Thermal Physics_E

JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)
THERMAL PHYSICS
CONTENT
S.No Pages
Calorimetry, Thermal Expansion, Heat Transfer

1. Theory 2 – 18
2. Exercise -1 19 – 29
3. Exercise -2 29 – 32
4. Exercise -3 32 – 34
5. Exercise -4 34 – 37
6. Exercise -5 37
KTG & Thermodynamics
7. Theory 38 – 54
8. Exercise -1 55 – 66
9. Exercise -2 66 – 70
10. Exercise -3 71 – 75
11. Exercise -4 75 – 81
12. Exercise -5 81
13. Answer Key 82 – 84

THERMAL PHYSICS
CALORIMETRY
Units of heat & Mechanical equivalent of heat (J)
I was early 19th century when "James Prescott Joule" accidentally did an experiment which made two
very important contribution in the scientific world.And it was Herman Von Helmholtz (a German) who
later proved that indeed Joule was right.
Joules contribution bridged two major gaps in the scientific world.
i) Energy conservation principle was well grounded.
ii) The missing link between heat and energy was rectified.
Yes, heat was not thought to be a form of energy, rather it was known to be a fluid substance that flows.
And that fluid was named calorie. They would say that when an iron rod is heated at one end, the other
end also becomes hot as some calorie has flown to the rod. It was a very detailed mathematical theory.
Now, lets see the problem of energy conservation. We have seen many examples where energy in the
form of K + U = constant; but not always. We know many places where in energy doesn't seem to be
conserved. One of the examples is a box sliding on a rough surface. The box eventuallystops because of
friction. Thus, the KE of the box is lost. Where did it go? Today we can say that it got converted into heat
energy, but earlier heat was not known as energy, but heat. Thus for them it was lost. And so energy
conservation principle doesn't hold true.
A system is said to be isolated if no exchange or transfer of heat occurs between the system and its
surroundings. When different parts of an isolated system are at different temperature, a quantity of heat
transfers from the part at higher temperature to the part at lower temperature. The heat lost by the part
at higher temperature is equal to the heat gained by the part at lower temperature. Calorimetry means
measurement of heat. When a body at higher temperature is brought in contact with another body at
lower temperature, the heat lost by the hot body is equal to the heat gained by the colder body, provided
no heat is allowed to escape to the surroundings.
As heat is just energy in transit, its unit in SI is joule. However, another unit of heat “calorie” is in wide
use. This unit was formulated much before it was recognised that heat is a form of energy. The old day
definition of calorie is as follows :
The amount of heat needed to increas the temperature of 1g of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at
a pressure of 1 atm is called 1 calorie.
The calorie is now defined in terms of joule as 1 cal = 4.186 joule.
Principle of Calorimetry
Adevice in which heat measurement can be made is called a calorimeter. It consists a metallic vessel
and stirrer of the same material like copper or aluminium. The vessel is kept inside a wooden jacket
which contains heat insulating materials like glass wool etc. The outer jacket acts as a heat shield and
reduces the heat loss from the inner vessel. There is an opening in the outer jacket through which a
mercury thermometer can be inserted into the calorimeter.
From this eperiment he came up with new physical quantities.

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THERMAL PHYSICS
Heat capacity (C'): Q   C ' dT

T f
specific heat capacity: Q  m 

Ti
s d T  m s avg  T
C'
Molar heat Capacity: C (n - no. of moles)
n
The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the measurement of Heat is called colorimetry.
When two bodies at different temperature are mixed, heat will be transferred from body at higher tem-
perature to a body at lower temperature till both acquire same temperature. Principle of colorimetry
represents the law of conservation of Heat Energy.
Heat lost = Heat gained
Specific Heat capacity
The amount of heat needed toraise the temperature ofunit mass of amaterial byunit degreeof measurement
is known as the specific heat capacity of that material. If Q amount of heat raises the temperature of mass
m of a material by T, then its specific heat capacity is given as :
Q
s=  Q = msT
m
Also the amount of heat supplied per unit increase in temperature for any body is known as
Q
its heat capacity, c =  ms .

Latent Heat
Heat required for the change of phase or state. No chage in temperature is involved when substance
changes its state or phase. (Q = mL, L = Latent Heat)
Latent Heat of Fusion : The Heat supplied to a substance which changes it from solid to liquid state at
its melting point and 1 atm. pressure is called latent Heat of fusion. (Q = mLf )
Latent heat of fusion of Ice (Lf) = 80 cal/gm.
Latent Heat of Vapourization : The Heat supplied to a substance which changes it from liquid to
vapour state at its boiling point and 1 atm pressure is called latent heat of vapourization. (Q = mLV)
Latent heat of vapouriztion of water (LV)= 540 cal/g.
Heating Curve
If to a given mass (m) of a solid (Ice), Heat is supplied at constant rate P and a graph is poltted between
temperature and time
Temp
E
C
100ºC D
A
0ºC B
–TºC O
t1 t2 t3 t4 time
(1) In the region OA
Temperature of solid is changing with time
Q=msT
P  t) = m s  T (t = t1 – 0, T = 0 – (–T))
THERMAL PHYSICS
P T T
 = slope of line OA
ms t t
(2) In the regionAB
Temperature is constant, here substance chnages its phase solid to liquid, betweenAand B.
Q = mLf
P  t = m Lf
P( t 2 – t1 )
Lf =
m
Lf = length of lineAB
Latent Heat of fusion is proportional to length of line .
(3) In the Region BC
Temp. of liquid is increasing with time
Q=msT (t = t3 – t2, T = 100 – 0)
Pt=msT
(4) In the regin CD, temperature is constant, so it represents change of state.
Q = mLV
P( t 4 – t 3 )
 LV
m
LV = length of line CD
(5) The line DE represents gaseous state of substance with its temperature increasing linearly with time.
The reciprocal of slope of line will be proportional to specific heat of substance in vapour state.
Water equivalent
It is a equivalent mass of water (w) that has same heat capacity as that of the given body (b). In other
words,
C  m w s w  m bs b
It is a convinent way to represent the heat capacity of the calorimeter
THERMAL EXPANSION
Thermal Expansion
When matter is heated without change in state, it usuallyexpands.According to atomic theory of matter,
asymmetry in potential energy curve is responsible for thermal expansion as with rise in temperature say
from T1 to T2 the amplitude of vibration and hence energy of atoms increases from E1 to E2 and hence the
average distance between atoms increases from r1 to r2.
+
0
E2 r2 T2
E E1 r1 T1
E0 r0 T0
r
Due to this increase in distance between atoms, the matter as a whole expands. Had the potential energy
curve been symmetrical, no thermal expansion would have taken place in spite of heating.
Linear Expansion of solids
To varying extents, most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled. The increase in any
one dimension of a solid is called linear expansion, linear in the sense that the expansion occurs along a
line.Arod whose length is L0 when the temperature is T0 when the temperature increases to T0 + T, the
length becomes L0 + L, where T and L are the magnitudes of the changes in temperature and length,
respectively.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Conversely, when the temperature decreases to T0 – T, the length decreases to L0 – L.
For small temperature changes, experiments show that the change in length is directlyproportional to the
change in temperature (L  T). In addition, the change in length is proportional to the initial length of
the rod,
L0
L
L0
Equation L = L0T expresses the fact that L is proportional to both L0 and T(L  L0T) by
using a proportionality constant , which is called the coefficient of linear expansion. Common unit for
the coefficient of linear expansion (C°)–1.
Thermal expansion of bimetallic strip
A bimetallic strip is made from two thin strips of metal that have different coefficients of linear expansion,
as fig. (a)Abimetallic strip and how it behaves when (b) heated and (c) cooled
Brass
Steel
(a) (b) Heated (c) Cooled

Often brass [ = 19 × 10–6 (C°)–1] and steel [ = 12 × 10–6 (C°)–1] are selected. The two pieces are
welded or riveted together. When the bimetallic strip is heated, the brass, having the larger value of ,
expands more than the steel. Since the two metals are bonded together, the bimetallic strip bends into an
arc as in fig. (b), with the longer brass piece having a larger radius than the steel piece. When the strip is
cooled, the bimetallic strip bends in the opposite direction, as in fig. (c).
l
d
on heating the bimetallic strip bends into an are as shown below
d
Mathematical analysis
R
 d
 R    = L0 (1 + 1) (increase in temp.)
(R+d/2) (R–d/2)  2
  d
 R    = L0 (1 + 2)
 2
On dividing above equations we get
d
R
2 1  1 
d = 1   
R 2
2
by above euqation we can find mean radius R of bimetallic strip.
d
R = (  –  ) 
1 2
THERMAL PHYSICS
Area and Volume Expansion
A0 V0
A
V
Area Expansion
Volume Expansion
If the temperature of a two-dimensional object (lamina) is changed, its area changes. If the coefficient of
linear expansion of the material of lamina is small and constant, then its final area is given by
A = A0 (1 + T), where A0 is the initial area. T is the change in temperature and  is the area
coefficient of thermal expansion. For isotropic bodies it can be shown the  = 2.
The volume V0 of an object change by an amount V when its temperature changes by an amount T.
V = V0T where  is the coefficient of volume expansion. Common Unit for the coefficient of volume
Expansion : (C°)–1. The unit for , like that for , is (C°)–1. Values for  depend on the nature of the
material. The values of  for liquids are substantiallylarger than those for solids, because liquids typically
expand more than solids, given the same initial volumes and temperature expansion is three times greater
than the coefficient of linear expansion :  = 3.
If a cavity exists within a solid object, the volume of the cavity increases when the object expands, just
as if the cavity were filled with the surrounding material. The expansion of the cavity is analogous to the
expansion of a hole in a sheet of material. Accordingly, the change in volume of a cavity can be found
using the relation V = V0T, where  is the coefficient of volume expansion of the material that
surrounds the cavity.
Similar (Here  3) is known as the coefficient of volume expansion  :  :  :: 1 : 2 : 3
Illustration : (The expansion of holes)
Do holes expand or contract when the temperature increases?
Figure (a) shows eight square tiles that are arranged to form a square pattern with a hole in the
centre. If the tiles are heated, what happens to the size of the hole?
Expanded
Hole hole
9th tile
(heated)
(a) unheated (b) Heated (c)

Sol. We can analyze this problem by disassembling the pattern into separate tiles, heating, it is evident
from figure (b) that the heated pattern expands and so does the hole in the centre. In fact, if we
had a ninth tile that was identical to and also heated like the others, it would fit exactly into the
centre hole, as figure (c) indicates. Thus, not only does the hole in the pattern expand, but it
expands exactly as much as one of the tiles. Since the ninth tile is made of the same material as
the others, we see that the hole expands just as if it were made of the material of the surrounding
tiles.
The thermal expansion of the hole and the surrounding material is analogous to a photographic
enlargement ; in both situations everything is enlarged, including holes.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Thus, it follows that a hole in a piece of solid material expands when heated and contracts when
cooled, just as if it were filled with the material that surrounds it. If the hole is circular, the
equation L = L0T can be used to find the change in any linear dimension of the hole, such as
its radius or diameter. Example illustrates this type of linear expansion.
Illusration :
A thin cylindrical metal rod is bent into a ring with a small gap as shown in s

figure. On heating the system r
(A)  and s decreases, r and d increases (B)  and r increases, d and s decreases
(C) , r, s and d all increases (D)  is constant, d, s and r increases d
Sol.  remains constant d, s and r increases.
Thermal Stress
A change in shape/size i.e., dimensions need not necessarily imply a strain. For example, if a body
is heated to expand, its volume change, as it acquires a new size, due to expansion. However, the
strain remains zero. Unless and until, internal elastic forces operate, to bring the body to the
original state, no strain exists. When a body is heated, the total energy of molecule increase,
owing to an increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules. This results in a shift (increment) of
the “equilibrium distance” of molecules and the body acquires a new shape and size, in the
expanded form, whereby the molecules are in “zero force” state. Hence, there is no strain. How-
ever, if the body is resistricted to expand, during the process of heating, then the molecules be-
come “strained”, and even if there is no apparent change in dimensions of the body, there is
strain. In such cases, strain is measured as the ratio. In dimension that would have occured, and
the change in dimension that would have occured, had the body been free to expand or contract,
to the original dimension.
When a metal rod is heated or cooled it tends to expand or contract. If it is left free to expand or
contract, no temperature stresses will be induced. However, if the rod be restricted to change its length,
then temperature stresses are generated within it. Stress induced due to temperature change can be
understood as follows:
A B
L l

F F

Consider a uniform rodAB fixed rigidly between two supports. (fig.) If Lbe its length,  the coefficient
of linear expansion, then a change in temperature of , would tend to bring a change in its length by
l = L. Had the rod been free (say one of its ends) its length would have changed by l. Now, let a
force be gradually applied so as to restore the natural length. Since the rod, tends to remain in the new
state, due to a change in temperature, so when a force F is applied, thermal stress is induced. In
equilibrium.
F l
= (L  l ) Y [ stress = strain × Y]
A
lA
Neglecting l in comparison to L, F= Y = AY 
L
Now, if the two ends remain fixed, then this external force is provided from the support.

Clearly strain = = 
L
THERMAL PHYSICS
Expansion of liquids
Z
Like solids, liquids also, in general, expand on heating ; however,
their expansion is much large compared to solids for the same X
Y
temperature rise.Anoteworthy point to be taken into account
during the expansion of liquid is that they are always contained
in a vessel or a container and hence the expansion of the vessel
also comes into picture. Further, linear or superficial expansion
in case of a liquid does not carry any sense. Consider a liquid
contained in a round bottomed flask fitted with a long narrow
stem as shown in fig. Let the initial level of the liquid be X.
When it is heated the level falls initially toY.
However, after sometime, the liquid level eventuallyrises to Z.The entire phenomenon can be understood
as follows: Upon being heated, the container gets heated first and hence expands. As a result, the
capacity of the flask increases and hence the liquid level falls.
After sometime, the heat gets conducted from the vessel to the liquid and hence liquid also expands
thereby rising its level eventually to Z. Since, the volume expansivity of liquids, in general, are far more
than that of solids, so the level Z will be above the level X.
Effect of temperature on density

When a solid or liquid is heated, it expands, with mass remaining constant. Density being the ratio of
mass to volume, it decreases. Thus, if V0 and Vt be the respective volumes of a substance at 0°C and
t°C and if the corresponding values of densities be 0 and t, then the mass m of the substance is given
by
m = V00 = Vtt
But Vt = V0 (1 + t), so t = 0 (1 + t)–1
Anomolous expansion of water

While most substances expand when heated, a few do not. For instant, if water at 0°C is heated, its
volume decreases until the temperature reaches 4°C. Above 4 °C water behaves normally, and its
volume increases as the temperature increases.
Because a given mass of water has a minimum volume at 4°C, the density (mass per unit volume) of
water is greatest at 4 °C, as figure shows.
Maximum density
at 4°C
1000.0
Density, kg/m3
999.9
999.8
999.7
999.6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Temperature, °C
The density of water in the temperature range from 0 to 10°C. Water has a maximum density of
999.973kg/m3 at 4°C. (This value for the density is equivalent to the often quoted density of 1.000
grams per milliliter)
THERMAL PHYSICS
When the air temperature drops, the surface layer of water is chilled.As the temperature of the surface
layer drops toward 4°C, this layer becomes more dense than the warmer water below. The denser
water sinks and pushes up the deeper and warmer water, which in turn is chilled at the surface. This
process continues until the temperature of the entire lake reaches 4°C. Further cooling of the surface
water below 4°C makes it less dense than the deeper layers ; consequently, the surface layer does not
sink but stays on top. Continued cooling of the top layer to 0°C leads to the formation of ice that floats
on the water, because ice has a smaller density than water at any temperature. Below the ice, however,
the water temperature remains above 0°C. The sheet of ice acts as an insulator that reduces the loss of
heat from the lake, especially if the ice is covered with a blanket of snow, which is also an insulator. As
a result, lakes usually do not freeze solid, even during prolonged cold spells, so fish and other aquatic life
can survive.
HEAT TRANSFER
Heat may be transported from one point to another by any of three possible mechanisms : conduction,
convection, and radiation. We study the rate of energy transfer between bodies due to temperature
difference between them.
Convection
Convection is the process in which heat is carried from place to place
by the bulk movement of a fluid. In liquid and gases, the atoms or
molecules can move from point to point. The transfer of heat that
accompanies mass transport is called convection.
In forced convection, a fan or pump sets up fluid currents. For examples,
a fan blows air, or a pump circulates waterin a hot-water heating system
in a house.
In free convection, it occurs because the density of a fluid varies with its In convection, heat
temperature. transfer accompanies
An example of convection currents in a pan of water being the movement of a fluid
heated on a gas burner. The currents distribute the heat from the burning
gas to all parts of the water.The direction of convection current is opposite
to acceleration due to gravity as shown in figure.
Conduction
A rod whose ends are in thermal contact with a hot reservoir at
temperature TH and a cold reservoir at temperature TC. The sides of the
rod are covered with insulation meterial, so the transport of heat is
TH Q TC
along the rod, not through the sides. The molecules at the hot reservoir
have greater vibrational energy. This energy is trransferred by collisions
Heat is conducted through
to the atoms at the end face of the rod. These atoms in turn transfer an insulated bar whose ends
energy to their neighbors futher along the rod. Such transfer of heat are in thermal contact with
through a substance is called conduction as shown in figure. two reservoirs
Steady and Transient State :

T1 T2 T3
A Q B
Heater
1 2 3
THERMAL PHYSICS
Consider a metal rodAB, with one endAinserted into a chamber containing a heater with other end B
left free and exposed to the surrounding as shown in figure. The rod is thermallyinsulated sideways with
some bad conductor of heat say cotton or felt. Three thermometers are installed in the rod at three
distinct sections numbered (1), (2) and (3). Initially, the enitre system is at the room temperature and the
three thermometers show the same room temperature. The heater is then switched on. The end A first
gets heated up and simultaneously heat is conducted to the adjacent sections towards end B. Due to heat
absorption at each sections. The corresponding temperatures start rising with T1 > T2 > T3. Such a state,
encountered initiallyis known as a transient state. In this state, the heat coming through endA, is continu-
ously absorbed at each sections with a temperature rise as time elapses. After some time when the
temperature of end B becomes equal to that of surrounding and thus becomes constant. Similarly, the
temperature of each of the sections of the rod (for example 1, 2, 3) becomes constant or steady. But
these steady values at different sections are different.
T1 T2
Area = A
L
Consider a portion of the rod of cross sectional areaA as shown in figure. Let the temperatures of the
two sections separated by a length L be T1 and T2 respectively (with T1 > T2).
T1  T2
Temperature gradient (fall in temperature per unit length) along the length of the rod will be .
L
Experiments show that the conduction rate (energy transferred per unit time) is given by: Fourier’s Law
of Heat Conduction
dQ d (– T )
H  KA (Where K : Thermal conductivity of material
dt dx
H : Thermal current
dT
: Temperature gradient
dx
A : cross-sectional area of heat path)
The reciprocal of thermal conductivity (K) is called thermal resistivity or thermal specific resistance.
Substances having high values of K are good conductors of heat.
Temperature distribution along a conductor :
In order to study conduction in more detail consider figure (i), which shows a metal barAB whose ends
have been soldered into the walls of two metal tanks H and C. Tanks H contains boiling water and C
contains ice-water. Heat flows along the bar from A to B and when conditions are steady the tempera-
ture  of the bar is measured at points along its length.
The curve in the upper part of the figure shows how the temperature falls along the bar, less and less
steeply from the hot end to the cold. So the temperature gradient decreases from the hot end to the cold.
The figure (ii) shows how the temperature varies along the bar, if the bar is well lagged with a bad
conductor, such as asbestos wool. It now falls uniformly from the hot to the cold end, so the temperature
gradient along the bar is constant.
100°C 100
t 
O O
H H A B
A D B C C
heat heat
(i) unlagged (ii) lagged
Figure : Temperature fall along lagged and unlagged bars

THERMAL PHYSICS
The difference between the temperature distributions is due to the fact that, when the bar is unlagged,
heat escapes from its sides, by convection in the surrounding air, figure (i). The arrows in the figure
represent the heat escaping per second from the surface of the bar, and the heat flowing per second
along its length. The heat flowing per second along the length decreases from the hot end to the cold. But
when the bar is lagged, the heat escaping from its sides is negligible, and the flow per second is now
constant along the length of the bar, figure (ii).
Steady State Heat Conduction :
x dx
T1 T T2
Area = A
L
T
T1
T2
x
x=0 x=L
Temperature variation
along length of rod
At steady state, energy transferred through one cross-section of the rod during a certain time interval is
equal to the energy transferred by at the other cross-section of the rod during the same time interval.
Q     T – T2 
H=  KA   KA 1 
t  x   L 
Temperature distribution across the rod :
Let at distance x we take element of length dx having a cross-sectional area A and temperature T (As
shown in figure). In steady state, rate of heat flow H remains constant
dT
H = – KA
dx
T x
H
 dT = –
T1
 KA dx
0
Hx  H T – T2 
T– T1 = –   1 
KA  KA L 
x
T = T1 – (T1 – T2 )
L
The variation has been plotted above.
Thermal Resistance :
The heat transfer by conduction due to temperature difference has an analogy with flow of electric
current through a wire when a potential difference is applied. In that case, electrical resistance is defined
v
as R=
i
(T1 – T2 )
Similarly, thermal resistance is defined as R
H
For a rod having length L , area of cross-section Aand thermal conductivity K,
THERMAL PHYSICS
(T1 – T2 ) (T1 – T2 ) L
R= = KA (T – T ) / L  R=
H 1 2 KA
Having calculated the thermal resistance, we can now applythe results of series combination and parallel
combination of resistors. It has been explained below.
Composite Rods :
Series Connection : If same heat current are flowing both the rods in steady state, they are said to be
in series.
Q
T1 t T T2
(T1>T2)
L1 L2
( Req = R1 + R2 = R)
i L L
R1= 1 R2= 2
K1A K2A
Where A - cross-section area of rods
T - Temperature at the juction or Interface temperature
K1 & K2 - Themal conductivities of rods having lenghts L1 and L2 respectively.
In steady state, heat current is constant throughout the rods.
Q T1 – T T – T2
i = t  R  R
1 2
 T1 – T = iR1 ...(i)
T – T2 = iR2 ...(ii)
From (i) & (ii)
T1 – T2 (T1 R 2  T2 R 1 )
 i and T=
R1  R 2 R1  R 2
T
i = R , in series Req = R1 + R2
eq
Equivalent conductivity of composite Rods (Keq) :

If this rod is replaced by a single rod, then i = (T1 – T2)/Req
T1 T2
L1+L2
L1 L2 L1  L 2
 Req = R1 + R2 = K A  K A  K A
1 2 eq
L1  L 2
Keq = L L
1
 2
K1 K 2
Parallel Connection :If the two rods have the same temperature difference across it, they are said to
be in parallel.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q1 (T1 < T2)

t
Q Q1 Q 2
T1 T2  
t t t
Q 2
t
L
L
R1=  1 1 1 1
K1A1     
i1 R R 
i  eq R 1 R 2
i = i 1 + i2
i2
L
R2=
K 2A 2
T1 – T2 T1 – T2
i1 = R1 , i 2
= R2
 1 1 
 i = i1 + i2 = (T1– T2)  R  R 
 1 2 
1 1 1
In parallel, R  R  R
eq 1 2
If the two rods are repleaced by a single rod, then Keq will be
L T1 – T2
Keq = and i =
R eq (A1  A 2 ) R eq
Thus, the heat current in thermal resistances in terms of total thermal current is given by :
 R2   R1 
i1 =  R  R   i and i2 =  R  R   i
 1 2   1 2 
R A D I A TI O N
Radiation is the process in which energy is transferred by means of electromagnetic waves.
All bodies continuously radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. It does not require a
material medium. Electromagnetic waves from the sun, for example, travel through the void of space
during their journey to earth. Even an ice cube radiates energy, although so little of it is in the form of
visible light that an ice cube cannot be seen in the dark. The surface of an object plays a significant role
in determining how much radiant energy the object will absorb or emit.
Figure : The temperature of the block coated with

lampblack rises faster than the temperature of the
block coated absorbs radiant energy from the sun at
the greater rate
THERMAL PHYSICS
The two blocks in sunlight in figure, for example, are identical, except that one has a rough surface
coated with lamblack (a fine black soot), while the other has a highly polished silver surface. As the
thermometers indicate, the temperature of the black block rises at a much faster rate than that of the
silver block. This is because lampblack absorbs about 97% of the incident radiant energy, while the
silvery surface absorbs only about 10%. The remaining part of the incident energy is reflected in each
case. We observe the lampblack as black in color because it reflects so little of the light falling on it, while
the silvery surface looks like a mirror because it reflects so much light. Since the color black is associated
with nearlycomplete absorption of visible light, the term perfect blackbody or, simply, blackbody is used
when referring to an object that absorbs all the electromagnetic waves falling on it.
Black body:
The experiments described before lead us to the idea of a perfectly black body, one which absorbs all
the radiation that falls upon it, and reflects and transmits none. The experiments also lead us to suppose
that such a body would be the best possible radiator.
Prevost’s theory of exchange:

Any body having temperature greater then zero kelvin, must emit or aborb radiation.
B
A is placed in an evacuated enclosure B, at lower temperature thanA, thenAcools until it reaches the
temperature of B. If a body C, cooler than B, is put in B, then C warms up to the temperature of B. We
conclude that radiation from B falls on C, and therefore also onA, even throughAis at a higher tempera-
ture. Thus A and C each come to equilibrium at the temperature of B when each is absorbing and
emitting radiation at equal rates.
If Q is the total incident energy on a body, Q1 is the part absorbed, Q2 is the part reflected and Q3 is the
part transmitted then
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Absorption coefficient or absorptive power a = Q1/Q
Reflection coefficient r = Q2 /Q
Transmission coefficient t = Q3/Q
Thus a + r + t = 1
If, for a body, r = t = 0 and a = 1, i.e. it absorbs all the energy falling on it, such bodies are known as
black bodies.
Emissive Power:
Emissive power of a surface is the quantity of heat energy emitted per second, per unit area of surface
through unit solid angle. It depends on the nature and the temperature of the surface.
Emissivity:
Emissivity of a surface is the ratio of the emissive power of that surface to the emissive power of a black
body at the same temperature.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Kirchhoff's Law:
At a given temperature, the ratio of emissive power to absorptive power of any body is equal to the
emissive power of a black body at that temperature. Thus,
E1 E 2

a 1 a 2 = EBlack body
From Kirchhoff's law, it can be deduced that good absorbers are also good emitters
Stefan’s radiation law
An idealized body that absorbs all the radiation incident upon it is called a blackbody. A blackbody
absorbs not only all visible light, but infrared, ultraviolet, and all other wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation. It turns out that a good absorber is also a good emitter of radiation. Ablackbody emits more
radiant ower per unit surface area than any real object at the same temperature. The rate at which a
blackbody emits rdiation per unit surface area is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute tem-
perature.
dQ
P= = AT T4 (for a black body)
dt
In equation, A is the surface area and T is the surface temperature of the blackbody in kelvins. Since
Stefan’s law involves the absolute temperature and not a temperature difference, °C cannot be substi-
tuted. The universal constant  (Greek letter sigma) is called Stefan’s constant :
 = 5.670 × 10–8 W/(m2.K4)
The fourth-power temperature dependence implies that the power emitted is extremely sensitive to
temperature changes. If the absolute temperature of a body doubles, the energy emitted increases by a
factor of 24 = 16.
Since real bodies are not perfect absorbers and therefore emit less than a blackbody, we define the
emissivity (e) as the ratio of the emitted power of the body to that of a blackbody at the same tempera-
ture. Then Stefan’s law becomes.
P = eAT4 (for a non-black body)
The emissivity ranges from 0 to 1.
e = 1 for a perfect radiator and absorber (a blackbody).
e = 0 for a perfect reflector.
Hot object placed in isothermal enclosure:
Consider a body at a temperature of T0 and Te is the temperature of the room or enclosure containing the
body. IfA is the surface area of the body and emissivity (e).
Since the body is in temperature equilibrium, the energy per second it radiates must equal the energy per
second it absorbs. then, from Stefan’s law,
energy per second emitted (Pemit) =eAT04
energy per second absorbed (Pabsorbed) =eATe4
Pemit= Paborbed Te=To
Now suppose the body X is heated electrically by a heater of power W watts and finally reaches a
constant temperature T. In this case, from Prevost’s theory,
energy per second from heater, W = net energy per second radiated by X
The net energy per second radiated by X = eAT4 – eAT04. So
W = eAT4 – eAT04 = eA (T4 – T04)
Newton’s law of cooling
For small temperature differences, the rate of cooling, due to conduction, convection, and radiation
combined, is proportional to the difference in temperature. It is a valid approximation in the transfer of
THERMAL PHYSICS
heat from a radiator to a room, the loss of heat through the wall of a room, or the cooling of a cup of tea
on the table.
Figure : Verification of Newton’s Law of cooling

Suppose, a body of surface areaAat an absolute temperature T is kept in a surrounding having a lower
temperature T0. The net rate of loss of thermal energy from the body due to radiation is
u1 = eA(T4 – T04)
If the temperature difference is small, we can write
T = T0 + T
or, T4 – T04 = (T0 + T)4 – T04
4
 T   T T  4
= T0 1 
4  – T 4 = T 4 1  4  higher powers of   T0
 T 0 
0 0
 T 0 T0 
 4T0 T = 4T0 (T – T0)

3 3
Thus, u1 = 4eAT03 (T – T0)

= b1 A (T – T0)
The body may also lose thermal energy due to convection in the surrounding air. For small temperature
difference, the rate of loss of heat due to convection is also proportional to the temperature difference
and the area of the surface. This rate may, therefore, be written as
u2 = b2A (T – T0)
The net rate of loss of thermal energy due to convection and radiation is
u = u1 + u2 = (b1 + b2) A (T – T0).
If s be the specific heat capacity of the body and m its mass, the rate of fall of temperature is
 dT u b1  b 2
= = A (T – T0) = bA (T – T0)
dt ms ms
Thus, for all temperature difference between a body and its surrounding, the rate of cooling of the body
is directly proportional to the temperature difference and the surface area exposed. We can write
dT
= – bA (T – T0)
dt
Cooling curve:
The law holds good only for small difference of temperature.Also, the loss of heat by radiation depends
upon the nature of the surface of the body and the area of the exposed surface. We can write
dT
– = k ( – s)
dt
where k is a positive constant depending upon the area and nature of the surface of the body. Suppose
a body of mass m and specific heat capacity s is at temperature . Let s and To be the temperature of
the surroundings and body respectively. If the temperature falls by a small amount dT in time dt, then the
amount of heat lost is
THERMAL PHYSICS
dQ = msdT
 Rate of loss of heat is given by
dQ dT
= ms
dt dt
from equation
dQ dQ dT
– = k (T – Ts) and = ms
dt dt dt
dT
we have – ms = k(T – Ts)
dt
dT k
T  Ts = – ms dt = – Kdt (where K = k/ms)
On integrating, temperature of body
 T  Ts  T0
ln  T  T  = – kt Ts
 0 s
T = Ts + (T0 – Ts)e–kt time
enables you to calculate the time of colling of a body through a particular range of temperature.
Wien's Displacement Law
The wavelength corresponding to highest intensity m is inversely proportional to the absolute tempera-
ture. Thus
b
m =
T
where b (= 2.89 × 10–3 meter Kelvin) is known as the Wien's constant.
When the temperature of a black body is increased, the contribution of low wavelength radiation in-
creases. This explains why a body on heating first appears red, then orange, then white and finally blue.
This law also helps us in determining the temperatures of the stars.
Energy Distribution in Black Body Radiation:

The radiation emitted by a black body at any temperature is a mixture of all wavelengths. The graph
shows qualitative variation in intensity wavelength, at different temperatures.
E
T3 > T 2 > T1
T3
T2
T1
m  m m 

Spectral emmissive power:

To speak of the intensity of a single wavelength is meaningless. The slit of the spectrometer always
gathers a band of wavelengths the narrower the slit the narrower the band –and we always speak of the
intensity of a given band. We expressit as follows :
energy radiated m–2 s–1, in band  to  + = E 
The quantity E is called emissive power of a black body for the wavelength  and at the given tempera-
ture ; its definition follows from equation  to  + = E  :
THERMAL PHYSICS
energy radiated m 2 s 1 , in band  to   

E =
band width , 
power radiated m 2 in band  to   
E =

In the figure, E is expressed in watts per m2 per nanometre (10–9 m).
The quantity E  in equation  to  + = E  is the area beneath the radiation curve between the
wavelength  and  (figure). Thus the energy radiated per meter2 per second between those wave-
lengths in proportional to that area.
Similarly, the total radiation emitted per metre2 per second over all wavelengths is proportional to the
area under the whole curve.
Em
area = energy
E in band
m   + 
Figure : Definition of E·m and Em

Laws of black body radiation:
The curves of figure can be explained only Planck’s quantum theory of radiation, which is outside our
scope. Both theory and experiment lead to three generalisations, which together describe well the
properties of black body radiation.
(i) If m is the wavelength of the peak of the curve for T (in K), then
mT = constant ... (2)
The value of the constant is 2.9 × 10–3 m K. In figure the dotted line is the locus of the peaks of the
curves for different temperatures.
The relationship in (2) is sometimes called Wien’s displacement law.
(ii) If Em is the height of the peak of the curve for the temperature T, then
Em  T5 ... (3)
22 × 10–9
T = 1650K 20
18
16
–1
relative intensity
watt metre nm
1450K 14
–2
12
10
1260K 8
6
1000K
4
2
2
10 20 30 40 50 60 × 10
violet- -red
visible
Figure : Distribution of intensity in black body radiation
(iii) If E is the total energy radiated per metre2 per second at a temperature T, which is represented by the
total area under the particular E –  curve, then E = T4
So in figure, which shows four E –  graphs at different temperatures T, the total area below the graphs
should be proportional to the corresponding value of T4.
THERMAL PHYSICS
EXERCISE-1 (Objective Questions)

[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
Q.1 A thermally insulated vessel contains some water at 00C. The vessel is connected to a vacuum pump to
pump out water vapour. This results in some water getting frozen. It is given Latent heat of vaporization
of water at 0°C =21 × 105 J/kg and latent heat of freezing of water = 3.36 × 105 J/kg. The maximum
percentage amount of water that will be solidified in this manner will be
(A) 86.2% (B) 33.6% (C) 21% (D) 24.36%
Q.2 A block of mass 2.5 kg is heated to temperature of 500°C and placed on a large ice block. What is the
maximum amount of ice that can melt (approx.). Specific heat for the body = 0.1 Cal/gm°C.
(A) 1 kg (B) 1.5 kg (C) 2 kg (D) 2.5 kg
Q.3 10 gm of ice at 0°C is kept in a calorimeter of water equivalent 10 gm. How much heat should be
supplied to the apparatus to evaporate the water thus formed? (Neglect loss of heat)
(A) 6200 cal (B) 7200 cal (C) 13600 cal (D) 8200 cal
Q.4 Heat is being supplied at a constant rate to a sphere of ice which is melting at the rate of 0.1 gm/sec. It
melts completely in 100 sec. The rate of rise of temperature thereafter will be
(Assume no loss of heat.)
(A) 0.8 °C/sec (B) 5.4 °C/sec (C) 3.6 °C/sec (D) will change with time
Q.5 1 kg of ice at – 10°C is mixed with 4.4 kg of water at 30°C. The final temperature of mixture is :
(specific heat of ice is 2100 J/kg/k)
(A) 2.3°C (B) 4.4°C (C) 5.3°C (D) 8.7°C
Q.6 Steam at 100°C is added slowly to 1400 gm of water at 16°C until the temperature of water is raised to
80°C. The mass of steam required to do this is (LV = 540 cal/gm) :
(A) 160 gm (B) 125 mg (C) 250 gm (D) 320 gm
Q.7 A 2100 W continuous flow geyser (instant geyser) has water inlet temperature = 10°C while the water
flows out at the rate of 20 g/sec. The outlet temperature of water must be about
(A) 20°C (B) 30°C (C) 35°C (D) 40°C
Q.8 A continuous flow water heater (geyser) has an electrical power rating= 2 kW and efficientyof conversion
of electrical power into heat = 80%. If water is flowing through the device at the rate of 100 cc/sec, and
the inlet temperature is 10°C, the outlet temperature will be
(A) 12.2°C (B) 13.8°C (C) 20°C (D) 16.5°C
Q.9 A solid material is supplied with heat at a constant rate. The temperature of
material is changing with heat input as shown in the figure. What does slope DE
represent.
(A) latent heat of liquid
(B) latent heat of vapour
(C) heat capacity of vapour
(D) inverse of heat capacity of vapour
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.10 Ablock of ice with mass m falls into a lake.After impact, a mass of ice m/5 melts. Both the block of ice
and the lake have a temperature of 0°C. If L represents the heat of fusion, the minimum distance the ice
fell before striking the surface is
L 5L gL mL
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5g g 5m 5g
Q.11 The specific heat of a metal at low temperatures varies according to S = aT3 where a is a constant and
T is the absolute temperature. The heat energy needed to raise unit mass of the metal from
T = 1 K to T = 2 K is
15 a 2a 12 a
(A) 3 a (B) (C) (D)
4 3 5
Q.12 The graph shown in the figure represent change in the temperature of 5
kg of a substance as it abosrbs heat at a constant rate of 42 kJ min–1.
The latent heat of vapourazation of the substance is :
(A) 630 kJ kg–1
(B) 126 kJ kg–1
(C) 84 kJ kg–1
(D) 12.6 kJ kg–1
Q.13 The density of a material Ais 1500 kg/m3 and that of another material B is 2000 kg/m3. It is found that
the heat capacity of 8 volumes ofA is equal to heat capacity of 12 volumes of B. The ratio of specific
heats ofAand B will be
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 3 : 2 (D) 2 : 1
Q.14 Find the amount of heat supplied to decrease the volume of an ice water mixture by 1 cm3 without any
change in temperature. (ice = 0.9 water, Lice = 80 cal/gm).
(A) 360 cal (B) 500 cal (C) 720 cal (D) none of these
Q.15 Some steam at 100°C is passed into 1.1 kg of water contained in a calorimeter of water equivalent
0.02 kg at 15°C so that the temperature of the calorimeter and its contents rises to 80°C. What is the
mass of steam condensing. (in kg)
(A) 0.130 (B) 0.065 (C) 0.260 (D) 0.135
Q.16 A rod of length 2m rests on smooth horizontal floor. If the rod is heated from 0°C to 20°C. Find the
longitudinal strain developed? ( = 5 × 10–5/°C)
(A) 10–3 (B) 2 × 10–3 (C) Zero (D) None
Q.17 Asteel tape gives correct measurement at 20°C.Apiece of wood is being measured with the steel tape
at 0°C. The reading is 25 cm on the tape, the real length of the given piece of wood must be:
(A) 25 cm (B) <25 cm (C) >25 cm (D) can not say
Q.18 If two rods of length L and 2L having coefficients of linear expansion and 2respectivelyare connected
so that total length becomes 3L, the average coefficient of linear expansion of the composition rod
equals:
3 5 5
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) none of these
2 2 3
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.19 A thin copper wire of length Lincreasein length by1% when heated from temperature T1 to T2. What is the
percentage change in area when a thin copper plate having dimensions 2L × L is heated from T1 to T2?
(A) 1% (B) 2% (C) 3% (D) 4%
Q.20 The coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and a metal X are respectively 12 × 10–6 and
2 × 10–6 per°C.At 40°C, the side of a cube of metal X was measured using a steel vernier callipers. The
reading was 100 mm.Assuming that the calibration of the vernier was done at 0°C, then the actual length
of the side of the cube at 0°C will be
(A) > 100 mm (B) < 100 mm (C) = 100 mm (D)datainsufficienttoconclude
Q.21 A cuboid ABCDEFGH is anisotropic with x = 1 × 10–5 /°C,

y = 2 × 10–5 /°C, z = 3 × 10–5 /°C. Coefficient of superficial
expansion of faces can be
(A) ABCD = 5 × 10–5 /°C (B) BCGH = 4 × 10–5 /°C
(C) CDEH = 3 × 10 /°C
–5 (D) EFGH = 2 × 10–5 /°C
Q.22 The coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid in a copper vessel is C and in a silver vessel is S. The
coefficient of volume expansion of copper is c. What is the coefficient of linear expansion of silver?
(C   c  S) ( C   c  S) (C   c  S) (C   c  S)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
Q.23 Asphere of diameter 7 cm and mass 266.5 gm floats in a bath of a liquid. As the temperature is raised,
the sphere just begins to sink at a temperature 35°C. If the density of a liquid at 0°C is 1.527 gm/cc, then
neglecting the expansion of the sphere, the coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid is f :
(A) 8.486 × 104 per 0C (B) 8.486 × 105 per 0C
(C) 8.486 × 106 per 0C (D) 8.486 × 103 per 0C
Q.24 The volume of the bulb of a mercury thermometer at 0°C is V0 and cross section of the capillary is A0.
The coefficient of linear expansion of glass is g per °C and the cubical expansion of mercury m per °C.
If the mercury just fills the bulb at 0°C, what is the length of mercury column in capillary at T°C.

V0T  m 3 g  
V0 T  m 3 g  
V0 T  m 2 g  
V0 T  m 2 g 
(A) A 0 12 g T  (B) A0 12 g T  (C) A0 13 g T  (D) A0 13 g T 
Q.25 The loss in weight of a solid when immersed in a liquid at 0°C is W0 and at t°C is W. If cubical coefficient
of expansion of the solid and the liquid by S and 1 respectively, then W is equal to :
(A) W0 [1 + ( s – l) t] (B) W0 [1 - (s – l)t]
(C) W0 [( s – l) t] (D) W0t/(s – l)
Q.26 An open vessel is filled completelywith oil which has same coefficient of volume expansion as that of the
vessel. On heating both oil and vessel,
(A) the vessel can contain more volume and more mass of oil
(B) the vessel can contain same volume and same mass of oil
(C) the vessel can contain same volume but more mass of oil
(D) the vessel can contain more volume but same mass of oil
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.27 A rod of length 20 cm is made of metal. It expands by 0.075 cm when its temperature is raised from
0°C to 100°C. Another rod of a different metal B having the same length expands by 0.045 cm for
the same change in temperature, a third rod of the same length is composed of two parts one of
metal A and the other of metal B. Thus rod expand by 0.06 cm.for the same change in temperature.
The portion made of metal A has the length :
(A) 20 cm (B) 10 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 18 cm
Q.28 A rod of length 2m at 0°C and having expansion coefficient  = (3x + 2) × 10–6 °C–1 where x is the
distance (in cm) from one end of rod. The length of rod at 20°C is :
(A) 2.124 m (B) 3.24 m (C) 2.0120 m (D) 3.124 m
Q.29 A glass flask contains some mercury at room temperature. It is found that at different temperatures the
volume of air inside the flask remains the same. If the volume of mercury in the flask is 300 cm3, then
volume of the flask is (given that coefficient of volume expansion of mercury and coefficient of linear
expansion of glass are 1.8 × 10–4 (°C)–1 and 9 × 10–6 (°C)–1 respectively)
(A) 4500 cm3 (B) 450 cm3 (C) 2000 cm3 (D) 6000 cm3
Q.30 A liquid is given some heat.
Statement A: Some liquid evaporates.
Statement B : The liquid starts boiling.
(A)Aimplies B and B impliesA (B) B impliesAbut Adoes not imply B
(C) Aimplies B but B does not implyA. (D) NeitherAimplies B nor impliesA.
Q.31 One end of a 2.35m long and 2.0cm radius aluminium rod (K = 235 W.m1K1) is held at 200C. The other
end of the rod is in contact with a block of ice at its melting point. The rate in kg.s1 at which ice melts is
10
[Take latent heat of fusion for ice as ×105 J.kg1]
3
(A) 48 × 106 (B) 24 × 106 (C) 2.4 × 106 (D) 4.8 × 106
Q.32 Four rods of same material with different radii r and length l are used to connect two reservoirs of heat
at different temperatures. Which one will conduct most heat ?
(A) r =2cm, l =0.5m (B) r = 2cm, l = 2m (C) r =0.5cm, l =0.5m (D) r = 1 cm, l = 1 m
Q.33 A cylinder of radius R made of a material of thermal conductivity k1 is surrounded by a cylindrical shell
of inner radius R and outer radius 2R made of a material of thermal conductivity k2. The two ends of
the combined system are maintained at different temperatures. There is no loss of heat from the cylindrical
surface and the system is in steady state. The effective thermal conductivity of the system is
k1k 2 1 1
(A) k1 + k2 (B) (C) (k1 + 3k2) (D) (3k + k2)
k1  k 2 4 4
Q.34 The wall with a cavity consists of two layers of brick separated by a layer of air.All three layers have the
same thickness and the thermal conductivity of the brick is much greater than that of air. The left layer is
at a higher temperature than the right layer and steady state condition exists. Which of the following
graphs predicts correctly the variation of temperature T with distance d inside the cavity?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.35 A rod of length L and uniform cross-sectional area has varying thermal conductivity which changes
linearly from 2K at endAto K at the other end B. The endsAand B of the rod are maintained at constant
temperature 100°C and 0°C, respectively. At steady state, the graph of temperature : T = T(x) where
x = distance from endAwill be
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.36 Awall has two layerAand B each made of different material, both the layers have the same thickness.
The thermal conductivity of the materialAis twice that of B. Under thermal equilibrium the temperature
difference across the wall B is 36°C. The temperature difference across the wall Ais
(A) 6°C (B) 12°C (C) 18°C (D) 72°C
Q.37 Aring consisting of two parts ADB andACB of same conductivity k carries an
amount of heat H. The ADB part is now replaced with another metal keeping
the temperatures T1 and T2 constant. The heat carried increases to 2H. What
ACB
should be the conductivity of the newADB part? Given = 3:
ADB
7 5
(A) k (B) 2 k (C) k (D) 3 k
3 2
Q.38 Three identical rods AB, CD and PQ are joined as shown. P and Q are mid
points of AB and CD respectively. Ends A, B, C and D are maintained at
0°C, 100°C, 30°C and 60°C respectively. The direction of heat flow in PQ is
(A) from P to Q (B) from Q to P
(C) heat does not flow in PQ (D) data not sufficient
Q.39 The temperature drop through each layer of a two layer furnace wall is
shown in figure. Assume that the external temperature T1 and T3 are
maintained constant and T1 > T3. If the thickness of the layers x1 and x2
are the same, which of the following statements are correct.
(A) k1 > k2
(B) k1 < k2
(C) k1 = k2 but heat flow through material (1) is larger then through (2)
(D) k1 = k2 but heat flow through material (1) is less than that through (2)
Q.40 Figure shows three different arrangements of materials 1, 2 and 3 to form a wall. Thermal conductivities
are k1 > k2 > k3 . The left side of the wall is 20°C higher than the right side. Temperature difference T
across the material 1 has following relation in three cases :
1 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 2
a b c
(A) Ta > Tb > Tc (B) Ta = Tb = Tc
(C) Ta = Tb > Tc (D) Ta = Tb < Tc
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.41 A composite rod made of three rods of equal length and cross-section as shown in the fig. The thermal
conductivities of the materials of the rods are K/2, 5K and K respectively. The end A and end B are at
constant temperatures.All heat entering the faceAgoes out of the end B there being no loss of heat from
the sides of the bar. The effective thermal conductivity of the bar is
A B
K/2 5K K
(A) 15K/16 (B) 6K/13 (C) 5K/16 (D) 2K/13.
Q.42 Three rods made of the same material and having the same cross-section have
been joined as shown in the figure. Each rod is of the same length. The left and
right ends are kept at 0°C and 90°C respectively. The temperature of the junction
of the three rods will be
(A) 45°C (B) 60°C (C) 30°C (D) 20°C
Q.43 A black metal foil is warmed by radiation from a small sphere at temperature 'T' and at a distance 'd ' .
It is found that the power received by the foil is P . If both the temperature and distance are doubled, the
power received by the foil will be :
(A) 16 P (B) 4 P (C) 2 P (D) P
Q.44 The rate of emission of radiation of a black body at 273°C is E, then the rate of emission of radiation of
this body at 0°C will be
E E E
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
16 4 8
Q.45 The power radiated by a black body is P and it radiates maximum energy around the wavelength 0. If
the temperature of the black bodyis now changed so that it radiates maximum energy around wavelength
3/40, the power radiated by it will increase by a factor of
(A) 4/3 (B) 16/9 (C) 64/27 (D) 256/81
Q.46 Star S1 emits maximum radiation of wavelength 420 nm and the star S2 emits maximum radiation of
wavelength 560 nm, what is the ratio of the temperature of S1 and S2 :
(A) 4/3 (B) (4/3)1/4 (C) 3/4 (D) (3/4)1/2
Q.47 Spheres P and Q are uniformly constructed from the same material which is a good conductor of heat
and the radius of Q is thrice the radius of P. The rate of fall of temperature of P is x times that of Q when
both are at the same surface temperature. The value of x is :
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.48 The spectral emissive power E for a body at temperature T1 is plotted against
the wavelength and area under the curve is found to be A. At a different
temperature T2 the area is found to be 9A. Then 1/2 =
(A) 3 (B) 1/3 (C) 1 3 (D) 3
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.49 Two starsAand B emit radiations with different peak wavelength as seen in the graph below. The graph
is plotted between the total energy emitted per unit time against the wavelength of radiation. If T repre-
sents the temperature of the star and R its radius,
A B
Energy
emitted/
time

(A) TA > TB ; RA > RB (B) TA < TB ; RA > RB
(C) TA > TB ; RA < RB (D) TA < TB ; RA < RB
Q.50 If emissivity of bodies X and Y are ex and ey and absorptive power are
Ax and Ay then
(A) ey > ex ; Ay > Ax (B) ey < ex ; Ay < Ax
(C) ey > ex ; Ay < Ax (D) ey = ex ; Ay = Ax
Q.51 An ideal black body at room temperature is thrown into a furnace. It is observed that
(A) initially it is the darkest body and at later times the brightest.
(B) it the darkest body at all times
(C) it cannot be distinguished at all times.
(D) initially it is the darkest body and at later times it cannot be distinguished.
Q.52 A black body calorimeter filled with hot water cools from 60°C to 50°C in 4 min and 40°C to 30°C in
8 min. The approximate temperature of surrounding is :
(A) 10°C (B) 15°C (C) 20°C (D) 25°C
Q.53 A system S receives heat continuously from an electrical heater of power 10W. The temperature of S
becomes constant at 50°C when the surrounding temperature is 20°C.After the heater is switched off,
S cools from 35.1°C to 34.9°C in 1 minute. The heat capacity of S is
(A) 100J/°C (B) 300J/°C (C) 750J/°C (D) 1500J/°C
Q.54 Two friends Aand B went to a restaurant and ordered a cup of tea. The waiter served hot tea with a cup
of cold milk. The two friends decide to play a game of cards before drinking. 'A' mixes hot tea with cold
milk but B mixes them only after the game is over. Whose tea was hotter when they started to drink it ?
(A) A (B) B (C) equal for both (D) can't be said
Q.55 Along solid cylinder is radiating power. It is remoulded into a number of smaller cylinders, each of which
has the same length as orignal cylinder. Each small cylinder has the same temperature as the original
cylinder. The total radiant power emitted bythe pieces is twice that emitted by the original cylinder. How
many smaller cylinders are there ? Neglect the energy emitted by the flat faces of cylinder.
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
Q.56 Ice at 0°C is added to 200 g of water initially at 70°C in a vacuum flask. When 50 g of ice has been
added and has all melted the temperature of the flask and contents is 40°C. When a further 80g of ice
has been added and has all metled, the temperature of the whole is 10°C. Calculate the specific latent
heat of fusion of ice.[Take Sw =1 cal /gm °C.]
(A) 3.8 ×105 J/ kg (B) 1.2 ×105 J/ kg (C) 2.4 ×105 J/ kg (D) 3.0 ×105 J/ kg
THERMAL PHYSICS
[PARAGRAPH TYPE]
Paragraph for question nos. 57 to 59
Two rods Aand B of same cross-sectional areAand length l connected in
series between a source (T1 = 100°C) and a sink (T2 = 0°C) as
shown in figure. The rod is laterally insulated
Q.57 The ratio of the thermal resistance of the rod is

RA 1 RA RA 3 4
(A) R = (B) R = 3 (C) R = (D)
B 3 B B 4 3
Q.58 If TA and TB are the temperature drops across the rod A and B, then
TA 3 TA 1 TA 3 TA 4
(A) T = (B) T = (C) T = (D) T =
B 1 B 3 B 4 B 3
Q.59 If GA and GB are the temperature gradients across the rod A and B, then
GA 3 GA 1 GA 3 GA 4
(A) G = (B) G = (C) G = (D) G =
B 1 B 3 B 4 B 3
[REASONING TYPE]
Q.60 Statement-1 : The leaves of a tree will look black when illuminated with green colored light.
Statement-2 : A good emitter is a good absorber as well.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true
Q.61 Two explorers inAntarctica are wearing a suit that looks similar but one of them is warmer than other.
Statement-1 : The warmer suit is hotter on the outer surface.
Statement-2 : The rate of heat flow through the suit is directlyproportional to the temperature difference.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

Q.62 An experiment is perfomed to measure the specific heat of copper. A lump of copper is heated in an
oven, then dropped into a beaker of water. To calculate the specific heat of copper, the experimenter
must know or measure the value of all of the quantities below EXCEPT the
(A) heat capacity of water and beaker
(B) original temperature of the copper and the water
(C) final (equilibrium) temperature of the copper and the water
(D) time taken to achieve equilibrium after the copper is dropped into the water
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.63 When the temperature of a copper coin is raised by 80°C, its diameter increases by 0.2%.
(A) Percentage rise in the area of a face is 0.4 %
(B) Percentage rise in the thickness is 0.4 %
(C) Percentage rise in the volume is 0.6 %
(D) Coefficient of linear expansion of copper is 0.25 × 10–4 C° –1.
Q.64 50 gm ice at – 10°C is mixed with 20 gm steam at 100°C. When the mixture finally reaches its steady
state inside a calorimeter of water equivalent 1.5 gm then : [Assume calorimeter was initially at 0°C,
Take latent heat of vaporization of water = 540 cal/gm, Latent heat of fusion of water = 80 cal/gm,
specific heat capacity of water = 1 cal/gm-°C, specific heat capacity of ice = 0.5 cal/gm °C]
(A) Mass of water remaining is : 67.4 gm (B) Mass of water remaining is : 67.87 gm
(C) Mass of steam remaining is : 2.6 gm (D) Mass of steam remaining is : 2.13 gm
Q.65 One end of a conducting rod is maintained at temperature 50°C and at the other end, ice is melting at
0°C. The rate of melting of ice is doubled if:
(A) the temperature is made 200°C and the area of cross-section of the rod is doubled
(B) the temperature is made 100°C and length of rod is made four times
(C) area of cross-section of rod is halved and length is doubled
(D) the temperature is made 100°C and the area of cross-section of rod and length both are doubled.
Q.66 Two metallic sphereAand B are made of same material and have got identical surface finish. The mass
of sphereAis four times that of B. Both the spheres are heated to the same temperature and placed in a
room having lower temperature but thermally insulated from each other.
(A) The ratio of rate of heat loss of A to that of B is 24/3.
(B) The ratio of rate of heat loss of A to that of B is 22/3.
(C) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling ofA to that of B is 2-2/3.
(D) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling ofAto that of B is 2-4/3.
Q.67 Two bodies Aand B have thermal emissivities of 0.01 and 0.81 respectively. The outer surface areas of
the two bodies are the same. The two bodies radiate energy at the same rate. The wavelength B,
corresponding to the maximum spectral radiancyin the radiation from B, is shifted from the wavelength
corresponding to the maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation fromAby 1.00 m. If the temperature
of A is 5802 K,
(A) the temperature of B is 1934 K (B) B =1.5 m
(C) the temperature of B is 11604 K (D) the temperature of B is 2901 K
Q.68 Three bodies A, B and C have equal surface area and thermal emissivities in the ratio
1 1
eA : eB : eC = 1 : : .All the three bodies are radiating at same rate. Their wavelengths corresponding
2 4
to maximum intensity are A, B and C respectively and their temperatures are TA, TB and TC on kelvin
scale, then select the incorrect statement.
(A) TA TC  TB (B)  A  C   B
(C) e A TA e C TC  e BTB (D) e A  A TA · e B BTB  e C  C TC
THERMAL PHYSICS

dE T
The figure shows a radiant energy spectrum graph for a black body at a
d
temperature T.
O m 
Q.69 Choose the correct statement(s)
(A) The radiant energy is not equally distributed among all the possible wavelengths
(B) For a particular wavelength the spectral intensity is maximum
(C) The area under the curve is equal to the total rate at which heat is radiated by the body at that
temperature
(D) None of these
Q.70 If the temperature of the body is raised to a higher temperature T', then choose the correct statement(s)
(A) The intensity of radiation for every wavelength increases
(B) The maximum intensity occurs at a shorter wavelength
(C) The area under the graph increases
(D) The area under the graph is proportional to the fourth power of temperature
Q.71 A black bodyis at a temperature of 2880 K. The energyof radiation emitted bythis object with wavelength
between 499 nm and 500 nm is U1, between 999 nm and 1000 nm is U2 and between 1499 nm and
1500 nm is U3. The Wien constant b = 2.88 × 106 nm K. Then
(A) U1 = 0 (B) U3 = 0 (C) U1 > U2 (D) U2 > U1
Q.72 A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical strips one of copper and the other of brass. The coefficient
of linear expansion of the two metals are C and B. On heating, the temperature of the strip goes up by
T and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of curvature R. Then R is :
(A) proportional at T (B) inversely proportional to T
(C) proportional to |B – C| (D) inversely proportional to |B – C|
[MATRIX TYPE]
Q.73 In column-I, certain situations are depicted where steam at 100°C is used to melt ice at 0°C by means
of a conducting body which is insulated to prevent heat losses to surrounding. Match the numerical value
of question asked in each entry to the corresponding entry in column-II. Symbols have usual meaning.
Column-I Column-II
(A) (P) 10
Find temperature of interface of two rods in °C.
(B) (Q) 20
Find total rate of heat transfer through the two rods in SI units.
THERMAL PHYSICS
(C) hollow sphere of (R) 30

1
k= W/mK
32
Find thermal resistance in SI units.
(D) (S) 40

Hollow cylinder of k = W/mK
10
Find temperature gradients in SI units.
EXERCISE-2 (Subjective Questions)

Q.1 An aluminium container of mass 100 gm contains 200 gm of ice at – 20°C. Heat is added to the system
at the rate of 100 cal/s. Find the temperature of the system after 4 minutes (specific heat of ice = 0.5 and
L = 80 cal/gm, specific heat of Al = 0.2 cal/gm/°C)
Q.2 A volume of 120 ml of drink (half alcohol + half water by mass) originally at a temperature of 25°C is
cooled by adding 20 gm ice at 0°C. If all the ice melts, find the final temperature of the drink. (density of
drink = 0.833 gm/cc, specific heat of alcohol = 0.6 cal/gm/°C)
Q.3 A hot liquid contained in a container of negligible heat capacity loses temperature at rate 3 K/min, just
before it begins to solidify. The temperature remains constant for 30 min. Find the ratio of specific heat
capacity of liquid to specific latent heat of fusion is in K–1 (given that rate of losing heat is constant).
Q.4 Two50gm icecubesaredroppedinto250gmofwaterinto aglass.Ifthewaterwasinitiallyat atemperatureof

25°C and the temperature of ice –15°C. Find the final temperature of water.
(specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/gm/°C and L = 80 cal/gm). Find final amount of water and ice.
Q.5 A flow calorimeter is used to measure the specific heat of a liquid. Heat is added at a known rate to a
stream of the liquid as it passes through the calorimeter at a known rate. Then a measurement of the
resulting temperature difference between the inflow and the outflow points of the liquid stream enables us
to compute the specific heat of the liquid.Aliquid of density 0.2 g/cm3 flows through a calorimeter at the
rate of 10 cm3/s. Heat is added by means of a 250-W electric heating coil, and a temperature difference
of 25°C is established in steady-state conditions between the inflow and the outflow points. Find the
specific heat of the liquid.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.6 A substance is in the solid form at 0°C. The amount of

heat added to this substance and its temperature are
plotted in the following graph.If the relative specific heat
capacityof the solid substance is 0.5, find from the graph
(i) the mass of the substance ;
(ii) the specific latent heat of the melting process, and
(iii) the specific heat of the substance in the liquid state.
Q.7 An ice cube of mass 0.1 kg at 0°C is placed in an isolated container which is at 227°C. The specific heat
S of the container varies with temperature T according the empirical relations = A + BT, where
A = 100 cal/kg-K and B = 2 × 10–2 cal/kg-K2. If the final temperature of the container is 27°C,
determine the mass of the container. (Latent heat of fusion for water = 8 × 104 cal/kg. Specific heat of
water = 103 cal/kg-K)
Q.8 A lagged stick of cross section area 1 cm2 and length 1 m is initially at a temperature of 0°C. It is then
kept between 2 reservoirs of tempeature 100°C and 0°C. Specific heat capacity is 10 J/kg°C and linear
mass density is 2 kg/m. Find
(a) temperature gradient along the rod in steady state.

(b) total heat absorbed by the rod to reach steady state.
Q.9 If two rods of length L and 2 L having coefficients of linear expansion  and 2 respectively are
connected so that total length becomes 3 L, determine the average coefficient of linear expansion of the
composite rod.
Q.10 A clock pendulum made of invar has a period of 0.5 sec at 20°C. If the clock is used in a climate where
average temperature is 30°C, aporoximately. How much fast or slow will the clock run in 106 sec.
(invar=1×10–6/°C)
Q.11 A U-tube filled with a liquid of volumetric coefficient of 10–5/°C lies in a vertical plane. The height of
liquid column in the left vertical limb is 100 cm. The liquid in the left vertical limb is maintained at a
temperature = 0°C while the liquid in the right limb is maintained at a temperature = 100°C. Find the
difference in levels in the two limbs.
Q.12 Three aluminium rods of equal length form an equilateral triangleABC. Taking
O (mid point of rod BC) as the origin. Find the increase in Y-coordinate of
center of mass per unit change in temperature of the system.Assume the length
of the each rod is 2m, and al = 4 3  10 6 / C
Q.13 A metal rod A of 25cm lengths expands by 0.050cm. When its temperature is raised from 0°C to
100°C. Another rod B of a different metal of length 40cm expands by 0.040 cm for the same rise in
temperature. A third rod C of 50cm length is made up of pieces of rods A and B placed end to end
expands by 0.03 cm on heating from 0°C to 50°C. Find the lengths of each portion of the composite
rod.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.14 An isosceles triangle is formed with a rod of length l1 and coefficient of linear expansion 1 for the base
and two thin rods each of length l2 and coefficient of linear expansion 2 for the two pieces, if the
distance between the apex and the midpoint of the base remain unchanged as the temperatures varied
l1 
show that 2 2 .
l2 1
Q.15 A vertical brick duct(tube) is filled with cast iron. The lower end of the duct is maintained at a temperature
T1 which is greater than the melting point Tm of cast iron and the upper end at a temperature T2 which is
less than the temperature of the melting point of cast iron. It is given that the conductivity of liquid cast
iron is equal to k times the conductivity of solid cast iron. Determine the fraction of the duct filled with
molten metal.
Q.16 A thin walled metal tank of surface area 5m2 is filled with water tank and contains an immersion heater
dissipating 1 kW.The tank is covered with 4 cm thick layer of insulation whose thermal conductivityis 0.2
W/m/K. The outer face of the insulation is 25oC. Find the temperature of the tank in the steady state
Q.17 The figure shows the face and interface temperature of a composite slab
containing of four layers of two materials having identical thickness. Under
steady state condition, find the value of temperature 
Q.18 Three conducting rods of same material and cross-section are shown in figure.
Temperature ofA, D and C are maintained at 20°C, 90°C and 0°C. Find the ratio of
length BD and BC if there is no heat flow inAB
Q.19 In the square frame of side l of metallic rods, the corners A and C are
maintained at T1 and T2 respectively. The rate of heat flow from Ato C is
. IfAand D are instead maintained T1 & T2 respectivley find, find the
total rate of heat flow.
Q.20 One end of copper rod of uniform cross-section and of length 1.5 meters is in contact with melting ice
and the other end with boiling water. At what point along its length should a temperature of 200°C be
maintained, so that in steady state, the mass of ice melting is equal to that of steam produced in the same
interval of time?Assume that the whole system is insulated from the surroundings.
Q.21 Two spheres of same radius R have their densities in the ratio 8 : 1 and the ratio of their specific heats are
1 : 4. If by radiation their rates of fall of temperature are same, then find the ratio of their rates of losing
heat.
Q.22 A solid copper cube and sphere, both of same mass & emissivity are heated to same initial temperature
and kept under identical conditions. What is the ratio of their initial rate of fall of temperature?
Q.23 The maximum in the energy distribution spectrum of the sun is at 4753 Å and its temperature is 6050K.
What will be the temperature of the star whose energy distribution shows a maximum at 9506 Å.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.24 A pan filled with hot food cools from 50.1 °C to 49.9 °C in 5 sec. How long will it take to cool from
40.1 °C to 39.9°C if room temperature is 30°C?
Q.25 A liquid takes 5 minutes to cool from 80°C to 50°C. How much time will it take to cool from 60°C to
30°C ? The temperature of surrounding is 20°C. Use exact method.
Q.26 Hot oil is circulated through an insulated container with a wooden lid at the
top whose conductivity K = 0.149 J/(m-°C-sec), thickness t = 5 mm,
emissivity = 0.6. Temperature of the top of the lid in steady state is at
Tl = 127°. If the ambient temperature Ta = 27°C. Calculate
(a) rate of heat loss per unit area due to radiation from the lid.
17 8
(b) temperature of the oil. (Given  = 10 )
3
Q.27 When the temperature of the outside atmosphere is –10°C, the temperature of the radiator is 55°C, the
room temperature is 25°C. What is the temperature of the radiator (in°C) with the same rate of heating,
if surrounding atmosphere is at T2 = – 30°C?
Q.28 Aparallel beam of radiation is incident on a highly conducting sphere of unknown emissivity. Incident
radiation intensity on sphere is 1944 W/m2 . Stefan's constant 6 × 10–8 W/m2.k. What is temperature(
in °C) of sphere in steady state.
incident
radiation
EXERCISE-3
(JEE Main Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Assuming the Sun to be a spherical body of radius R at a temperature of T K, evaluate the total radiant
power, incident on Earth, at a distance r from the Sun –
(A) r02 R2  T4 / 4 r2 (B) R2  T4 / r2
(C) 4 r02 R2  T4 / r2 (D)  r02 R2  T4 / r2
where r is the radius of the Earth and  is Stefan's constant.
[AIEEE-2006]
Q.2 One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a temperature T1 and the other at T2. The rod is composed
of two sections of lengths l1 and l2 and thermal conductivities k1 and k2 respectively. The temperature at
the interface of the two sections is
T 1 l1 l2 T2
k1 k2
(A) (k2 l 2 T1 + k1 l 1 T2) / (k1 l 1 + k2 l2) (B) (k2 l 1 T1 + k1 l 2 T2) / (k2 l 1 + k1 l2)
(C) (k1 l 2 T1 + k2 l 1 T2) / (k1 l 2 + k2 l1) (D) (k1 l 1 T1 + k2 l 2 T2) / (k1 l 1 + k2 l2)
[AIEEE-2007]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.3 A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its ends of the other end under steady-state. The
variation of temperature  along the length x of the bar from its hot end is best described by which of
the following figures?
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
[AIEEE– 2009]
Q.4 A liquid in a beaker has temperature (t) at time t and 0 is temperature of surroundings, then according
to Newton's law of cooling the correct graph between loge( – 0) and t is:
loge ( – 0)
loge ( – 0)
(A) (B)
t t
loge ( – 0)
loge ( – 0)
(C) (D)
0 t
0 t
[AIEEE-2012]
Q.5 If a piece of metal is heated to temperature  and then allowed to cool in a room which is at temperature
0, the graph between the temperature T of the metal and time t will be closest to
T
T T T
0
(A) (B) 0 (C) 0 (D)
O t O t O t
O t
[JEE Main 2013]

Q.6 Three rods of Copper, Brass and Steel are welded together to form a Y-shaped structure. Area of
cross-section of each rod = 4 cm2. End of copper rod is maintained at 100ºC where as ends of brass
and steel are kept at 0°C. Lengths of the copper, brass and steel rods are 46, 13 and 12 cms respectively.
The rods are thermally insulated from surroundings except at ends. Thermal conductivities of copper,
brass and steel are 0.92, 0.26 and 0.12 CGS units respectively. Rate of heat flow through copper rod is
(A) 2.4 cal/s (B) 4.8 cal/s (C) 6.0 cal/s (D) 1.2 cal/s
[JEE Main-2014]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.7 A pendulum clock loses 12 s a day if the temperature is 40°C and gains 4 s a day if the temperature is
20°C. The temperature at which the clock will show correct time, and the co-efficient of linear expansion
() of the metal of the pendulum shaft are respectively :
(A) 55º C;  = 1.85 × 10–2 /ºC (B) 25º C;  = 1.85 × 10–5 /ºC
(C) 60ºC ;  = 1.85 × 10–4 /ºC (D) 30º C;  = 1.85 × 10–3 /ºC
[JEE Main 2016]
EXERCISE-4
(JEE ADVANCED Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 In an insulated vessel, 0.05 kg steam at 373 K and 0.45 kg of ice at 253 K are mixed. Then, find the
final temperature of the mixture.
Given, Lfusion = 80 cal/g = 336 J/g, Lvaporization = 540 cal/g = 2268 J/g,
Sice = 2100 J/kg K = 0.5 cal/gK and Swater = 4200 J/kg K = 1 cal /gK
[JEE 2006]
Q.2 In a dark room with ambient temperature T0, a black body is kept at a temperature T. Keeping the
temperature of the black body constant (at T), sunrays are allowed to fall on the black body through a
hole in the roof of the dark room. Assuming that there is no change in the ambient temperature of the
room, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(A) The quantity of radiation absorbed by the black body in unit time will increase.
(B) Since emissivity= absorptivity, hence the quantityof radiation emitted byblack body in unit time will
increase.
(C) Black body radiates more energy in unit time in the visible spectrum.
(D) The reflected energy in unit time by the black body remains same.
[JEE 2006]
Q.3 Column I gives some devices and Column II gives some processes on which the functioning of these
devices depend. Match the devices in Column I with the processes in Column II and indicate your
answer by darkening appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
Column I Column II
(A) Bimetallic strip (P) Radiation from a hot body
(B) Steam engine (Q) Energy conversion
(C) Incandescent lamp (R) Melting
(D) Electric fuse (S) Thermal exapansion of solids
[JEE 2007]
Q.4 A metal rodAB of length l0x has its one endA in ice at 0°Cand the other end B in water at 100°C. If a
point P on the rod is maintained at 400°C, then it is found that equal amounts of water and ice evaporate
and melt per unit time. The latent heat of evaporation of water is 540 cal/g and latent heat of melting of
ice is 80 cal/g. If the point P is at a distance of x from the ice endA, find the value of .
[Neglect any heat loss to the surrounding.]
[JEE-2009]
Q.5 Two spherical bodies A(radius 6 cm) and B(radius 18 cm) are at temperature T1 and T2, respectively.
The maximum intensity in the emission spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in that of B is at 1500 nm.
Considering them to be black bodies, what will be the ratio of the rate of total energy radiated byA to
that of B ?
[JEE-2010]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.6 A piece of ice (heat capacity = 2100 J kg–1 °C–1 and latent heat = 3.36 × 105 J kg–1) of mass m grams
is at –5°C at atmospheric pressure. It is given 420 J of heat so that the ice starts melting. Finally when the
ice-water mixture is in equilibrium, it is found that 1gm of ice has melted.Assuming there is no other heat
exchange in the process, the value of m is
[JEE-2010]
Q.7 Acomposite block is made of slabsA, B, C, D and E of different thermal conductivity (given in terms of
a constant K) and sizes (given in terms of length, L) as shown in the figure.All slabs are of same width.
Heat 'Q' flows only from left to right through the blocks. Then in steady state
0 1L 5L 6L
heat
A B 3K E
1L
2K C 4K 6K
3L
D 5K
4L
(A) heat flow through A and E slabs are same
(B) heat flow through slab E is maximum
(C) temperature difference across slab E is smallest.
(D) heat flow through C = heat flow through B + heat flow through D.
[JEE-2011]
Q.8 Steel wire of length 'L' at 40°C is suspended from the ceiling and then a mass 'm' is hung from its free
end. The wire is cooled down from 40°C to 30°C to regain its original length 'L'. The coefficient of linear
thermal expansion of the steel is 10–5 /°C. Young's modulus of steel is 1011 N/m2 and radius of the wire
is 1 mm. Assume that L>> diameter of the wire. Then the value of 'm' in kg is nearly.
[JEE-2011]
Q.9 Three very large plates of same area are kept parallel and close to each other. They are considered as
ideal black surfaces and have veryhigh thermal conductivity. The first and third plates are maintained at
temperatures 2T and 3T respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e. second) plate under steady
state condition is
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
 65   97   97 
(A)   T (B)   T (C)   T (D) 97 1 / 4 T
 2  4   2 
[JEE-2012]
Q.10 Two rectangular, blocks, having identical dimensions, can be arranged either in configuration I or in
configuration II as shown in the figure. One of the blocks has thermal conductivity K and the other 2K.
The temperature difference between the ends along the x-axis is the same in both the configurations. It
takes 9 s to transport a certain amount of heat from the hot end to the cold end in the configuration I. The
time to transport the same amount of heat in the configuration II is
Configuration I Configuration II
2K
K 2K K
(A) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s (C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s

[JEE-2013]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.11 The figure below shows the variation of specific heat capacity (C) of a solid as a function of temperature
(T). The temperature is increased continuously from 0 to 500 K at a constant rate. Ignoring any volume
change, the following statement (s) is (are) correct to reasonable approximation. [JEE-2013]
100 200 300 400 500
T(K)
(A) the rate at which heat is absorbed in the range 0-100 K varies linearly with temperature T.
(B) heat absorbed in increasing the temperature from 0-100 K is less than the heat required for increasing
the temperature from 400 - 500 K.
(C) there is no change in the rate of heat absorption in the range 400 - 500 K
(D) the rate of heat absorption increases in the range 200 - 300 K.
Q.12 Parallel rays of light of intensityI = 912Wm–2 are incident on a spherical black body kept in surroundings
of temperature 300 K. Take Stefan-Boltzmann constant  = 5.7 × 10–8 Wm–2 K–4 and assume that the
energy exchange with the surroundings is onlythrough radiation. The final steadystate temperature of the
black body is close to
(A) 330 K (B) 660 K (C) 990 K (D) 1550 K
[JEE-2014]
Q.13 Two spherical starsAand B emit blackbody radiation. The radius ofAis 400 times that of B andAemits
 A 
104 times the power emitted from B. The ratio   of their wavelengths  and  at which the
 B  A B
peaks occur in their respective radiation curves is

[JEE 2015]
Q.14 A water cooler of storage capacity 120 litres can cool water at a constant rate of P watts. In a closed
circulation system (as shown schematically in the figure), the water from the cooler is used to cool an
external device that generates constantly 3 kW of heat (thermal load). The temperature of water fed into
the device cannot exceed 30°C and the entire stored 120 litres of water is initially cooled to 10°C. The
entire system is thermally insulated. The minimum value of P (in watts) for which the device can be
operated for 3 hours is
Cooler Device
Hot
Cold
(Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1 and the density of water is 1000 kg m–3)
(A) 1600 (B) 2067 (C) 2533 (D) 3933
[JEE 2016]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.15 A metal is heated in a furnace where a sensor is kept above the metal surface to read the power radiated
(P) by the metal. The sensor has a scale that displays log2 (P/P0), where P0 is a constant. When the metal
surface is at a temperature of 487°C, the sensor shows a value 1. Assume that the emissivity of the
metallic surface remains constant. What is the value displayed bythe sensor when the temperature of the
metal surface is raised to 2767°C ?
[JEE 2016]
Q.16 The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and RS, are soldered (joined) together. Initially each of the
wires has a length of 1 m at 10 °C. Now the end P is maintained at 10°C, while the end S is heated and
maintained at 400°C. The system is thermallyinsulated from its surroundings. If the thermal conductivity
of wire PQ is twice that of the wire RS and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of PQ is
1.2 × 10–5K–1, the change in length of the wire PQ is
(A) 0.78 mm (B) 0.90 mm (C) 1.56 mm (D) 2.34 mm
[JEE 2016]
EXERCISE-5
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
Q.1 The coolant in a chemical or nuclear plant (i.e. the liquid used to prevent different parts of a plant from
getting too hot) should have high specific heat. Comment.
Q.2 Two copper balls having masses 5 gm and 10 gm collide with a target with the same velocity. If the total
energy is used in heating the balls. Which ball will attain higher temperature?
Q.3 Cooking is easier in pressure cooker but difficult on hills. Why ?
Q.4 What do you understand by change of state ? What changes occur with temperature, when heat is given
to a solid body.
Q.5 Is it necessary thatall balck coloured objects should be considered black bodies ?
Q.6 What is the basic conditions for Newton's law of cooling to be obeyed ?
Q.7 What are the basic differences between, conduction, convection and radiation?
Q.8 Explain Newton's law of cooling and discuss its experimental verification.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Kinetic Theory Of Gases

An ideal gas is collection of small, hard, randomlymoving atoms that occasionally collide and bounce off
each other but otherwise do not interact. Nonetheless, gases if two condition are met:
1. The density is low (i.e., the atoms occupy a volume much smaller that of the container), and
2. The temperature is well above the condensation point.
If the density gets too high, or the temperature too low, then the attractive forces between the atoms
cause interaction. These are the forces that are responsible underthe right conditions, for the gas condensing
into a liquid.
The Ideal-Gas Law

Experiments shown that there is a specific relationship between the state variables. (P, V, T)
There is a very clear proportionality between the quantity PV and the quantity nT. If we designate the
slope of the line in this graph as R, then we can write relationship as
PV = R × (nT)
PV(J) The graph of PV against nT
is a straight line with slope
R = 8.31 J/mol K.
nT(mol K)
A graph of PV versus nT for an ideal gas.
It is customary to write the relationship in a slightlydifferent form, namely
PV = nRT (ideal-gas law) ...(i)
equation (i) is ideal gas law.
The constant R, which determined experimentallyas the slope of the graph in figure is called the universal
gas constant. Its value in SI units, is
R = 8.31 J-mol K
If the gas is initially in state i, characterizes buy the state variables Pi , Vi and Ti and at some later time in
a final in a final state f, the state variables for these two states are related by
Pf Vf Pi Vi
 (ideal gas in a seaved container)
Tf Ti
The mathematical relation between the state variables of a system is called the equation of state. Ideal
gas will always follow ideal gas equation.
Symbols and constants :

P = Pressure of gas ; V = Volume of gas ; T = Temperature of gas
n = no. of moles ; M = mol. wt. of gas ; m0 = mass of each atom or molecule
N = total no. of molecule ; N0 = Avogadro no.
K = Boltzmann gas constant = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1
R = Universal gas constant
R
 = Specific gas constant = ; m = mass of gas
M
THERMAL PHYSICS
Different forms of Ideal gas of equation

(a) PV = nRT
d RT
(b) P= (d is density of gas)
M
(c) PV = NKT (per molecule)
(d) PV =mT
m N
* n= = N
M 0
* M = m0N0
R
* K= N
0
If mass of the gas is not constant then we can use
P1V1 P2 V2
n1T1 = n 2 T2 = R (Universal gas constant)
Boyle’s Law : Relation Between Pressure and volume of a Gas

At constant temperature, volume of a fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
Isotherms P
P
V
n2 n3 T3 log P
n1 T2
T1 1/V 1/P
V constant constant log V
(a) PV = constant (b) P = (c) V =
V P
1
(d) log P = constant – logV
1
V
P
PV = constant
P1 V1 = P2 V2 (T, n are constant)
Charles’ Law: Relation Between Temperature and volume of a Gas

When a gas is heated at constant pressure, its volume is a linear function of the temperature and can be
expressed by the equation for a straight line
V = mt + C
Where t is the temperature in ºC and m and C are constants. The intercept on the vertical axis, C, is V0
V
which is the volume at t = 0ºC. The slope of the line is m =
t
Thus
 V 
Vt = V0 +  t (n, p are constant)
 t 
V
= increase in volume per degree
t
THERMAL PHYSICS
1 V
 = V t = relative increase in volume per degree
0
V
slope = V0 
1  V 
=  
V0  t 
V0 1

273
–273 0 tºC
0 TK
273
Thus Vt = V0 + V0 t = V0 (1+t)
1
 is called coefficient of expansion. It is approximately for all the gases.
273
 t 
V = V0 1  
 273 
Thus, an increases the temperature of a fixed volume of a gas at constant pressure increases the volume
V
1
by of the volume at 0ºC. constant P
273
V T n2,P
 n1,P
V0 T0 (n, P are constants)
T
Gay-Lussac’s Law
When the temperature of a gas is changed keeping the volume constant, the pressure of the gas changes.
Similar to volume, the pressure changes by 1/273.
P
1  P  1 constant V
=   
P0  T  273 n2,V
n1,V
 t   273  t 
Pt = P0 1   = P0  
 273   273 
T
Pt T
or  (n, V are constants)
P0 T0
Dalton’s Law of partial Pressures

This law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of
the pressure which each component would exert if placed independently in the container.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ..... (T, V are constants)
Ptotal = i Pi
Where the symbol i stands for the summation over all the components present in the mixture.
The partial pressure Pi of component i is defined as the pressure that the gas would exert if it were
present along in the same volume and the same temperature.
n1RT n 2 RT
p1 =  p2 =
V V
THERMAL PHYSICS
The total pressure of the system can be written as

Ptotal = i pi
RT RT
=  n i  n total
V i V
and partial pressure of i component can be written as
th
ni
Pi = Ptotal n
total
ni
When n is the mole fraction of the respective component
total
Equation of State :
The equation of state for an ideal gas :
PV = nRT
In this expression, known as the ideal gas law, R is a universal constant that is the same for all gases and
T is the absolute temperature in kelvins. Experiments on numerous gases show that as the pressure
approaches zero, the quantity PV/nT approaches the same value R for all gases. For the reason, R is
called the universal gas constant. In SI units, in which pressure is expressed in pascals (1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
and volume in cubic meters, the product PV has units of newton meters, or joules, and R has the value
R = 8.315 J/mol K
If the pressure is expressed in atmospheres and the volume in liters (1L = 103 = 10–3 m3), then R has the
value
R = 0.08214 L atm/mol K
Using this value of R we find that the volume occupied by 1 mol of any gas at atmospheric pressure and
at 0ºC (273 K ) is 22.4 L.
Assumption of kinetic theory of gases
1.All gases are made of molecule moving randomly in all directions.
2. The size of a molecule is much smaller than the average separation between the molecules.
3. The molecules exert no force on each other or on the walls of the container except during collision.
4.All collisions between two molecules or between a molecule and a wall are perfectlyelastic.Also, the
time spent during a collision is negligiblysmall.
5. The molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion.
6. When a gas is left for sufficient time, it comes to a steady state. The density and the distribution of
position, direction and time. This assumption may be justified if the number of molecules is very large.
Calculation of the pressure of an ideal gas
Z
Vz
V
A2 A1
Vx
Vy X
Y
THERMAL PHYSICS
Consider an ideal gas enclosed in a cubical vessel of edge L. Take a corner of the vessel as the origin O
and the X-, Y-, Z- axes along the edges. Let A1 andA2 be the parallel faces perpendicular to the X-axis.

Consider a molecule moving with velocity  . The components of the velocity along the axes are x, y
and z. When the molecule collides with the force A1, the x-component of the velocity is reversed
whereas the y- and the z-components remain unchanged. This follows from our assumption that the
collisions of the molecules with the wall are perfectlyelastic. The change in momentum of the molecule is
p = (– mx) – (mx) = – 2mx.
As the momentum remains conserved in a collision, the change in momentum of the wall is
p’ = 2mx ...(i)
After rebound, this molecule travels towards A2 with the x-component of velocity equal to – x. Any
collision of the molecule with any other face (except forA2) does not change the value of x. So, it travels
between A1 and A2 with a constant x-component of velocity which is equal to x. Note that we can
neglect any collision with the other molecules in view of the last assumption discussed in the previous
section.
The distance travelled parallel to the x-direction between A1 and A2 = L. Thus, the time taken by the
molecule to go from A1 to A2 = L/x. The molecule rebounds from A2, travels towards a1 and collides
with it after another time interval L/x. Thus, the time between two consecutive collisions of this molecule
withA1 is t = 2 L/x. The number of collisions of this molecule withA1 in unit time is
1 x
n=  ...(ii)
t 2 L
The momentum imparted per unit time to the wall bythis molecule is, from (i) and (ii),
The momentum imparted per unit time to the wall by this molecule is from (i) and (ii),
x m
F = np’ =  2m x  2x
2L L
This is also the force exerted on the wallA1 due to this molecule. The total force on the wallA1 due to all
the molecules is
m m 2
F= L 2
x =
L
 x ...(iii)
As all directions are equivalent, we have
1 1
2x = y = 2z =
2
(2x  2y  2z ) = 2
3 3
1m 2
Thus, from (iii), F =  .
3L
If N is the total number of molecules in the sample, we can write
1 mN 2
F=
3 L N
The pressure is force per unit area so that
F 1 mN 2 1 M 2 1 2
p= = =  
L2 3 L3 N 3 L3 N 3 N
where M is the total mass of the gas taken and  is its density. Also 2/N is the average of the speeds
squared. It is written as u2 and is called mean square speed. Thus, the pressure is
THERMAL PHYSICS
1 2
p=  ...(1)
3
1
or pV = M2 ...(2)
3
1
or, pV = Nm 2 ...(3)
3
RMS Speed
The square root of mean square speed is called root-square speed or rms speed. It is denoted by the
symbol rms Thus,
rms = 2 / N
or, 2 = (rms)2.
Equation (1) may be written as
1 2
p =   rms
3
3p 3pV 3RT
so that rms =  = (M  molecular weight)
 M M
8KT 8RT
Avg. speed avg  
m 0 M
2KT 2KT
Most probable speed p  
m0 M
Translational kinetic energy of gas :

Kinetic energy of any molecule is k1
1
k1 = m V2
2 0 1
Total K.E. of all molecular is k
1 1 1  V 2 
2
k =  m 0 V = m0V2 = m0N  
2 2 2  N 
 
m 2 m 3RT
= V = ×
2 rms 2 M
3nRT m 
k=   n
2 M 
3 PV
k=
2
3
K.E. / volume = P
2
THERMAL PHYSICS
Internal Energy
Degree of freedom :
No of ways in which molecule can passes energy is known as degree of freedom.
S. N. Gas Translatory Rotation Vibration Total
1. Monoatomic 3 0 0 3
2. Diatomic 3 2 0 5
Law of equipartition of energy :

Statement : For an ideal gas average energy associated with its any molecule for each degree of freedom
KT
is . (Where temperature T in kelvin)
2
f KT
Let f be the degree of freedom for a gas. Average energy associated with its any molecule =
2
N f KT
Total kinetic energy of a gas =
2
f RT
Kinetic energy of one mole of gas =
2
Value of internal energy of a gas

Internal energy of gas should be sum of K.E. and P.E. of its constitute molecules.
But for ideal gas we has assumed P.E. = 0 (Since force of interaction between molecules is zero)
Thus, I.E. of a gas = K.E. of molecules
If f is the degree of freedom of a gas molecules than total K.E. [Trans + Rotation of each molecule ]
f RT
for one mole U =
2
for n mole of gas and having f degree of freedom are at temperature T1 kelvin and heated to temperature
T2 then
n f RT1
at T1 kelvin U1 =
2
n f RT2
at T2 kelvin U2 =
2
nf R
change in I.E. U = (T2 – T1)
2
Change in internal energy of ideal gas is a function of temperature and temperature only. It does not
depend on how we carry out this change in temperature.
fR
is represented as Cv
2
fR
Cv =
2
U = nCvT
THERMAL PHYSICS
(i) For monoatomic gas (f = 3)

n 3RT n 3 RΔΔ 3R
U= & U = or Cv =
2 2 2
(ii) For rigid diatomic molecule (f = 5)
n 5 RT n 5 R ΔT
U= & U =
2 2
5R
Cv =
2
Calculation of work done by gas :
If the piston moves towards right a dx distance then
work done by this force is dW. P
dW = F . dx = P (A . dx)
dW = PdV
A
V2
dW=  PdV
V1
Graphical interpretation :
From above integral it can be understood that area enclosed by PV-curve and V-axis represents the
work done by gas.
P v2
V W+ve
W +ve
(i) (ii) v1
v1 v2 V P
P
W–ve V v1 W–ve
(iii) (iv) v2
v2 v1 V
P
When volume decrease W is –ve
Indirect technique(for quasistatic process) :

Work done by gas + work done by all external agents = 0
 Work done by gas = – (work done by all the external agents)
P0
x
Work done by gas + WD by spring + W.D. by atm press = 0
W.D. by gas = – (W. D. by atm press + W.D. by spring)
1
= – [(– P0Ax) + (– 1/2 kx2 – 0) = P0Ax + kx2
2
THERMAL PHYSICS
Heat & Thermodynamics

Definition :
Heat is defined as the amount of energy transfer from one body to another body or from one part of a
body to other part of the body by virtue of temperature difference.
Important points :
(a) When two bodies at different temperature are brought in contact the hotter body cools down and the
cooler body warms up due to the transfer of heat from hotter body to cooler body.
(b) “Heat is energy in transit due to temperature different between the body” when heat is transferred from
one body to another body then after the transfer this heat becomes part of internal energy or is used for
doing work.
Unit & Dimension :
SI unit  Joule
Dimension  ML2T–2
Specific heat of gas :
Types of specific heat of gas :
(a) Molar specific heat : Unit mass is taken as one mole
Units  J / mole – k
(b) Gram specific heat : Unit mass is taken as 1kg or 1 gm.
Units  J / kg-k or J / gm-k
C molar
Cgram =
M
Definition :
Amount of heat required to raise temperature of one unit amount (mass or mole) byone unit temperature
through a given process is known as specific heat of that process.
 dQ 
Cprocess =  n T 
 process
Note : Thus any gas can have infinite specific heats depending on the infinite different processes.
T2
Q =  n C dT where C is the sp. heat for the process through which temperature from T to T .
1 2
T1
Note : C remains inside the integral because it may be a variable i.e. C may be a function of temperature
(directly or indirectly).
Specific heat at constant volume :
 dQ 
Represented as Cv Cv =  n dT 
 const. volume
fR fR
Its experimental value is found to be very close to thus Cv =
2 2
Specific heat at constant pressure :
Represented as Cp
 dQ 
Cp =  n dT 
 const. pressure
THERMAL PHYSICS
( f  2) R
its experimental value is found to be almost equal to
2
( f  2) R
Cp =
2
Adiabatic exponent () :
Cp
=
Cv
2 R R
 =1+  Cv =   1  Cp =   1
f
First law of Thermodynamics

Statement : dQ = dU + dW (For zero heat loss)
dQ = heat supplied to the system
dU = change in internal energy
dW = work done by the system
* This law is a form of energy conservation.
The first Law of Thermodynamics (derivation)
Let us introduce certain amount of heat energy dQ into a gas confined inside a cylinder fit with a piston.
The gas can either:
(i) store energy as random KE of its molecules (dU), or
(ii) use the energy to do work (dW) in the environment (such as raising a weight on the piston).
Thus, the first law of thermodynamics can be written : dQ = dU + dW
Note : In solivng thermodynamics problems, always take gas as system.
Sign convention :
(i) Whenever heat is added to the system sign is +ve
(ii) Whenever system rejects the heat sign is -ve
Work (dW) :
(i) ( V) sign is +ve (ii) sign is -ve (V)
Internal energy (dU) :

(i) When temperature increases sign is +ve
(ii) When temperature decreases sign is -ve
Application of first law of thermodynamics :

Isochoric process :
A process that takes place at constant volume is called isochoric process or isovolumetric process. (Gas
will follow Gaylusac’s Law)
(i) Conditions  V is constant
P
(ii) Process equation  = constant
T
(iii) If gas is taken from stateAhaving pressure P1 temperaure T1 and volume V to state B having Pressure
P2 temperaure T2 and volume V then
A  B
( P1 , V, T1 ) ( P2 V, T2 )
,
THERMAL PHYSICS
P1 P2
T1 = T2 [While PV = nRT will relate variables in same state ]
(iv) P-V curve
(v) dW = 0 since dV = 0
P P2
n f0R
(vi) U = (T2  T1 ) P1
2
(vii) Q = nCv (T2 – T1)
v
(viii) Applying first law of thermodynamics (F.L.T.) V
O + U = Q
f R
 n  (T – T1) = nCv (T2 – T1)
 2  2
fR
 Cv =
2
dP
(ix) Bulk modulus = – =–
(dV / V)
(x) sp. heat = Cv
Isobaric process :
A process that takes place at constant pressure is called isobaric process. (Gas will follow Charle’s
Law)
(i) Condition : P is constant
V
(ii) Process equation  is constant
T
(iii) If gas is taken from stateA having pressure P temperaure T1 and volume V1 to state B having Pressure
P temperaure T2 and volume V2 then
A B
•
(P, V1, T1) (P, V2, T2)
V1 V2 PV1  nRT1
T1 = T2 PV2  nRT2
P
(iv) P – V curve
V
v2
(v) W=  P dv = P (V 2
– V1) = nR (T2 – T1)
v1
(vi) dU = nCv dT
U = nCv (T2 – T1)
(vii) dQ = nCpdT
Q = nCp (T2 – T1)
(viii) Applying FLT

nCp (T2 – T1) = nCv (T2 – T1) + nR (T2 – T1)  Cp – Cv = R
(known as meyer’s relation)
THERMAL PHYSICS
Characteristic gas constant :

Gas constant expressed for particular gas in terms of mass is known as characteristic gas constant of that
particular gas.
R (universal gas const.)
Rcharacteristic =
M (mol. wt. of gas )
Units J / gm-k or J / kg-k
(ix) Bulk modulus
 dp
B=
dV / V  = 0
(x) Sp. heat capacity Cp
Isothermal process :
Aprocess that takes place at constant temperature is called isothermal process. (Gas will follow Boyle’s
Law)
(i) Condition  Temp. is constant
(ii) Process equation  PV = const.
(iii) If gas is taken from stateAhaving pressure P1 volume V1 and temperaure Tto state B having Pressure
P2 volume V2 and temperaure T then
A B
•
(P 1, V 1, T) (P2, V2, T)
P1V1 = P2V2 P1V1 = nRT
P2V2 = nRT
(iv) P-V curve P
dP P
slope = =
V
dV V
V2 V2
dV V2 V2 V2 V2 P1
(v) W =  PdV = k = PV ln V = P1V1 ln V = P1V2 ln V = nRT
T ln V = nRT
T ln P
V1 V1 V 1 1 1 1 2
(vi) dU = 0
(vii) Using FLT
dQ = dW
V2
Q = nRT ln V
1
dP
(viii) B= 
dV / V  = P
 dQ 
(ix) Specific heat = C =  n dT  = 
 
By adiabatic process :
Adiabatic Process (Derivation): For an adiabatic process (Q = 0)
P dV R RT dV dV dT
0  Cv        1   0
n dT   1 V dT V T
PV
   1 ln V  ln T  ln c ' TV  1  c '; Also, T   PV   c '
nR

T  T
P   c'   1  c ' P  T
P P
THERMAL PHYSICS
In this process net heat supplied to the gas is zero

(i) Condition dQ = 0 (ii) Process equation PVr = const.
(iii) If gas is taken from stateAhaving pressure P1 volume V1 and temperaure T1 to state B having Pressure
P2 volume V2 and temperaure T2 then
A B
•
(P1, V 1, T1) (P2, V 2, T2)
P1V1 = P2V2 P1V1 = nRT1
P2V2 = nRT2
(iv) P-V curve
P
dP P
slope = =
dV V
V2 V
(v) W =  PdV (since Pv = k) 

V1
v2 v2
 kv   1 P2 V2  P1V1
=k  V dV = (   1) =
1 
v1 v1
(vi) V = nCv (T2 – T1)
nR (T2  T1 ) P2 V2  P1V1
= =
 1  1
(vii) Applying FLT we can see that
0 = W + U  U = – W
dP
(viii) B = – dV/ V = P
dQ
(ix) Sp. heat C = n dT = 0
Results :
(i) For expansion from same initial vol. & pressure to same final volume 
Wisobaric > Wisothermal > Wadiabatic
P isobaric
•
isothermal
adiabatic
V1 V V2
As the area under the P-V graph is largest for isobaric hence its work done is greater than isothermal and
in similar manner we can say that work done in isothermal process will be greater than adiabatic process.
(ii) For compression from same initial state to same final volume
Wadia
Wib
P adiabatic
Wisobaric
V2 V1
isothermal
(iii) At pt. of interaction (slope of isothermal) x  = slope of adiabatic.
V
THERMAL PHYSICS
Polytropic process :
It is a process in which molar heat capacity C = constant
P dV
C  Cv  ; PdV  VdP  n RdT
n dT
P R dV
 C  Cv 
PdV  VdP
R VdP
  1
C  Cv PdV
R   C  Cv  VdP C  Cp
    K
C  Cv PdV C  Cv
dP dV
  K 0
P V
 ln P  K ln V  const
 PV K  Const. K: Polytropic constant
Isochoric: K= [P1/KV = const.] C = Cv

Isobaric: K=0 C = CP
C  Cp 1 Cp / C
Isothermal: K=1 K  C=
C  Cv 1  Cv / C
Adiabatic: K= [Put C = 0 in the equation of K] C=0
(i) Characteristic equation process
PVx = const.
V2
(ii) W=  PdV

V1
V2
k  V2 x 1  V1 x 1 
=  x dV = 
k
 x  1


V1 V  
k k
V  x V1
x 2
V V1 P2 V2  P1V1
= =
1 x 1 x
n R ( T2  T1 )
=
lx
n R (T2  T1 )
(iii) U =
(   1)
(iv) From FLT
dQ = dW + dU
 1 1 
Q = nR (T2 – T1) 1  x    1 
 
THERMAL PHYSICS
(v) Sp. heat

Q = nc (T2 – T1)
R R
C= +  1
1 x
Cyclic process :
It is combination of two or more than two processes in which initial and final state of the system is same
(i) dU = 0
P
Total change in I.E. is zero because initial & final temp. is same B
A
(ii) Applying FLT
V
dQ = dW
(iii) Net work done in a cyclic process is area bounded by process curve on PV diagram.
P  
P  P  V
V V V P
(iv) Efficiency of cyclic process :
Total work done ( ve and  ve both )

 = Total heat sup plied (only  ve heat ) to the system × 100
Carnot Heat Engine :

(A) The Engine :
As according to the second law of thermodynamics whole of heat can never be converted into work, the
question then arises under what conditions the conversion of heat to work is these questions Carnot
developed an ideal heat engine which is supposed to consist of the following four components :
(1) A cylinder with perfectly non-conducting walls and a perfectly conducting base containing a perfect gas
as working substance and fitted with a non-conducting frictionaless piston'
(2) A source of infinite thermal capacity maintained at constant higher temperature TH;
(3) A sink of infinite thermal capacity maintained at constant lower temperature TL; and
(4) Aperfectly non-conducting stand for the cylinder.
Ideal Source
Gas TH
Sink
Stand TL
Here it is worth mentioning that as all the above mentioned components cannot exist in reality, Carnot
engine is an ideal (hypothetical) engine which can never be actually constructed.
THERMAL PHYSICS
(B) Carnot Cycle [or Working of the Engine] : A TH

B
The working substance in a Carnot engine is taken through a
reversible cycle consisting of the folloing four steps : D C
P TL
(i) The cylinder containing ideal gas is placed on the source and the gas
is allowed to expand slowly at constant temperature TH absorbing heat VA VD VB VC
QH. This isothermal change is represented by the curveAB in the indica- V
tor diagram.
(ii) The cylinder is then placed on the non-conducting stand and the gas is alloweed to expand adiabatically
till the temperature falls from THto TL. This adiabatic expansion is represented by the curve BC.
(iii) The cylinder is next placed on the sink and the gas is compressed at constant temperature TL. This
adiabatic expansion is represented by the curve BC.
(iv) Finally the cylinder is again placed on the non-conducting stand and the compression is continued so that
the gas returns to its initial stage along DA.
The closed pathABCDA represents the so called Carnot cycle and the four stages taken together
represent a cyclic process
(C) Efficiency of the Engine :
The efficiency of a engine is defined as the ratio of work done to the heat supplied, i.e.,
Work done W
  ...(i)
heat input WH
But as for cyclic process W = i.e., W = QH – QL
So eqn. (i) reduces to
Q  QL Q
 H  1 L ...(ii)
QH QH
Now as in an isothermal process internal energy remains constant, in accordance with first law
Q = W = nRT loge (VF/VI) [as U = 0]
 VB 
So QH = nRTH loge  V 
 A
V 
and | QL | nRTL log C  ...(iii)
 RD 
But as for adiabatics BC and DA respectively,
THVB–1 = TLVC–1 and THVA–1 = TLVD–1
Dividing these two results,
 1  1
 VB  V  VB VC
    C  , i.e., V  V ...(iv)
V
 A  VD  A D
Substituting the value of QH and QL from, equation (iii) in (ii) in the light of (iv), we get
TL
  1 ...(v)
TH
THERMAL PHYSICS
This is the required result and from this it is clear that :

(1) Efficiency of a heat engine depends only on temperatures of source and sink and is independent of all
other factors.
(2) All reversible heat engines working between same temperatures are equally efficient and no heat engine
can be more efficient than Carnot engine (as it is ideal).
(3) As on Kelvin scale temperature can never be negative (as 0 K is defined as lowest possible temperature)
and TH and TL are finite, efficiency of a heat engine is always lesser than unity, i.e., whole of heat can
never be converted into work which is in accordance with second law.
The efficiencyof actual engines is much lesser than that of ideal engine.Actuallythe practical efficiencyof
a steam engine is about (8-15)% while that of a petrol engine 40%. The efficiency of a disesel engine is
maximum and is about (50-55)%.
Refrigerator or Heat Pump :
A heat engine takes heat from a hot body, converts part of it into work and rejects the rest to a cold
body. The reverse operation is done by a refrigerator also known as a heat pump. It takes an amount Q2
of heat from a cold body, an amount W of work is done on it by the surrounding and the total energy
Q1 = Q2 + W is supplied to a hot body in the form of heat. Thus, heat is passed from the cold body to
the hot body. Figure shows the process schematically. If the heat is taken at a single low temperature T2,
it is rejected at a single high temperature T1 and all the parts of the process are carried out reversibly, we
get a Carnot refrigerator. If the operating temperatures are fixed, a Carnot refrigerator needs minimum
amount of work done to extract a given amount Q2 of heat from the colder body.
High-Temperature Body
Heat Q1
work
W
Heat Q2
Low-Temperature Body
In this case,
Q1 T1

Q 2 T2
Q 2  W T1
or, 
Q2 T2
T 
or, W = Q2  1 1
 T2 
A minimum of this much work has to be done by the surrounding, if we wish to transfer heat Q2 from the
low-temperature body to the high-temperature body. This leads to another statement of second law of
thermodynamics as follows:
It is not possible to design a refrigerator which works in cyclic process and whose only result is
to transfer heat from a body to a hotter body.
This is known as the Claussius statement of the second law.
THERMAL PHYSICS
EXERCISE-1 (Objective Questions)

[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
Q.1 The ratio of average translational kinetic energy to rotational kinetic energy of a diatomic molecule at
temperature T is
(A) 3 (B) 7/5 (C) 5/3 (D) 3/2
Q.2 One mole of an ideal gas at STP is heated in an insulated closed container until the average speed of its
molecules is doubled. Its pressure would therefore increase by factor.
(A) 1.5 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 4
Q.3 A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles of argon at temperature T. Neglecting all
vibrational modes, the total internal energy of the system is
(A) 4 RT (B) 15 RT (C) 9 RT (D) 11 RT
Q.4 Three particles have speeds of 2u , 10u and 11u. Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed by about u.
(B) The mean speed exceeds the r.m.s. speed by about u.
(C) The r.m.s. speed equals the mean speed.
(D) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed by more than 2u.
Q.5 At temperature T, N molecules of gasAeach having mass m and at the same temperature 2N molecules
of gas B each having mass 2m are filled in a container. The mean sqaure velocity of molecules of gas B
is v2 and mean square of x component of velocity of molecules of gasA is w2. The ratio of w2/v2 is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
Q.6 Find the approx. number of molecules contained in a vessel of volume 7 litres at 0°C at 1.3 × 105 pascal
(A) 2.4 × 1023 (B) 3 × 1023 (C) 6 × 1023 (D) 4.8 × 1023
Q.7 A cylindrical tube of cross-sectional area A has two air tight frictionless pistons at its two ends. The
pistons are tied with a straight two ends. The pistons are tied with a straight piece of metallic wire. The
tube contains a gas at atmospheric pressure P0 and temperature T0. If temperature of the gas is doubled
then the tension in the wire is
(A) 4 P0 A (B) P0A/2
(C) P0 A (D) 2 P0 A
Q.8 An ideal gas mixture filled inside a balloon expands according to the relation PV2/3 = constant. The
temperature inside the balloon is
(A) increasing (B) decreasing (C) constant (D) can’t be said
Q.9 A rigid tank contains 35 kg of nitrogen at 6 atm. Sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied to increase the
pressure to 9 atm, while the temperature remains constant.Amount of oxygen supplied to the tank is :
(A) 5 kg (B) 10 kg (C) 20 kg (D) 40 kg
Q.10 A perfect gas of a given mass is heated first in a small vessel and then in a large vessel, such that their
volumes remain unchanged. The P-T curves are
(A) parabolic with same curvature (B) parabolic with different curvature
(C) linear with same slopes (D) linear with different slopes
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.11 At a temperature T K, the pressure of 4.0g argon in a bulb is p. The bulb is put in a bath having
temperature higher by50K than the first one. 0.8g of argon gas had to be removed to maintained original
pressure. The temperature T is equal to
(A) 510 K (B) 200 K (C) 100 K (D) 73 K
Q.12 When 2 gms of a gas are introduced into an evacuated flask kept at 250C, the pressure is found to be
one atmosphere. If 3 gms of another gas added to the same flask, the pressure becomes 1.5 atmospheres.
The ratio of the molecular weights of these gases will be
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2
Q.13 An open and wide glass tube is immersed vertically in mercury in such a way that length 0.05 m extends
above mercury level. The open end of the tube is closed and the tube is raised further by 0.43 m. The
length of air column above mercury level in the tube will be : Take Patm = 76 cm of mercury
(A) 0.215 m (B) 0.2 m (C) 0.1 m (D) 0.4 m
Q.14 An ideal gas follows a process PT = constant. The correct graph between pressure & volume is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.15 During an experiment an ideal gas obeys an addition equation of state P2V = constant. The initial
temperature and pressure of gas are T and V respectively. When it expands to volume 2V, then its
temperature will be :
(A) T (B) 2T (C) 2 T (D) 2 2 T
Q.16 Abarometer tube, containing mercury, is lowered in a vessel containing mercury until only 50 cm of the
tube is above the level of mercury in the vessel. If the atmospheric pressure is 75 cm of mercury, what is
the pressure at the top of the tube?
(A) 33.3 kPa (B) 66.7 kPa (C) 3.33 MPa (D) 6.67 MPa
Q.17 One mole of a gas expands obeying the relation as shown in the P/V diagram.
The maximum temperature in this process is equal to
PV 3P V
(A) 0 0 (B) 0 0
R R
9P V
(C) 0 0 (D) None of these
8R
Q.18 28 gm of N2 gas is contained in a flask at a pressure of 10 atm and at a temperature of 57°. It is found
that due to leakage in the flask, the pressure is reduced to half and the temperature reduced to 27°C.
The quantity of N2 gas that leaked out is
(A) 11/20 gm (B) 20/11 gm (C) 5/63 gm (D) 63/5 gm
Q.19 The temperature of a gas is doubled (i) on absolute scale (ii) on centigrade scale. The increase in root
mean square velocity of gas will be
(A) More in case (i) (B) More in case (ii) (C) Same in both case (D) Information not sufficient
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.20 12gms of gas occupy a volume of 4×10–3 m3 ata temperature of 7oC.After the gas is heated at constant
pressure its density becomes 6×10–4gm/cc. What is the temperature to which the gas was heated.
(A) 1000K (B) 1400K (C) 1200K (D) 800K
Q.21 The expansion of an ideal gas of mass m at a constant pressure P is

given by the straight line B. Then the expansion of the same ideal gas of
mass 2 m at a pressure 2P is given by the straight line
(A) C (B) A
(C) B (D) none
Q.22 Avessel contains 1 mole of O2 gas (molar mass 32) at a temperature T. The pressure of the gas is P. An
identical vessel containing one mole of He gas (molar mass 4) at a temperature 2T has a pressure of
(A) P/8 (B) P (C) 2P (D) 8P
Q.23 A container X has volume double that of contianer Y and both are connected by a thin tube. Both
contains same ideal gas. The temperature of X is 200K and that of Y is 400K. If mass of gas in X is m
then inYit will be:
(A) m/8 (B) m/6 (C) m/4 (D) m/2
Q.24 One mole of an ideal diatomic gas is taken through the cycle as shown in the figure.
1  2 : isochoric process 2  3 : straight line on P-V diagram
3  1 : isobaric process
The average molecular speed of the gas in the states 1, 2 and 3 are in the ratio
(A) 1 : 2 : 2 (B) 1 : 2 : 2
(C) 1 : 1 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 : 4
Q.25 Two monoatomic ideal gas at temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy. If the masses
of molecules of the two gases are m1 and m2 and number of their molecules are n1 and n2 respectively.
The temperature of the mixture will be :
T1  T2 T1 T2 n 2 T1  n1T2 n1T1  n 2T2
(A) n  n (B) n  n (C) n1  n 2 (D) n1  n 2
1 2 1 2
Q.26 P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic processes are shown
in the figure. Plots 1 and 2 should correspond respectively to
(A) He and O2 (B) O2 and He
(C) He and Ar (D) O2 and N2
Q.27 A given mass of a gas expands from a stateA to the state B by three paths 1, 2 T 1 B
and 3 as shown in T-V indicator diagram. If W1, W2 and W3 respectively be
the work done by the gas along the three paths, then 2
A 3
(A) W1 > W2 > W3 (B) W1 < W2 < W3 O V
(C) W1 = W2 = W3 (D) W1 < W2, W1 > W3
Q.28 An ideal gas undergoes the process 1  2 as shown in the figure, the heat supplied and work done in the
process is Q and W respectively. The ratio Q : W is
(A)  :  – 1 (B) 
(C)  – 1 (D)  – 1 
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.29 Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas is shown in figure

(A) During the process AB work done by the gas is positive
(B) during the process CD work done by the gas is negative
(C) during the process BC internal energy of the gas is increasing
(D) None
Q.30 A reversible adiabatic path on a P-V diagram for an ideal gas passes through state A where
P = 0.7×105 N/m–2 and v = 0.0049 m3. The ratio of specific heat of the gas is 1.4. The slope of path at
A is :
(A) 2.0 × 107 Nm–5 (B) 1.0 × 107 Nm–5 (C) – 2.0 × 107 Nm–5 (D) –1.0 × 107 Nm–5
Q.31 An ideal gas is taken from point A to point C on P-V diagram through two process
AOC andABC as shown in the figure. Process AOC is isothermal
(A) Process AOC requires more heat than process ABC.
(B) Process ABC requires more heat than process AOC.
(C) Both process AOC & ABC require same amount of heat.
(D) Data is insufficient for comparison of heat requirement for the two processes.
Q.32 One mole of an ideal gas is contained within a cylinder by a frictionless piston and is initially at
temperature T. The pressure of the gas is kept constant while it is heated and its volume doubles. If R is
molar gas constant, the work done by the gas in increasing its volume is
(A) RT ln2 (B) 1/2 RT (C) RT (D) 3/2 RT
Q.33 The figure, shows the graph of logarithmic reading of pressure and volume for
two ideal gases Aand B undergoing adiabatic process. From figure it can be
concluded that
(A) gas B is diatomic (B) gas A and B both are diatomic
(C) gasAis monoatomic (D) gas B is monoatomic & gasAis diatomic
Q.34 Monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases whose initial volume and pressure are same, are compressed
till their volume becomes half the initial volume.
(A) If the compression is adiabatic then monoatomic gas will have maximum final pressure.
(B) If the compression is adiabatic then triatomic gas will have maximum final pressure.
(C) If the compression is adiabatic then their final pressure will be same.
(D) If the compression is isothermal then their final pressure will be different.
Q.35 Three processes form a thermodynamic cycle as shown on P-V diagram
for an ideal gas. Process 1  2 takes place at constant temperature (300K).
Process 2  3 takes place at constant volume. During this process 40J of
heat leaves the system. Process 3  1 is adiabatic and temperature T3 is
275K. Work done by the gas during the process 3 1 is
(A) –40J (B) –20J
(C) +40J (D) +20J
Q.36 When unit mass of water boils to become steam at 1000C, it absorbs Q amount of heat. The densities of
water and steam at 1000C are 1 and 2 respectively and the atmospheric pressure is p0. The increase
in internal energy of the water is
1 1   1 1 1 1 
(A) Q (B) Q + p0        
(C) Q + p0     (D) Q - p0    
    2 1  1 2
 1 2
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.37 Water is heated in an open pan where the air pressure is 10+5 Pa.. The water remains a liquid, which
expands by a small amount as it is heated. Determine the ratio of the heat absorbed by the water to the
work done by water.  for water = 10–3/°C, S = 1 cal/gm°C.
(A) 4.2 × 103 (B) 4.2 × 105 (C) 4.2 × 102 (D) 4.2 × 104
Q.38 A polyatomic gas with six degrees of freedom does 25J of work when it is expanded at constant pressure.
The heat given to the gas is
(A) 100J (B) 150J (C) 200J (D) 250J
Q.39 An ideal gas expands from volume V1 to V2. This may be achieved by either of the three processes:
isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic. Let U be the change in internal energy of the gas, Q be the quantity
of heat added to the system and W be the work done by the system on the gas. Identify which of the
following statements is false for U?
(A) U is least under adiabatic process.
(B) U is greatest under adiabatic process.
(C) U is greatest under the isobaric process.
(D) U in isothermal process lies in-between the values obtained under isobaric and adiabatic processes.
Q.40 In thermodynamic process pressure of a fixed mass of gas is changed in such a manner that the gas
releases 30 joule of heat and 18 joule of work was done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the
gas was 60 joule, then, the final internal energy will be :
(A) 32 joule (B) 48 joule (C) 72 joule (D) 96 joule
Q.41 A cylinder made of perfectly non conducting material closed at both ends is divided into two equal parts
by a heat proof piston. Both parts of the cylinder contain the same masses of a gas at a temperature
t0 = 27° and pressure P0 = 1 atm. Now if the gas in one of the parts is slowly heated to t = 57°C while
the temperature of first part is maintained at t0 the distance moved by the piston from the middle of the
cylinder will be (length of the cylinder = 84 cm)
(A) 3 cm (B) 5 cm (C) 2 cm (D) 1 cm
Q.42 Two identical vesselsA& B contain equal amount of ideal monoatomic
gas. The piston ofAis fixed but that of B is free. Same amount of heat is
absorbed byA& B. If B's internal energy increases by 100 J the change
in internal energyofAis
500
(A) 100 J (B) J
3
(C) 250 J (D) none of these
Q.43 An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process obeying the relation PV4/3 = constant. If its initial temperature
is 300 K and then its pressure is increased upto four times its initial value, then the final temperature is
(in Kelvin):
(A) 300 2 (B) 300 3 2 (C) 600 (D) 1200
Q.44 A closed container is fullyinsulated from outside. One half of it is filled with
an ideal gas X separated by a plate P from the other half Y which contains X Y
a vacuum as shown in figure. When P is removed, X moves into Y. Which gas vacuum
of the following statements is correct? p
(A) No work is done by X (B) X decreases in temperature
(C) X increases in internal energy (D) X doubles in pressure
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.45 A cyclic process ABCA is shown in PT diagram. When presented on PV, it would
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.46 1 kg of a gas does 20 kJ of work and receives 16 kJ of heat when it is expanded between two states. A
second kind of expansion can be found between the same initial and final state which requires a heat
input of 9 kJ. The work done by the gas in the second expansion is :
(A) 32 kJ (B) 5 kJ (C) – 4 kJ (D) 13 kJ
Q.47 A vessel contains an ideal monoatomic gas which expands at constant pressure, when heat Q is given to
it. Then the work done in expansion is :
3 2 2
(A) Q (B) Q (C) Q (D) Q
5 5 3
Q.48 One mole of an ideal gas at temperature T1 expends according to the law P = a (constant). The work
done by the gas till temperature of gas becomes T2 is : V2
1 1 1 1
(A) R(T2 – T1) (B) R(T2 – T1) (C) R(T2 – T1) (D) R(T2 – T1)
2 3 4 5
Q.49 The adiabatic Bulk modulus of a diatomic gas at atmospheric pressure is

(A) 0 Nm–2 (B) 1 Nm–2 (C) 1.4 ×104 Nm–2 (D) 1.4  105 Nm–2
Q.50 A given quantity of an ideal gas is at pressure P and absolute temperature T. The isothermal bulk
modulus of the gas is :
(A) 2P/3 (B) P (C) 3P/2 (D) 2P
Q.51 Which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of  = –(dV/dP)/V with P for an ideal
gas at constant temperature?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.52 An ideal gas expands into a vacuum in a rigid vessel.As ideal gas expands into a vacuum in a rigid vessel.
As a result threre is :
(A) a change in entropy (B) an increase of pressure
(C) a change in temperature (D) a decrease of internal energy
(E) a change in phase
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.53 An ideal gas is to taken reversibly from state i, at temperature T1, to any of the other states labeled, I, II,
III, IV and V on the p-V diagram below. All are at the same temperature T2. Rank the five processes
according to the change in entropy of the gas, least to greatest.
p
T2
II
III
IV
i V
T1
V
(A) I, II, III, IV, V (B) V, IV, III, II, I
(C) I, then II, III, IV, and V tied (D) I, II, III and IV tied, then V
(E) I and V tied, then II, III, IV
Q.54 According to the second law of thermodynamics :

(A) heat energy cannot be completely converted to work
(B) work cannot be completely converted to heat energy
(C) for all cyclic processes we have dQ/T < 0
(D) the reason all heat engine efficiencies are less than 100% is friction, which is unavoidable
(E) all of the above are true
Q.55 A reversible refrigerator operates between a low temperature reservoir at TC and a high temperature
reservoir at TH. Its coefficient of performance is given by :
(A) (TH – TC)/TC (B) TC/(TH – TC) (C) (TH – TC)/TH (D) TH/(TH – TC)
(E) TH(TH + TC)
Q.56 An inventor claims to have a heat engine that has an efficiency of 40% when it operates between a high
temperature reservoir of 150°C and a low temperature reservoir of 30°C. This engine :
(A) must violate the zeroth law of thermodynamics
(B) must violate the first law of thermodynamics
(C) must violate the second law of thermodynamics
(D) must violate the third law of thermodynamics
(E) does not necessarily violate any of the laws of thermodynamics
Q.57 A carnot heat engine runs between a cold reservoir at temperature TC and a hot reservoir at temperature
TH. You want to increase its efficiency. Of the following, which change results in the greatest increase in
efficiency ? The value of T is the same for all changes.
(A) Raise the temperature of the hot reservoir by T
(B) Raise the temperature of the cold reservoir by T
(C) Lower the temperature of the hot reservoir by T
(D) Lower the temperature of the cold reservoir by T
(E) Lower the temperature of the hot reservoir by 1/2T and raise the temperature of the cold reservoir
by 1/2T.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.58 The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is given in the figure. Its efficiency is
T
2T0
T0
S
S0 2S0
1 1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 3 3
Q.59 A Carnot engine takes 3 × 106 cal of heat from reservoir at 627° and gives it to a sink at 27°C. Then
work done by the engine is
(A) 4.2 × 106 J (B) 8.4 × 106 J (C) 16.8 × 106 J (D) zero
[PARAGRAPH TYPE]
Five moles of helium are mixed with two moles of hydrogen to form a mixture. Take molar mass of
helium M1 = 4g and that of hydrogen M2 = 2g
Q.60 The equivalent molar mass of the mixture is
13g 18g
(A) 6g (B) (C) (D) none
7 7
Q.61 The equivalent degree of freedom f of the mixture is

(A) 3.57 (B) 1.14 (C) 4.4 (D) none
Q.62 The equivalent value of  is

(A) 1.59 (B) 1.53 (C) 1.56 (D) none
Q.63 If the internal energy of He sample of 100J and that of the hydrogen sample is 200J, then the internal
energy of the mixture is
(A) 900 J (B) 128.5 J (C) 171.4 J (D) 300 J
[REASONING TYPE]
Q.64 Statement-1 : If an ideal gas expands in vacuum in an isolated chamber Q, U and W all are zero.
Statement-2 : Temperature of gas remains same.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true
Q.65 Statement-1 : The force due to atmosphere on our head is very large but we don't feel its effect.
Statement-2 : The molecules striking us are very tiny and their collision with our head is elastic.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
THERMAL PHYSICS
[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

Q.66 Let vav, vrms and vp respectively denote mean speed, root mean square speed and the most probable speed
of the molecule in an ideal monoatomic gas at absolute temperature T. The mass of a molecule is m then :
(A) no molecule can have speed greater than 2 vrms
(B) no molecule can have speed less than vp/ 2
(C) vp<vav<vrms
(D) the average kinetic energy of a molecule is 3/4 mvp2
Q.67 Aclosed vessel contains a mixture of two diatomic gasesAand B. Molar mass ofAis 16 times that of B
and mass of gas Acontained in the vessel is 2 times that of B. The following statements are given
(i)Average kinetic energy per molecule ofAis equal to that of B.
(ii) Root mean square value of translational velocity of B is four times that ofA.
(iii) Pressure exerted by B is eight times of that exerted byA.
(iv) Number of molecules of B in the cylinder is eight time that ofA.
(A) only (i), (ii) and (iii) are true (B) only (ii), (iii) and (iv) are true
(C) only (i), (ii) and (iv) are true (D)All are true
Q.68 Select the incorrect statement about ideal gas.

(A) Molecules of a gas are in incessant random motion colliding against one another and with the walls
of the container.
(B) The gas is not isotropic and the constant (1/3) in equation P = (1/3) v 2rms is result of this property
(C) The timeduringwhich a collisionlasts is negligible compared tothe time of freepath between collisions.
(D) There is no force of interaction between molecules among themselves or between molecules and the
wall except during collision.
Q.69 A container holds 1026 molecules/m3, each of mass 3 × 10–27 kg. Assume that 1/6 of the molecules
move with velocity 2000 m/s directly towards one wall of the container while the remaining 5/6 of the
molecules move either awayfrom the wall or in perpendicular direction, and all collisions of the molecules
with the wall are elastic
(A) number of molecules hitting 1 m2 of the wall every second is 3.33 × 1028.
(B) number of molecules hitting 1 m2 of the wall every second is 2 × 1029.
(C) pressure exerted on the wall by molecules is 24 × 105Pa.
(D) pressure exerted on the wall by molecules is 4 × 105Pa.
Q.70 A process is shown in the diagram. Which of the following curves

may represent the same process ?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.71 An ideal gas expands in such a way that PV2 = constant throughout the process.
(A) The graph of the process of T-V diagram is a parabola.
(B) The graph of the process of T-V diagram is a straight line.
(C) Such an expansion is possible only with heating.
(D) Such an expansion is possible only with cooling.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.72 Agas expands such that its initial and final temperature are equal.Also, the process followed by the gas
traces a straight line on the P-V diagram :
(A) The temperature of the gas remains constant throughout.
(B) The temperature of the gas first increases and then decreases
(C) The temperature of the gas first decreases and then increases
(D) The stright line has a negative slope.
Q.73 Figure shows the pressure P versus volume V graphs for two different
gas sample at a given temperature. MA and MB are masses of two
samples, nA and nB are numbers of moles. Which of the following must
be incorect.
(A) MA > MB (B) MA < MB
(C) nA > nB (D) nA < nB
Q.74 During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey a condition VP2 = constant. The gas is initially at a
temperature T, pressure P and volume V. The gas expands to volume 4V.
P
(A) The pressure of gas changes to
2
(B) The temperature of gas changes to 4T
(C) The graph of above process on the P-T diagram is parabola
(D) The graph of above process on the P-T diagram is hyperbola.
Q.75 The total kinetic energyof translatorymotion of all the molecules of 5 litres of nitrogen exerting a pressure
P is 3000 J.
(A) the total k.e. of 10 litres of N2 at a pressure of 2P is 3000 J
(B) the total k.e. of 10 litres of He at a pressure of 2P is 3000 J
(C) the total k.e. of 10 litres of O2 at a pressure of 2P is 20000 J
(D) the total k.e. of 10 litres of Ne at a pressure of 2P is 12000 J
Q.76 A vertical cylinder with heat-conducting walls is closed at the bottom and is fitted with a smooth light
piston. It contains one mole of an ideal gas. The temperature of the gas is always equal to the surrounding’s
temperature, T0. The piston is moved up slowly to increase the volume of the gas to  times. Which of
the following is incorrect?
(A) Work done by the gas is RT0 ln .
(B) Work done against the atmosphere is RT0( 1).
(C) There is no change in the internal energy of the gas.
1
(D) The final pressure of the gas is times its initial pressure.
(  1)
Q.77 A gas is enclosed in a vessel at a constant temperature at a pressure of 5 atmosphere and volume 4 litre.
Due to a leakage in the vessel, after some time, the pressure is reduced to 4 atmosphere.As a result, the
(A) volume of the gas decreased by 20% (B) average K.E. of gas molecule decreases by 20%
(C) 20% of the gas escaped due to the leakage (D) 25% of the gas escaped due to the leakage
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.78 A student records Q, U & W for a thermodynamic cycle ABCA.

Certain entries are missing. Find correct entry in following options.
(A) WBC = – 70 J (B) QCA = 130 J
(C) UAB = 190 J (D) UCA = – 160 J
Q.79 An enclosed ideal gas is taken through a cycle as shown in the figure. Then
(A)AlongAB, temperature decreases while along BC temperature increases
(B)AlongAB, temperature increases while along BC the temperature decreases.
(C) Along CAwork is done by the gas and the internal energy remains constant.
(D)Along CAwork is done on the gas and internal energy of the gas increases.
Q.80 Two gases have the same initial pressure, volume and temperature. They expand to the same final
volume, one adiabaticallyand the other isothermally
(A) The final temperature is greater for the isothermal process
(B) The final pressure is greater for the isothermal process
(C) The work done by the gas is greater for the isothermal process
(D)All the above options are incorrect
Q.81 Acyclic processABCD is shown in the p-V diagram. Which of the following curves represents the same
process if BC & DA are isothermal processes
A B D C B A B
A
p V
(A) p C (B) V B (C) C (D)
D A D C
D
T T T T
Q.82 2 moles of a monoatomic gas are expanded to double its initial volume, through a process P/V = constant.
If its initial temperature is 300 K, then which of the following is not true.
(A) T = 900 K (B) Q = 3200 R (C) Q = 3600 R (D) W = 900 R
Q.83 During the melting of a slab of ice at 273K at atmospheric pressure:

(A) positive work is done by the ice-water system on the atmosphere.
(B) positive work is done on the ice-water system by the atmosphere
(C) the internal energy of the ice-water system increases
(D) the internal energy of ice-water system decreases.
THERMAL PHYSICS
[MATRIX TYPE]
Q.84 An ideal gas at pressure P and volume V is expanded to volume 2V. Column I represents the
thermodynamic processes used during expansion. Column II represents the work during these processes
in the random order.
Column I Column II
PV(1  21  )
(p) isobaric (x)
 1
(q) isothermal (y) PV
(r) adiabatic (z) PV ln 2
The correct matching of column I and column II is given by :
EXERCISE-2 (Subjective Questions)

Q.1 Examine the following plots and predict whether in (i) P1 < P2 and T1 > T2, in (ii) T1 = T2 < T3,
in (iii) V1 > V2, in (iv) P1 > P2 or otherwise.
P V
2
2
1
1
T (k) T (k)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Q.2 An empty pressure cooker of volume 10 litres contains air at atmospheric

pressure 105 Pa and temperature of 27°C. It contains a whistle which has area
of 0.1 cm2 and weight of 100 gm. What should be the temperature of air inside
so that the whistle is just lifted up?
Q.3 A cubical box of side 1 meter contains helium gas (atomic weight 4) at a pressure of 100 N/m2. During
an observation time of 1 second, an atom travelling with the root mean square speed parallel to one of
the edges of the cube, was found to make 500 hits with a particular wall, without any collision with other
atoms. Take R = 25 3 J/mol-K and k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
(a) Evaluate the temperature of the gas ;
(b) Evaluate the average kinetic energy per atom
(c) Evaluate the total mass of helium gas in the box.
Q.4 An ideal gas of Molar mass M is contained in a vertical tube of height H, closed at both ends. The tube
is accelerating vertically upwards with acceleration g. Then, the ratio of pressure at the bottom and the
mid point of the tube will be
Q.5 The height of mercury is a faulty barometer is 75 cm and the tube above mercury having air is 10 cm
long. The correct barometer reading is 76 cm. If the faultybarometer reads 74 cm, find the true barometer
reading. (Assume constant temperature of air above mercury column.)
Q.6 A closed vessel of volume V0 contains oxygen at a pressure P0 and temperature T0. Another closed
vessel of the same volume V0 contains helium at a pressure of P0 and temperature T0/2. Find the ratio of
the masses of oxygen to the helium.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.7 V-T curve for 2 moles of a gas is straight line as shown in the graph here.
Find the pressure of gas at A.
Q.8 A piston divides a closed gas cylinder into two parts. Initially the piston is kept pressed such that one part
has a pressure P and volume 5V and the other part has pressure 8P and volume V. The piston is now left
free. Find the new pressures and volumes for the adiabatic and isothermal processes. For this gas
 = 1.5.
Q.9 P-V graph for an ideal gas undergoing polytropic process PVm = constant
is shown here.Find the value of m.
Q.10 One mole of a gas mixture is heated under constant pressure, and heat required
Q is plotted against temperature difference acquired. Find the value of  for
mixture.
Q.11 A sample of 2 kg of monoatomic Helium (assumed ideal) is taken through

the processABC and another sample of 2 kg of the same gas is taken through
the processADC as in figure. Given, molecular mass of Helium = 4
(i) what is the temperature of Helium in each of the states A, B, C & D ?
(ii) Is there any way of telling afterwards which sample of Helium went through
the process ABC and which went through the process ADC? Write Yes or
No.
(iii) How much is the heat involved in each of the processes ABC ADC.
Q.12 A monoatomic ideal gas of two moles is taken through a cyclic

V VD D C
process starting fromAas shown in figure. The volume ratios are
VB V VB B
= 2 and D = 4. If the temperature TA at A is 27°C. VA
VA VA A
Calculate, O TA TB
(a) the temperature of the gas at point B, T
(b) heat absorbed or released by the gas in each process,
(c) the total work done by the gas during the complete cycle.
Express your answer in terms of the gas constant R.
Q.13 Figure shows three processes for an ideal gas. The temperature at 'a' is 600
K, pressure 16 atm and volume 1 litre. The volume at 'b' is 4 litre. Out of the
two process ab and ac, one is adiabatic and he other is isothermal. The ratio
of specific heats of the gas is 1.5.Answer the following :
(i) Which of ab and ac processes is adiabatic. Why?
(ii) Compute the pressure of the gas at b and c.
(iii) Compute the temperature at b and c.
(iv) Compute the volume at c.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.14 A certain quantity of ideal gas takes up 56 J of heat in the process AB and 360 J in the process AC.
What is the number of degrees of freedom of the gas.
4p0 C
p0 A B
V
V0 3V0 4V0
Q.15 A gas is undergoing an adiabatic process. At a certain stage A, the values of volume and
temperature  (V0, T0) and the magnitude of the slope of V-T curve is m. Find the value of CP and CV.
Q.16 Find the molecular mass of a gas if the specific heats of the gas are cP=0.2 cal/gm°C and
cV = 0.15 cal/gm°C. [Take R = 2 cal/mole°C]
Q.17 A mixture of 4 gm helium and 28 gm of nitrogen in enclosed in a vessel of constant volume 300 K. Find
the quantity of heat absorbed by the mixture to double the root mean velocity of its molecules.
(R = Universal gas constant)
Q.18 At a temperature of T0 = 273°K, two moles of an ideal gas undergoes

a process as shown. The total amount of heat imparted to the gas equals
Q = 27.7 kJ. Determine the ratio of molar specific heat capacities.
Q.19 One mole of an ideal gas is compressed from 0.5 lit to 0.25 lit. During the compression, 23.04 × 102 J
of work is done on the gas and heat is removed to keep the temperature of the gas constant at all times.
Find the temperature of the gas. (Take universal gas constant R = 8.31 J mol–1K–1)
Q.20 If heat is added at constant volume, 6300 J of heat are required to raise the temperature of an ideal gas
by 150 K. If instead, heat is added at constant pressure, 8800 joules are required for the same temperature
change. When the temperature of the gas changes by 300 K. Determine the change is the internal energy
of the gas.
Q.21 70 calorie of heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 mole of an ideal gas at constant pressure from
40°C to 45°C. Find the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the same gas through the
same range at constant volume (R = 2 cal/mol-K)
a
Q.22 The volume of one mole of an ideal gas with specific heat ratio  is varied according to the law V = ,
T2
where a is a constant. Find the amount of heat obtained by the gas in this process if the gas temperature
is increased by T.
Q.23 1 mole of an ideal gas at initial temperature T was cooled isochorically till the gas pressure decreased n
times. Then by an isobaric process, the gas was restored to the initial temperature T. Find the net heat
absorbed by the gas in the whole process.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.24 One mole of a diatomic ideal gas ( = 1.4) is taken through a cyclic process starting from point A. The
processA B is an adiabatic compression. B C is isobaric expansion. C  D an adiabatic expansion
& D  A is isochoric. The volume ratios are Va/Vb = 16 and Vc/Vb = 2 & the temperature at A is
TA = 3000 K. Calculate the temperature of the gas at the points B & D and find the efficiency of the cycle.
[(160.4 = 3.03) (1/8)0.4 = 0.435]
Q.25 A gas undergoes a process in which the pressure and volume are related by VPn = constant. Find the
bulk modulus of the gas.
Q.26 Ideal diatomic gas is taken through a process Q = 2U. Find the molar heat capacity for the process
(where Q is the heat supplied and U is change in internal energy)
Q.27 An ideal gas has a molar heat capacity CV at constant volume. Find the molar heat capacityof this gas as
a function of volume, if the gas undergoes the process : T = T0eV.
Q.28 One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a process as shown in the
figure. Find the molar specific heat of the gas in the process.
Q.29 In a cycleABCAconsisting of isothermal expansionAB, isobaric compression

BC and adiabatic compression CA, find the efficiency of cycle
(Given : TA = TB = 400 K,  = 1.5)
Q.30 An ideal gas is taken through a cyclic thermodynamic process through four steps. The amounts of heat
involved in these steps are Q1 = 5960 J, Q2 = - 5585 J, Q3 = - 2980 J and Q4 = 3645 J respectively.
The corresponding works involved are W1 = 2200 J, W2 = – 825 J, W3 = –1100 J and W4 respectively.
(i) Find the value of W4. (ii) What is the efficiency of the cycle ?
Q.31 Aweightless piston divides a thermally insulated cylinder into two parts of volumes V and 3V. 2 moles of
an ideal gas at pressure P = 2 atmosphere are confined to the part with volume V = 1 litre. The remainder
of the cylinder is evacuated. The piston is now released and the gas expands to fill the entire space of the
cylinder. The piston is then pressed back to the initial position. Find the increase of internal energy in the
process and final temperature of the gas. The ratio of the specific heat of the gas  = 1.5.
Q.32 Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas are confined within a cylinder bya massless & frictionless spring
loaded piston of cross-sectional area 4 ×10–3 m2. The spring is, initially in its relaxed state. Now the gas
is heated by an electric heated, placed inside the cylinder, for some time. During this time, the gas
expands and does 50 J of work in moving the piston through a distance 0.10 m. The temperature of the
gas increases by 50 K. Calculate the spring constant & the heat supplied by the heater. [P0 = 105 Pa]
Q.33 RefrigeratorAworks between –10°C and 27°C, while refrigerator B works between –27°C and 17°C,
both removing heat equal to 2000 J from the freezer. Which of the two is better refrigerator?
Q.34 Two carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first oneAreceives heat at 1200 K and rejects
to a reservoir at T K. The second engine B receives the heat rejected by the first engine and in turn
rejects to a heat reservoir at 300 K. Calculate the value of T, when
(i) outputs of the two engines are equal.
(ii) efficiencies of the two engines are equal.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.35 A thermallyinsulated vessel is divided into two parts bya heat-insulating

piston which can move in the vessel without the friction. The left part of
the vessel contains one mole of an ideal monatomic gas, & the right part
is empty. The piston is connected to the right wall of the vessel through
a spring whose length in free state is equal to the length of the vessel as
shown in the figure. Determine the heat capacity C of the system,
neglecting the heat capacities of the vessel, piston and spring.
Q.36 A cylinder containing a gas is closed by a movable piston. The cylinder is

submerged in an ice-water mixture. The piston is quickly pushed down
from position 1 to position 2. The piston is held at position 2 until the gas is
again at 0°C and then slowly raised back to position 1. Represent the
whole process on P-V diagram. If m = 100 gm of ice are melted during the
cycle, how much work is done on the gas. Latent heat of ice = 80 cal/gm.
Q.37 The figure shows an insulated cylinder divided into three partsA, B and C. Pistons I and II are connected
by a rigid rod and can move without friction inside the cylinder. Piston I is perfectly conducting while
piston II is perfectly insulating. The initial state of the gas ( = 1.5) present in each compartmentA, B and
C is as shown. Now, compartmentAis slowly given heat through a heater H such that the final volume of
4 V0
C becomes . Assume the gas to be ideal and find.
9
(a) Final pressures in each compartment A, B and C
(b) Final temperatures in each compartment A, B and C
(c) Heat supplied by the heater
(d) Work done by gas in A and B.
(e) Heat flowing across piston I.
Q.38 A barometer is faulty. When the true barometer reading are 73 and 75 cm of Hg, the faulty barometer
reads 69 cm and 70 cm respectively.
(i) What is the total length of the barometer tube?
(ii) What is the true reading when the faulty barometer reads 69.5 cm ?
(iii) What is the faulty barometer reading when the true barometer reads 74 cm?
Q.39 A vessel of volume V = 30l is seperated into three equal parts bystationarysemipermeable thin membranes
as shown in the Figure. The left , middle and right parts are filled with m H 2 = 30g of hydorgen, m O 2 =160g
of oxygen, and m N 2 = 70g of nitrogen respectively. The left partition lets through only hydrogen, while
the right partition lets through hydrogen and nitrogen. What will be the pressure in each part of the vessel
after the equilibrium has been set in if the vessel is kept at a constant temperature T = 300K?
THERMAL PHYSICS
EXERCISE-3
(JEE Main Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases are placed on a table. Box A contains one mole of
nitrogen at temperature T0, while box B contains one mole of helium at temperature (7/3)T0. The boxes
are then put into thermal contact with each other, and heat flows between them until the gases reach a
common final temperature (Ignore the heat capacity of boxes). Then, the final temperature of the gases,
Tf, in terms of T0 is :
3 7 3 5
(A) Tf = T (B) Tf = T (C) Tf = T (D) Tf = T
7 0 3 0 2 0 2 0
[AIEEE 2006]
Q.2 The work of 146 kJ is performed in order to compress one kilo mole of a gas adiabatically and in this
process the temperature of the gas increased by 7°C. The gas is :
(R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1)
(A) diatomic (B) triatomic
(C) a mixture of monoatomic and diatomic (D) monoatomic
[AIEEE 2006]
Q.3 A carnot engine, having an efficiency of  = 1/10 as heat engine is used as a refrigerator. If the work
done on the system is 10 J, then amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir at lower temperature is:-
(A) 99 J (B) 90 J (C) 1 J (D) 100 J
[AIEEE-2007]
Q.4 If Cp and Cv denote the specific heats of nitrogen per unit mass at constant pressure and constant
volume respectively, then :-
(A) Cp – Cv = R/28 (B) Cp – Cv = R/4 (C) Cp – Cv = R (D) Cp – Cv = 28 R
[AIEEE-2007]
Q.5 When a system in taken from state i to state f along the path iaf, it is found that Q = 50 cal and W = 20
cal. Along the path ibf Q = 36 cal. W along the path ibf is :-
(A) 6 cal a f
(B) 16 cal
(C) 66 cal
i b
(D) 14 cal
[AIEEE-2007]
Q.6 An insulated container of gas has two chambers separated byan insulating partition. One of the chambers
has volume V1 and contains ideal gas at pressure P1 and temperature T1. The other chamber has volume
V2 and contains ideal gas at pressure P2 and temperature T2. If the partition is removed without doing
any work on the gas, the final equilibrium temperature of the gas in the container will be
T1T2 (P1V1  P2 V2 ) P1V1T1  P2 V2 T2
(A) P V T  P V T (B) P1V1  P2 V2
1 1 2 2 2 1
P1V1T2  P2 V2 T1 T1T2 (P1V1  P2 V2 )

(C) P1V1  P2 V2 (D) P V T  P V T
1 1 1 2 2 2
[AIEEE 2008]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.7 One kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of 8 × 104 Nm–2. The density of the gas is 4 kgm–3. What is the
energy of the gas due to its thermal motion ?
(A) 3 × 104 J (B) 5 × 104 J (C) 6 × 104 J (D) 7 × 104 J
[AIEEE 2008]
Direction : Questions number 8, 9 and 10 are based on the following paragraph. Two moles of
helium gas are taken over the cycle ABCDA, as shown in the p-T diagram.
5 B
2 × 10 A
p (Pa)
5
1 × 10 D C
300 K 500 K
Q.8 Assume the gas to be ideal the work done on the gas in taking it form A to B is
(A) 200 R (B) 300 R (C) 400 R (D) 500 R
[AIEEE 2009]
Q.9 The work done on the gas in taking it from D to A is
(A) –414 R (B) +414 R (C) –690 R (D) +690 R
[AIEEE 2009]
Q.10 The net work on the gas in the cycleABCDA is
(A) zero (B) 276 R (C) 1076 R (D) 1904 R
[AIEEE 2009]
Q.11 A diatomic ideal gas is used in a Carnot engine as the working substance. If during the adiabatic expansion
part of the cycle the volume of the gas increases from V to 32V, the efficiency of the engine is
(A) 0.99 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.75
[AIEEE 2010]
Q.12 100 g of water is heated from 30°C to 50°C. Ignoring the slight expansion of the water, the change in its
internal energy is (specific heat of water is 4184 J/kg/K) :
(A) 4.2 kJ (B) 8.4 kJ (C) 84 kJ (D) 2.1 kJ
[AIEEE-2011]
1
Q.13 A Carnot engine operating between temperatures T1 and T2 has efficiency . When T2 is lowered by
6
1
62 K ; its efficiency increases to . Then T1 and T2 are respectively
3
(A) 372 K and 310 K (B) 372 K and 330 K
(C) 330 K and 268 K (D) 310 K and 248 K
[AIEEE-2011]
Q.14 Three ideal monoatomic gases at absolute temperatures T1, T2 and T3 are mixed. The masses of molecules
are m1, m2 and m3 and the number of molecules are n1, n2 and n3 respectively. Assuming no loss of
energy, the final temperature of the mixture is
(T1  T2  T3 ) n1T1  n 2T2  n 3T3
(A) (B) n1  n 2  n 3
3
n1T12  n 2T22  n 3T32 n12T12  n 22T22  n 32T32

(C) (D)
n1T1  n 2T2  n 3T3 n1T1  n 2T2  n 3T3
[AIEEE-2011]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.15 The thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal gas of molecular mass M and ratio of specific heat . It
is moving with speed v and is suddenly brought to rest.Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings, its
temperature increases by :
(   1) 2 (   1) 2 Mv 2 (   1)
(A) Mv K (B) Mv K (C) K (D) Mv 2 K
2(   1)R 2R 2R 2R
[AIEEE-2011]
3
 T 
Q.16 The specific heat capacity of a metal at low temperature (T) is given as CP (kJK–1 kg–1) = 32   .
 400 
A 100 g vessel of this metal is to be cooled from 20 K to 4 K by a special refrigerator operating at room
temperature (27°C). The amount of work required to cool the vessel is
(A) equation to 0.002 kJ (B) greater than 0.148 kJ
(C) between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ (D) less than 0.028 kJ
[AIEEE-2011]
Q.17 A container with insulating walls is divided into two equal parts by a partition fitted wth a valve. One part
is filled with an ideal gas at a pressure p and temperature T, whereas the other part is completely
evacuated. If the valve is suddenly opened, the pressure and temperature of the gas will be
p p T T
(A) , T (B) , (C) p, T (D) p,
2 2 2 2
[AIEEE-2011]
Q.18 A Carnot engine, whose efficiency is 40%, takes in heat from a source maintained at a temperature of
500 K. It is desired to have an engine of efficiency 60%. Then, the intake temperature for the same
exhaust (sink) temperature must be :
(A) 750 K (B) 600 K
(C) efficiency of Carnot engine cannot be made larger than 50%
(D) 1200 K
[AIEEE-2012]
Q.19 Helium gas goes through a cycleABCDA(consisting of two isochoric
and two isobaric lines) as shown in figure. Efficiency of this cycle is B C
2P0
nearly: (Assume the gas to be close to ideal gas)
(A) 10.5% P0 D
A
(B) 12.5%
(C) 15.4%
(D) 9.1% V0 2V0
[AIEEE-2012]
2p0
p p0
Q.20
v0 2v0
v
The above p-v diagram represents the thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating with an ideal
monoatomic gas. The amount of heat, extracted from the source in a single cycle, is
 13   11 
(A)  p 0 v 0 (B)  p 0 v 0 (C) 4 p 0 v 0 (D) p 0 v 0
2 2
[JEE Main-2013]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.21 One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process ABC as B
shown in figure. The process BC is adiabatic. The temperature at A, B 800K
and C are 400K, 800K and 600K respectively. Choose the correct
P
statement : 600K
(A) The change in internal energy in the process CA is 700 R A C
400K
(B) The change in internal energy in the process AB is –350 R V
(C) The change in internal energy in the process BC is –500 R
(D) The change in internal energy in whole cyclic process is 250 R
[JEE Main-2014]
Q.22 An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such a way that a length of 8 cm extends above the
mercury level. The open end of the tube is then closed and sealed and the tube is raised vertically up by
additional 46 cm. What will be the length of the air column above mercury in the tube now ?
(Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm of Hg)
(A) 22 cm (B) 38 cm (C) 6 cm (D) 16 cm
[JEE Main-2014]
Q.23 A solid body of constant heat capacity 1 J/ºC is being heated by keeping it in contact with reservoirs in
two ways :
(i) Sequentially keeping in contact with 2 reservoirs such that each reservoir supplies same amount
of heat.
(ii) Sequentially keeping in contact with 8 reservoirs such that each reservoir supplies same amount
of heat.
In both the cases body is brought from initial temperature 100°C to final temperature 200ºC. Entropy
change of the body in the two cases respectively is :
(A) ln2, 2ln2 (B) 2ln2, 8ln2 (C) ln2, 4ln2 (D) ln2, ln2
[JEE Main 2015]
Q.24 Consider a spherical shell of radius R at temperature T. The black body radiation inside it can be
U
considered as an ideal gas of photons with internal energy per unit volume u   T 4 and pressure
V
1 U
P    . If the shell now undergoes an adiabatic expansion the relation between T and R is :
3 V 
1 1
(A) T  (B) T  3 (C) T  e–R (D) T  e–3R
R R
[JEE Main 2015]
Q.25 Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated closed chamber.As the gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion,
the average time of collision between molecules increases as Vq, where V is the volume of the gas. The
 Cp 
value of q is :    C 
 v 
 1  –1 3  5 3 – 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 6 6
[JEE Main 2015]
Q.26 'n' moles of an ideal gas undergoes a processAB as shown in the figure. The maximum temperature of
the gas during the process will be : P
9P0V0 9P0V0 2P0 A
(A) (B)
nR 4nR
P0 B
3P0 V0 9P0V0
(C) (D)
2nR 2nR V
V0 2V0
[JEE Main 2016]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.27 An ideal gas undergoes a quasi static, reversible process in which its molar heat capacity C remains
constant. If during this process the relation of pressure P and volume V is given by PVn = constant, then
n is given by ( Here CP and CV are molar specific heat at constant pressure and constant volume,
respectively) :
C – CV CP C – CP CP – C
(A) n  (B) n  (C) n  C – C (D) n 
C – CP CV V C – CV
[JEE Main 2016]
EXERCISE-4
(JEE ADVANCED Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Match the following for the given process :
Column 1 Column 2
(A) Process J  K (P) w>0
(B) Process K  L (Q) w<0
(C) Process L  M (R) Q>0
(D) Process M  J (S) Q<0
[JEE 2006]
A fixed thermallyconducting cylinder has a radius R and length L0. The cylinder
is open at its bottom and has a small hole at its top. Apiston of mass M is held
at a distance L from the top surface, as shown in the figure. The atmospheric
pressure is P0.
Q.2 The piston is now pulled out slowly and held at a distance 2L from the top. The pressure in the cylinder
between its top and the piston will then be
P0 Mg P0 Mg
(A) P0 (B) P0/2 (C) + (D) –
2 R 2 2 R 2
[JEE 2007]
Q.3 While the piston is at a distance 2L from the top, the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is then released,
to a position where it can stay in equilibrium. In this condition, the distance of the piston from the top is
 2 P0 R 2   P0 R 2 – Mg 
 ( 2 L )  ( 2 L )
(A)  2  (B)  2 
 R P0  Mg   R P0 
 P0 R 2  Mg   P0 R 2 
 ( 2 L )  ( 2 L )
(C)  2  (D)  2 
 R P0   R P0 – Mg 
[JEE 2007]
Q.4 The piston is taken completely out of the cylinder. The hole at the top is sealed.
A water tank is brought below the cylinder and put in a position so that the
water surface in the tank is at the same level as the top of the cylinder as shown
in the figure. The density of the water is . In equilibrium, the height H of the
water column in the cylinder satisfies
(A) g(L0 – H)2 + P0(L0 – H) + L0P0 = 0 (B) g(L0 – H)2 – P0(L0 – H) – L0P0 = 0
(C) g(L0 – H) + P0(L0 – H) – L0P0 = 0
2 (D) g(L0 – H)2 – P0(L0 – H) + L0P0 = 0
[JEE 2007]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.5 STATEMENT-1 : The total translational kinetic energy of all the molecules of a given mass of an ideal
gas is 1.5 times the product of its pressure and its volume
because
STATEMENT-2 : The molecules of a gas collide with each other and the velocities of the molecules
change due to the collision.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1isTrue,Statement-2isTrue;Statement-2isNOT acorrectexplanationforStatement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
[JEE 2007]
Q.6 An ideal gas is expanding such that PT2 = constant. The coefficient of volume expansion of the gas is :
1 2 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
T T T T
[JEE 2008]
Q.7 Column I contains a list of processes involving expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with Column II.
describing the thermodynamic change during this process. Indicate your answer by darkening the
appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
Column I Column II
(A) An insulated container has two chambers (p) The temperature of the gas
separated by a valve. Chamber I contains an decreases
ideal gas and the chamber II has vacuum. The
valve is opened..
I II
ideal gas vacuum
(B) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (q) The temperature of the gas
original volume such that pressure increases or remains constant
1
P , where V is the volume of the gas.
V2
(C) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (r) The gas loses heat
1
original volume such that its pressure P  ,
V4 / 3
where V is its volume.
(D) An ideal monoatomic gas expands such that its (s) The gas gains heat
pressure P and volume V follows the behaviour
shown in the graph.
P
V
V1 2V1
[JEE 2008]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.8 Cv and Cp denote the molar specific heat capacities of a gas at constant volume and constant pressure,
respectively. Then
(A) Cp – Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(B) Cp + Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(C) Cp / Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(D) Cp · Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
[JEE-2009]
Q.9 The figure shows the P-V plot of an ideal gas taken through a cycle ABCDA. The part ABC is a
semi-circle and CDA is half of an ellipse. Then,
P
A
3
2
D B
1
C
0
1 2 3 V
(A) the process during the pathA B is isothermal
(B) heat flows out of the gas during the path B  C  D
(C) work done during the path A  B  C is zero
(D) positive work is done by the gas in the cycleABCDA
[JEE-2009]
Q.10 A real gas behaves like an ideal gas if its

(A) pressure and temperature are both high (B) pressure and temperature are both low
(C) pressure is high and temperature is low (D) pressure is low and temperature is high
[JEE-2010]
Q.11 One mole of an ideal gas in initial stateAundergoes 1 a cyclic processABCA, as shown in the figure. Its
pressure at Ais P0 Choose the correct option(s) from the following
V
4V0 B
V0 A
C
T
T0
(A) Internal energies at A and B are the same (B) Work done by the gas in process AB is P0V0 ln 4
P0 T0
(C) Pressure at C is (D) Temperature at C is
4 4
[JEE-2010]
1
Q.12 A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to of its initial volume. In the initial temperature of
32
gas is Ti (in Kelvin) and the final temperature is Ti, the value of  is
[JEE-2010]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.13 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically compressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial temperature to be
T1, the work done in the process is
9 3 15 9
(A) RT
T (B) RT
T (C) RT
T1 (D) RT
T
8 1 2 1 8 2 1
[JEE-2011]
Q.14 One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through a cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram.
Column-II gives the characteristics involved in the cycle. Match them with each of the processes given in
Column-I.
P
B A
3P
1P D
C
0 1V 3V 9V V
Column-I Column-II
(A) Process A  B (p) Internal energy decreases
(B) Process B  C (q) Internal energy increases
(C) Process C  D (r) Heat is lost
(D) Process D  A (s) Heat is gained
(t) Work is done on the gas
[JEE-2011]
Q.15 A mixture of 2 moles of helium gas (atomic mass = 4 amu) and 1 mole of argon gas (atomic mass = 40
 v rms (helium) 
amu) is kept at 300 K in a container. The ratio of the r.m.s. speeds  v (arg on )  is
 rms 
(A) 0.32 (B) 0.45 (C) 2.24 (D) 3.16
[JEE-2012]
Q.16 Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber balloon at 30°. The balloon is fully expandable and can be
assumed to require no energy in its expansion. The temperature of the gas in the balloon is slowly
changed to 35°C. The amount of heat required in raising the temperature is nearly (take R = 8.31 J/mol.
K)
(A) 62 J (B) 104 J (C) 124 J (D) 208 J
[JEE-2012]
Q.17 Two non-reactive monoatomic ideal gasses have their atomic masses in the ratio 2 : 3. The ratio of their
partial pressures, when enclosed in a vessel kept at a constant temperature, is 4 : 3. The ratio of their
densities is
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 6 : 9 (D) 8 : 9
[JEE-2013]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.18 One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken along two cyclic processes EFGE and EFHE
as shown in the PV diagram. The processes involved are purelyisochoric, isobaric, isothermal or adiabatic.
P
F
32P0
P0 G
E H
V0 V
Match the paths in List I with the magnitudes of the work done in List II and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists.
List I List II
P. GE 1. 160 P0 V0 ln2
Q. GH 2. 36 P0 V0
R. FH 3. 24 P0 V0
S. FG 4. 31 P0 V0
Codes :
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 4 3 2 1 (B) 4 3 1 2
(C) 3 1 2 4 (D) 1 3 2 4
[JEE-2013]
Q.19 A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial state i with internal energy Ui = 100 J to the final state f
along two different paths iaf and ibf, as schematically shown in the figure. The work done by the system
along the paths af, ib and bf are Waf = 200 J, Wib = 50 J and Wbf = 100 J respectively. The heat supplied
to the system along the path iaf, ib and bf are Qiaf, Qib and Qbf respectively. If the internal energy of the
system in the state b is Ub = 200 J and Qiaf = 500 J, the ratio Qbf / Qib is
a f
P
i b
[JEE-2014]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Paragraph For Questions 20 & 21

In the figure a container is shown to have a movable (without friction) piston on top. The container and
the piston are all made of perfectly insulating material allowing no heat transfer between outside and
inside the container. The container is divided into two compartments by a rigid partition made of a
thermally conducting material that allows slow transfer of heat. The lower compartment of the container
is filled with 2 moles of an ideal monatomic gas at 700 K and the upper compartment is filled with
2 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at 400 K. The heat capacities per mole of an ideal monatomic gas are
3 5 5 7
CV = R, CP = R, and those for an ideal diatomic gas are CV = R, CP = R.
2 2 2 2
Q.20 Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it does not move. When equilibrium is achieved, the final
temperature of the gases will be
(A) 550 K (B) 525 K (C) 513 K (D) 490 K
[JEE-2014]
Q.21 Now consider the partition to be free to move without friction so that the pressure of gases in both
compartments is the same. Then total work done bythe gases till the time theyachieve equilibrium will be
(A) 250 R (B) 200 R (C) 100 R (D) –100 R
[JEE-2014]
Q.22 An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a horizontal cylinder by a spring loaded piston (as shown in the
figure). Initially the gas is at temperature T1, pressure P1 and volume V1 and the spring is in its relaxed
state. The gas is then heated very slowly to temperature T2, pressure P2 and volume V2. During this
process the piston moves out by a distance x. Ignoring the friction between the piston and the cylinder,
the correct statement(s) is (are)
1
(A) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the energy stored in the spring is PV
4 1 1
(B) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the change in internal energy is 3P1V1
7
(C) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, then the work done by the gas is PV
3 1 1
17
(D) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, then the heat supplied to the gas is PV
6 1 1
[JEE 2015]
THERMAL PHYSICS
Q.23 A gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable frictionless piston. Its initial thermodynamic state at
pressure Pi= 105 Pa and volume Vi = 10–3 m3 changes to a final state at Pf = (l/32) × 105 Pa and
Vf = 8 × 10–3 m3 in an adiabatic quasi-static process, such that P3V5 = constant. Consider another
thermodynamic process that brings the system from the same initial state to the same final state in two
steps: an isobaric expansion at Pi followed by an isochoric (isovolumetric) process at volume Vf. The
amount of heat supplied to the system in the two-step process is approximately
(A) 112 J (B) 294 J (C) 588 J (D) 813 J
[JEE 2016]
EXERCISE-5
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
Q.1 Can temperature of a body be raised without heating it ? Is the converse true ?
1
Q.2 A sample of an ideal gas in a cylinder is compressed adibatically to rd of its volume. Will the final
3
pressure be more or less than 3 times the initial pressure ?
Q.3 If an electric fan be switched on in a closed room, will the air of the room be cooled ? If not, why do we
feel cold ?
Q.4 State and explain first law of thermodynamics. Establish the relation between two principal specific heats
of a gas on the basis of this law.
Q.5 Briefly describe a Carnot cycle and derive an expression for efficiency of this cycle.
Q.6 Explain briefly the working principle of a refrigerator and obtain an expression for its coefficient of
performance.
Q.7 State law of equipartition of energy. Use this law of equipartition to calculate specific heats of monoatomic,
diatomic and triatomic gases.
Q.8 State and explain (i) Gay lussac's law and (ii) Gas equation. Distinguish clearly between R and r for a
gas.
Q.9 From Kinetic Therory of gases, explain kinetic interpretation of temperature and absolute zero.
Q.10 What is meant by degrees of freedom ? State law of equipartition of energy. Hence calculate specific
heats of mono, di and triatomic gases.
THERMAL PHYSICS
Calorimetry, Thermal Expansion, Heat Transfer

EXERCISE-1
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 D Q.4 A Q.5 D
Q.6 A Q.7 C Q.8 B Q.9 D Q.10 A
Q.11 B Q.12 C Q.13 D Q.14 C Q.15 A
Q.16 C Q.17 B Q.18 C Q.19 B Q.20 A
Q.21 C Q.22 C Q.23 A Q.24 B Q.25 A
Q.26 D Q.27 B Q.28 C Q.29 C Q.30 B
Q.31 C Q.32 A Q.33 C Q.34 D Q.35 B
Q.36 C Q.37 A Q.38 A Q.39 A Q.40 B
Q.41 A Q.42 B Q.43 B Q.44 A Q.45 D
Q.46 A Q.47 C Q.48 D Q.49 C Q.50 A
Q.51 D Q.52 B Q.53 D Q.54 A Q.55 B
Q.56 A Q.57 A Q.58 B Q.59 B Q.60 D
Q.61 D Q.62 D Q.63 ACD Q.64 AC Q.65 D
Q.66 AC Q.67 AB Q.68 D Q.69 AB Q.70 ABCD
Q.71 D Q.72 BD Q.73 (A) Q (B) R (C) S (D)P
EXERCISE-2
Q.1 25.5°C Q.2 4°C Q.3 1/90
Q.4 0 °C, 125/4 g ice, 1275/4 g water Q.5 5000 J/°C kg
Q.6 (i)0.02kg,(ii) 40,000calkg–1,(iii)750calkg–1K–1 Q.7 0.5 kg
Q.8 (a) –100 °C/m, (b) 1000 J Q.9 5/3
Q.10 5 sec slow Q.11 0.1 cm Q.12 4 × 10–6 m/°C
l1 k (T1  Tm )
Q.13 10cm , 40cm Q.15 
l k (T1  Tm )  (Tm  T2 )
Q.16 65oC Q.17 5°C Q.18 7/2
Q.19 (4/3)  Q.20 10.34 cm Q.21 2:1
1/ 3
6
Q.22   Q.23 3025 K Q.24 10 sec

Q.25 10 minutes Q.26 (a) 595 watt/m2, (b) T0  420 K
Q.27 35 Q.28 27°C
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 D Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 B
Q.6 B Q.7 B
EXERCISE-4
Q.1 273 K Q.2 AD
Q.3 (A) S, Q ;(B) Q; (C) P, Q; (D) Q, R or (A) S, (B) Q, (C) P, (D) R Q.4 9
Q.5 9 Q.6 8 Q.7 ACD Q.8 3 Q.9 C
Q.10 A Q.11 ABCD Q.12 A Q.13 2 Q.14 B
Q.15 9 Q.16 A
THERMAL PHYSICS
KTG & Thermodynamics

EXERCISE-1
Q.1 D Q.2 D Q.3 D Q.4 A Q.5 D
Q.6 A Q.7 C Q.8 A Q.9 C Q.10 D
Q.11 B Q.12 A Q.13 C Q.14 C Q.15 B
Q.16 A Q.17 C Q.18 D Q.19 A Q.20 B
Q.21 C Q.22 C Q.23 C Q.24 A Q.25 D
Q.26 B Q.27 A Q.28 A Q.29 C Q.30 C
Q.31 A Q.32 C Q.33 D Q.34 A Q.35 A
Q.36 B Q.37 D Q.38 A Q.39 B Q.40 B
Q.41 C Q.42 B Q.43 A Q.44 A Q.45 C
Q.46 D Q.47 C Q.48 B Q.49 D Q.50 B
Q.51 A Q.52 A Q.53 A Q.54 A Q.55 B
Q.56 C Q.57 D Q.58 C Q.59 B Q.60 D
Q.61 A Q.62 C Q.63 D Q.64 B Q.65 B
Q.66 CD Q.67 D Q.68 B Q.69 AD Q.70 C
Q.71 D Q.72 BD Q.73 C Q.74 AD Q.75 CD
Q.76 D Q.77 C Q.78 D Q.79 A Q.80 ABC
Q.81 AB Q.82 B Q.83 BC Q.84 (p) y (q) z (r) x
EXERCISE-2
Q.1 (i) P1 < P2 , T1 < T2 ; (ii) T1 = T2 < T3 ; (iii) V2 > V1 ; (iv) P1 > P2
Q.2 327 °C Q.3 160 K, 3.3 × 10–21 J, 0.3 gm
Q.4 exp[MgH/RT] Q.5 74.9 cm Q.6 4:1
Q.7 4
1.25 × 10 N/m 2
Q.8 1.84P, 10V/3, 8V/3 (adiabatic), 13P/6, 30V/13, 48V/13 (isothermal)

Q.9 1.5 Q.10 1.5
Q.11 (i) TA = 120.33 K, TB = 240.66 K, TC = 481.32 K, TD = 240.66 K, (ii) No,
(iii)  QABC = 3.25 × 106 J ;  QADC = 2.75 × 106 J
Q.12 (a) 600K (b) 1500R, 831.8 R, – 900 R, – 831.8 R (c) 600 R]
Q.13 (ii) Pb = Pc = 2 atm, (iii) Tb = 300 K, Tc = 600 K, (iv) Vc = 8 litre
mRT0  T0 m 
Q.14 5 Q.15 1  R
V0  V0 
Q.16 the molar mass of the gas is 40 gm Q.17 3600 R Q.18 1.63
Q.19 400 K Q.20 12600 J Q.21 50 calorie
 3  2 
Q.22 RT   Q.23 RT (1–1/n)
  1 
Q.24 TB = 909 K, TD = 791 K,  = 61.4 % Q.25 P/n
THERMAL PHYSICS
R R
Q.26 5R Q.27 CV + Q.28
V 2
 1 
31  1 / 3 
 2 
Q.29 1– Q.30 (i) 765 J, (ii) 10.83% Q.31 400 J, 2 T0
ln 2
Q.32 2000N/m, 1295J Q.33 RefrigeratorAis better than refrigerator B.
Q.34 (i) 750 K (ii) T = 600 K Q.35 C=2R Q.36 8000 cal.
27 21
Q.37 (a) Final pressure in A = P0 = Final pressure in C, Final pressure in B = P0
8 4
21 3
(b) Final temperature inA (and B) = T0 , Final temperature in C = T0 ,
4 2
(c) 18 P0V0,
(d) work done by gas in A = + P0V0, work done by gas in B = 0,
17
(e) P0 V0
2
Q.38 (i) 74 cm, (ii) 73.94 cm, (iii) 69.52 cm
Q.39 p1= p H 2 ~ 1.25 × 106 Pa ; p2= p H 2 + p O2 + p N2 ~ 2.8125 × 106 Pa ; p3= p H 2 + p N2 ~ 1.5625 × 106 Pa
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 A
Q.6 A Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 B Q.10 B
Q.11 D Q.12 B Q.13 A Q.14 B Q.15 D
Q.16 B Q.17 A Q.18 A Q.19 C Q.20 A
Q.21 C Q.22 D Q.23 D Q.24 A Q.25 A
Q.26 B Q.27 C
EXERCISE-4
Q.1 (A)  S; (B)  P and R; (C)  R; (D)  Q and S Q.2 A Q.3 D
Q.4 C Q.5 B Q.6 C
Q.7 (A) q (B) p, r (C) p, s (D) q, s Q.8 BD Q.9 BD Q.10 D
Q.11 AB Q.12 4 Q.13 A Q.14 (A) p,r,t (B) p,r (C) q,s (D) r,t
Q.15 D Q.16 D Q.17 D Q.18 A Q.19 2
Q.20 D Q.21 D Q.22 ABC Q.23 C

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JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)

Calorimetry, Thermal Expansion, Heat Transfer

13. Answer Key 82 – 84

From this eperiment he came up with new physical quantities.

Heat capacity (C'): Q   C ' dT

specific heat capacity: Q  m 

(a) (b) Heated (c) Cooled

Area and Volume Expansion

(a) unheated (b) Heated (c)

Sol.  remains constant d, s and r increases.

Effect of temperature on density

Anomolous expansion of water

Steady and Transient State :

Figure : Temperature fall along lagged and unlagged bars

Equivalent conductivity of composite Rods (Keq) :

Q1 (T1 < T2)

Figure : The temperature of the block coated with

Prevost’s theory of exchange:

Figure : Verification of Newton’s Law of cooling

 4T0 T = 4T0 (T – T0)

Thus, u1 = 4eAT03 (T – T0)

Energy Distribution in Black Body Radiation:

Spectral emmissive power:

energy radiated m 2 s 1 , in band  to   

Figure : Definition of E·m and Em

EXERCISE-1 (Objective Questions)

Q.21 A cuboid ABCDEFGH is anisotropic with x = 1 × 10–5 /°C,

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.57 The ratio of the thermal resistance of the rod is

[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

(C) e A TA e C TC  e BTB (D) e A  A TA · e B BTB  e C  C TC

Paragraph for question nos. 69 to 70

Find temperature of interface of two rods in °C.

(C) hollow sphere of (R) 30

Find thermal resistance in SI units.

EXERCISE-2 (Subjective Questions)

Q.4 Two50gm icecubesaredroppedinto250gmofwaterinto aglass.Ifthewaterwasinitiallyat atemperatureof

Q.6 A substance is in the solid form at 0°C. The amount of

(a) temperature gradient along the rod in steady state.

[JEE Main 2013]

(A) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s (C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s

100 200 300 400 500

peaks occur in their respective radiation curves is

Q.3 Cooking is easier in pressure cooker but difficult on hills. Why ?

Kinetic Theory Of Gases

The Ideal-Gas Law

Symbols and constants :

Different forms of Ideal gas of equation

Boyle’s Law : Relation Between Pressure and volume of a Gas

(d) log P = constant – logV

Charles’ Law: Relation Between Temperature and volume of a Gas

Dalton’s Law of partial Pressures

The total pressure of the system can be written as

Translational kinetic energy of gas :

Law of equipartition of energy :

Value of internal energy of a gas

(i) For monoatomic gas (f = 3)

Indirect technique(for quasistatic process) :

Heat & Thermodynamics