the piston due to the pressure of the confined gas is
equal to the weight of lead shot loaded onto the top of the
piston.
• The walls of the cylinder are made of insulating material
that does not allow any transfer of energy as heat. The
bottom of the cylinder rests on a reservoir for thermal
energy, a thermal reservoir (perhaps a hot plate) whose
temperature T you can control by turning a knob.
• The system (the gas) starts from an initial state i, described
by a pressure pi , a volume Vi and a temperature Ti . You
want to change the system to a final state f, described by a
pressure pf ,a volume Vf ,and a temperature Tf .The
procedure by which you change the system from its initial
state to its final state is called a thermodynamic process.

• During such a process, energy may be transferred into the system from the
thermal reservoir (positive heat) or vice versa (negative heat).
• Also, work can be done by the system to raise the loaded piston (positive work) or
lower it (negative work).
• Suppose that we remove a few lead shot from the piston of Fig ,
allowing the gas to push the piston and remaining shot upward
Ԧ
through a differential displacement d𝑠Ԧ with an upward force 𝐹.
• Since the displacement is tiny, we can assume that 𝐹Ԧ is constant
during the displacement. Then 𝐹Ԧ has a magnitude that is equal to
pA, where p is the pressure of the gas and A is the face area of
the piston. [p = F/A]

• The differential work dW done by the gas during the


displacement is
Work is done by the system (gas) on the environment (piston)
Ԧ 𝑠Ԧ = Fdscos00= Fds(+1)=(pA)ds = p(Ads)= + pdV
dW = 𝐹.𝑑
[p=F/A or F=pA]
Work is done on the system (gas) by the environment (piston)
Ԧ 𝑠Ԧ = Fdscos1800= Fds(-1)= -(pA)ds = -p(Ads)= - pdV
dW = 𝐹.𝑑
in which dV is the differential change in the volume of the gas due
to the movement of the piston. When you have removed enough
shot to allow the gas to change its volume from Vi to Vf , the total
work done by the gas is
V
W = ‫׬ = 𝑊𝑑 ׬‬V f 𝑝 𝑑𝑉 [any gas]
i
18.5: Path dependent work done in terms of p-V diagram:

Work done is always area under the p-V curve:


The amount of work depends on path.
Work done Calculation from PV Diagram:

• Always, work done equals the area under the PV


curve.
• At constant volume, ΔV=0, W=0.
• At constant pressure, W= p ΔV
• When both volume and pressure changes, we
have to consider the area concept only.
43. In Fig., a gas sample expands from V0 to 4.0V0 while
its pressure decreases from p0 to p0/4.0. If V0 = 1.0 m3
and p0 = 40 Pa, how much work is done by the gas if its
pressure changes with volume via (a) path A, (b) path B,
and (c) path C?
Solution of 43
The volume increases through the three paths , so the work done
by the gas is always positive.
𝑉𝑓
W =‫ = 𝑉𝑑𝑝 𝑖𝑉׬ = 𝑊𝑑 ׬‬Area under the curve of p-V
(a) WA = WA1 + WA2
WA1 = 40 (4-1) = 120 J
(constant pressure)

WA2 = 0 (constant volume)

WA = 120 +0 = 120 J

or
[W = p∆V = p(Vf – Vi)= (40-0)(4-1)
W=40(3) = 120 J]
(b) The work done by the gas is the area
under the curve (yellow line)
WB= ½ ×(4 - 1)(40 -10) + (4 -1)(10 - 0)
= 75 J

(c) WC= WC1 + WC2


WC1 = 0 (constant volume)
WC2 = (4-1)(10-0) = 30 J
WC = 0 + 30 = 30 J
18.5: The First Law of Thermodynamics
When a system changes from a given initial state to a given final state,
both the work W and the heat Q depend on the nature of the process but
the quantity Q - W is the same for all processes. It depends only on the
initial and final states and does not depend at all on how the system gets
from one to the other. All other combinations of Q and W, including Q
alone, W alone, Q +W, and Q - 2W, are path dependent; only the quantity
Q - W is not. The quantity Q - W must represent a change in some intrinsic
property of the system. We call this property the internal energy Eint and we
write ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕,𝒇 − 𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕,𝒊 = Q - W

The equation known as the first law of thermodynamics.

If the thermodynamic system undergoes only a differential change,


we can write the first law as 𝒅𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = dQ - dW
15.5 Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics

1. Adiabatic processes :
An adiabatic process is one that occurs so rapidly or occurs in a
system that is so well insulated that no transfer of energy as heat
occurs between the system and its environment : Q = 0
1st law of thermodynamics,
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = 0 - W
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = - W (adiabatic process).
➢ If work is done by the system (that is, if W is positive),
the internal energy of the system decreases by the amount of work.
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = - (+W) = - W
➢ Conversely, if work is done on the system (that is, if W is negative), the internal
energy of the system increases by that amount.
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = - (-W) = +W
2. Constant-volume processes:

If the volume of a system is held constant, that system can do no


work: W = p∆V = p(0) = 0

1st law of thermodynamics, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = Q - 0

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q (constant-volume process).

➢ Thus, if heat is absorbed by a system (that is, if Q is positive),


the internal energy of the system increases.

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = +Q

➢Conversely, if heat is lost during the process (that is, if Q is


negative), the internal energy of the system decreases.

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = - Q
3. Cyclical processes: There are processes in which, after
certain interchanges of heat and work, the system is restored
to its initial state. In that case, no intrinsic property of the
system—including its internal energy—can possibly change.

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Ef – Ei = Ef - Ef = 0 [Ei = Ef]

1st law of thermodynamics, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W

0=Q-W

Q=W (cyclical process).

Thus, the net work done during the process must exactly
equal the net amount of energy transferred as heat; the store
of internal energy of the system remains unchanged.
4. Free expansions: These are adiabatic processes in
which no transfer of heat occurs between the system and its
environment and no work is done on or by the system .

Q=W=0

1st law of thermodynamics, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = 0 – 0 = 0

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0 (free expansion).


46. Suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 70.0 cal
is extracted from the system as heat. In the sense of the first
law of thermodynamics, what are the values (including
algebraic signs) of (a) W, (b) Q, and (c) ΔEint .
Solution:

(a) The work done is negative since work done on the system.

W = - 200 J

(b) Energy is extracted from the system,

Q = - 70 cal = - 294 J [1 cal = 4.2 J]

(c) Internal energy change,

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = - 294 – (- 200) = - 294 + 200 = - 94 J


48. As a gas is held within a closed chamber, it passes through the cycle
shown in Fig. Determine the energy transferred by the system as heat
during constant-pressure process CA if the energy added as heat QAB
during constant-volume process AB is 20.0 J, no energy is transferred as
heat during adiabatic process BC, and the net work done during the cycle
is 15.0 J.
Solution:First law of
thermodynamics,
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W
For a cyclical process, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0
0= Q – W
Q = W
QAB + QBC + QCA = W
+20 + 0 + QCA = 15
QCA = - 5 J
Homework: Check your concept
A gas within a closed chamber undergoes the cycle
shown in the p-V diagram of Fig. The horizontal scale is
set by Vs = 4.0 m3. Calculate the net energy added to the
system as heat during one complete cycle.

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