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Lecture_4

The document outlines various insect pests and diseases affecting apple plants, detailing their symptoms and control measures. It highlights issues such as low productivity in apple orchards due to climatic, varietal, and management factors, as well as the challenges of premature leaf fall and replant problems. Suggested remedial measures include improving pollination, adopting better orchard management practices, and using resistant rootstocks for replantation.

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18.Sibasish Parida
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3 views

Lecture_4

The document outlines various insect pests and diseases affecting apple plants, detailing their symptoms and control measures. It highlights issues such as low productivity in apple orchards due to climatic, varietal, and management factors, as well as the challenges of premature leaf fall and replant problems. Suggested remedial measures include improving pollination, adopting better orchard management practices, and using resistant rootstocks for replantation.

Uploaded by

18.Sibasish Parida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Insect-pests:
(a)San Jose Scale ( Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) :
•It is polyphagus pest, feeds on apple plants. The insect is
covered with deep grey armature.
•By lifting armature, a yellow coloured insect underneath is seen.
• The nymph and adults suck sap from aerial parts.
• Heavily infested trees have bark covered with deep grey
overlapping scales. The plant vigour is reduced which result in
poor fruit setting and quality.
Control:
•Spray 2 per cent dormant oil ( Servo orchard spray oil/
Hindustan petroleum spray oil ) or 1.5 per cent summer oil like
orchaks 796/ IPOL/shelter909 at half leaf to tight cluster stage.
• If oil spray is not applied then spray with 0.04 % chlorpyriphos
( 200ml durmet in 100 L water) after petal fall to kill the crawlers
and newly settled scale.
(b)Woolly apple aphid ( Eriosoma lanigerum) :
•It feeds and lives in colonies on the aerial parts and roots of
plant.
• On the aerial parts, it is seen as white woolly mass.
• Damage is caused by sucking of sap from stem, twigs and roots
resulting in gall formation.
• Fruit set and quality also reduced under severe infestation.
Control:
•(i)Spray infested trees with 0.04% chorpyriphos( 200ml durmet in
100 L water) during May-June and again in October.
•(ii) Aphid infestation on roots can be reduced by drenching the
collar region of tree with chlorpyriphos (0.1%) in October-
November using 10-15 litre solution per tree.
•(iii) Use Malling Merton (MM) series clonal rootstocks for raising
nursery plants, which are resistant to woolly aphid.
(c)European red mite (Panonychus ulmi):
•This cause damage by feeding on green matter of leaves. Leaves turn
bronze in colour and upward cupping, followed by leaf drop and weakening of
fruit bud.
•The maximum population is observed during May-July. The mite complete 5-
7 generations in a year.
Control:
•Spray 2 per cent dormant oil at half leaf to tight cluster stage.
•Spray of 1 % summer oils at petal fall and again at walnut stage of fruit.
•If population is high, spray with fenazaquin ( 25 ml Magister 10 EC/100 L) or
propargite (100 ml Omite/ 100 L water) twice at 20 days interval in June- July.

Adult Eggs on leaf Leaf discolouration


2.Diseases
(a)Apple scab:-
•Caused by fungus Venturia inaequalis
• Light brown or olive green spots which soon turn musty black appear on
either or both sides of the young leaves in spring.
•Young lesions are velvety brown to olive green becoming more distant with
age, leading to curling of leaves.
•Small lesions develop and slowly increase leading to misshapening and
cracking of fruits.

Plate. Scab symptom on leaves Plate Symptoms on fruit


Control:
•Follow the spray schedule of dodine (0.1%) or mancozeb (0.3%) at silver tip
to green tip, mancozeb (0.3%) + carbendazim (0.05%) at pink bud, benmyl/
carbandazim (0.05%) at petal fall, zineb (0.3%) or dodine (0.075%) at pea
size fruit, mancozeb + carbandazim in June-July and urea 5% spray after fruit
harvest to control the disease.
(b)Powdery mildew:-
•Caused by fungus Podosphaera leucotricha ,which survive as mycelium on
dormant buds.
• The young leaves show white mildew growth on its surface and also on twigs
and look silvery white.
Control:
•Prune off affected twigs .
•Spray during dormancy, green tip, petal fall and two weeks after petal fall with
fungicides like wettable sulphur (200-300 g/100 L) or contaf (50 g / 100 L) or
Baycor (50 g/ 100 L).
White mildew on leaf White mildew on twigs
( c) Canker:-
•Many fungi have been reported to be involved in canker complex.
•Symptoms appear on trunk and branches, resulting in the production of
wounds which develop length wise more rapidly.
•These are normally elliptical and the wound may increase up to a meter in
length.
•The bark beneath the rough exterior becomes hard, dry and tough.

Plate Canker Plate Pasting with chaubattia paste


Control:
•Cut and burns the badly cankered portion of the tree.
•Cut cankered portions up to healthy portions and paint with Chaubattia paint.
•Immediately after pruning, apply chaubattia paste or copper oxychloride paint
on cut portions of the shoot.
•Spray copper oxychloride (300 g) or captan (200 g) in 100 L of water after fruit
(d)White root rot :
•This is caused by Dematophora necatrix fungi.
•Affected trees shows sparse foliage, slow growth, bronzing or yellowing of
leaves. Such trees ultimately die.
•Root turns brown and remain covered with white cottony mycelial of fungi in
rainy season.

Plate White root rot Plate Root rot affected tree


Control:
•Improve the drainage of an orchard.
•After leaf fall, remove the infected roots and apply Chaubattia paste or copper
oxychloride (300 g/100L) in Nov- December on cut ends of the roots.
•Give at least four drenching of Carbendazim (100 g) along with mancozeb
(300 g) in 100 L of water during April, June, July and September in infected
trees.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS
1.Low Productivity in apple
•Decreased productivity of apple orchards in the recent years
has become a serious concern of the growers in all the apple
growing areas.
•The apple productivity has been fluctuating year to year
between 2 MT to 8 MT/ ha.
•The factors which influence yields are climate, soil, cultivar,
rootstocks and cultural management practices.
•Most of factors influencing yield are manageable to a large
extent but the climatic factors are beyond the control.
•The appearance of certain diseases and pests in epidemic form
has also adversely affected yield in recent years.
• The out break of red spider mite attack and premature
defoliation of apple in the past 9-10 years has remained
persistent problem in apple orchards.
Causes of Low productivity
1.Climatic factors:
• Low temperature at the time of flowering and fruit setting .
• Rains accompanied by low temperature inhibits the cross pollination due
to restricted bees activity and washing off pollen and poor pollen tube
growth.
2.Varietals factors:
• Delicious group constitutes more than 80 per cent
• The predominant varieties self unfruitful and require cross pollination for
fruitfulness.
• These varieties have strong tendency of alternate bearing
3.Inadequate pollinizer:
• In Himachal Pradesh, 5 to 10 per cent proportion of pollinizing varieties
• Golden Delicious as a pollinizing variety, which does not synchronize in
flowering of the Delicious varieties in many agro climatic situations, and
strong tendency of alternate bearing.
4.Lack of pollinators:
• Honey bees are the major agents besides other wild pollinators for
effective pollination in apple.
• Population of honey bees and other pollinators have declined due to
indiscriminate use of pesticides.
• Placement of honeybees less in orchards due to scarcity of beehives.
5.Inadequate nutrition:-
• Water and nutrient losses.
• Frequent dry spells during summer months makes the nutrients
unavailable to the
• leaching of the nutrients during rainy
• fertilizers are not applied according to the requirement of the trees.

6.Poor soil conditions:-


• Run off losses render the soils nutritionally and structurally poor.
7 Poor canopy management:
• The plants are not properly trained and pruned by these untrained
pruners
8. Senile orchards:
• Orchards more than 40 years of age face the problem of unfruitfulness
more seriously than the young orchards.
• The old orchards have also been planted under traditional systems of
planting at a spacing of 20-25 feet, which take 15-20 years to come to
come to commercial fruiting after planting.
• Continuous use of ethephon beside poor orchard management practices
is a cause of senility and poor shelf life and quality of the fruits.
9 Pathological factors:
10. Entomological factors:
Suggested Remedial measures:
1.Among the standard varieties there should be more proportion
of regular bearing varieties than the Delicious cultivars.

2. Adequate proportion of pollinizing varieties should be


compensated with has not been provided, top working of the trees
with pollinizing varsities.

3.Proper orchard soil and canopy management practices should


be given adequate priority.

4.There is an urgent need to go for high density plantation in


different temperate fruit crops.

5.Indiscriminate use of insecticides, pesticides and fungicides


should be avoided in order to maintain the population of natural
predators and avoid problem of tolerance by pests.
2. Premature leaf fall
caused by Marssonina coronaria,but alternaria leaf blight is also involved in this malady.
Symptoms.
•Disease symptoms first appear as dark green circular patches on upper surface on the
mature leaves giving rise to 5-10 mm size brown leaf spots especially in the months of
June and July, which turn dark brown in the due course.
•When lesions are numerous they coalesce to from larger dark brown blotches and the
surrounding areas turn yellow.
• Severe leaf shedding follows these symptoms in the following weeks quite a head of
natural leaf fall in autumn.

Management
•Collect and destroy the fallen leaves
•Protective 3-4 sprays of fungicides like mancozeb (0.3%), carbendazim (0.05%),
thiophanate methyl (0.05%), benomyl (0.05%), propineb (0.3%), dodine (0.075%), ziram
(0.3%), dithianon (0.05%) and zineb (0.3%) are effective in controlling the disease.
3.Replant Problem
•Replantation pertains to the plantation of new plants of apple in the fields
vacated by removal of old and declining trees.
.Poor growth, delayed fruiting and short life of apple trees planted in the old
apple sites..
Causes of Replant Problem
•biotic (harmful microorganisms) and a biotic (nutritional deficiencies or
excessive soil pH, phytotoxins) factors in the soil.
•Various types of micro-organisms like fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes,
nematodes and their interactions.
•When we remove the old plants, some of the root system (mainly fine roots)
are left behind in the old site.
•The soil adhered to such roots consists a good population of micro-organisms
which later almost rob the newly planted trees of their vital elements, thereby
adversely affecting their growth.
•These micro-organisms can also directly affect the newly planted trees by
causing some kind of maladies in their root system.
•A number of fungi belonging to oomycetes, hypomycetes and basidiomycetes
have been reported as causal agents of replant disease.
•species of Phytophthora and Phythium are the primary causes of replant
disease, Phythium sylvaticum has been identified as cause associated with
apple replant disease .
•Management:
• Soil sterilization by fumigation, steaming or even solarization checks the
population of soil borne pathogens.

• Dig out and destroy the stumps and roots of old/dead apple trees.
• The fresh layout of the orchard be done by avoiding frequently/possibly the
old pit sites.

• New pits of bigger size (5 x 3 ft) should be dug and kept open for exposing to
sunlight for about one month.

• Pre-plant soil sterilization by fumigation (early winter) or solarization (during


summer) to check the population of soil borne micro-organisms

• Incorporate well rotten FYM along with 1 kg SSP fertilizer and 200 g Kanadane
dust in treated pit soil and fill the pit upto one foot above ground level.

• Always use the healthy and strong rooted plants for replantation. In high
problem areas preferably use tolerant rootstocks of apple like Merton793

• To improve the growth of newly planted apple, grow mustard, radish,


marigold and red fescue.

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