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SCIENCE PROJECT

The document discusses gravity, a fundamental interaction that causes attraction between masses and is the weakest of the four fundamental forces. It covers the historical understanding of gravity from ancient scholars to Newton's theory and Einstein's general relativity, highlighting key developments and experiments. Additionally, it explains how gravity affects time, influences celestial bodies, and is produced through the warping of spacetime.

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natanimgizachew420
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3 views

SCIENCE PROJECT

The document discusses gravity, a fundamental interaction that causes attraction between masses and is the weakest of the four fundamental forces. It covers the historical understanding of gravity from ancient scholars to Newton's theory and Einstein's general relativity, highlighting key developments and experiments. Additionally, it explains how gravity affects time, influences celestial bodies, and is produced through the warping of spacetime.

Uploaded by

natanimgizachew420
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENCE PROJECT

Name: Robsen Gizachew


Grade: 5B
Date: Friday January 12 2024
Topic: Gravity

1. Gravity
In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas
'weight') is a fundamental interaction
which causes mutual attraction
between all things that have mass.
Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the
four fundamental interactions,
approximately 1038 times weaker
than the strong interaction, 1036
times weaker than the
electromagnetic force and 1029 times
weaker than the weak interaction. As
a result, it has no significant influence
at the level of subatomic particles.
However, gravity is the most
significant interaction between objects
at the macroscopic scale, and it
determines the motion of planets,
stars, galaxies, and even light.
2. History
Ancient world
The nature and mechanism of gravity
were explored by a wide range of
ancient scholars. In Greece, Aristotle
believed that objects fell towards the
Earth because the Earth was the
center of the Universe and attracted
all of the mass in the Universe
towards it. He also thought that the
speed of a falling object should
increase with its weight, a conclusion
that was later shown to be false. While
Aristotle's view was widely accepted
throughout Ancient Greece, there
were other thinkers such as Plutarch
who correctly predicted that the
attraction of gravity was not unique to
the Earth.
3. Scientific revolution
In the mid-16th century, various
European scientists experimentally
disproved the Aristotelian notion that
heavier objects fall at a faster rate. In
particular, the Spanish Dominican
priest Domingo de Soto wrote in 1551
that bodies in free fall uniformly
accelerate. De Soto may have been
influenced by earlier experiments
conducted by other Dominican priests
in Italy, including those by Benedetto
Varchi, Francesco Beato, Luca Ghini,
and Giovan Bellaso which contradicted
Aristotle's teachings on the fall of
bodies.
4. Newton's theory of
gravitation
In 1684, Newton sent a manuscript to
Edmond Halley titled De motu
corporum in gyrum (‘on the motion of
bodies in an orbit'), which provided a
physical justification for Kepler's laws
of planetary motion. Halley was
impressed by the manuscript and
urged Newton to expand on it, and a
few years later Newton published a
groundbreaking book called
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy). In this book,
Newton described gravitation as a
universal force
5. General relativity
Eventually, astronomers noticed an
eccentricity in the orbit of the planet
Mercury which could not be explained
by Newton's theory: the perihelion of
the orbit was increasing by about
42.98 arcseconds per century. The
most obvious explanation for this
discrepancy was an as-yet-
undiscovered celestial body (such as a
planet orbiting the Sun even closer
than Mercury), but all efforts to find
such a body turned out to be fruitless.
Finally, in 1915, Albert Einstein
developed a theory of general
relativity which was able to accurately
model Mercury's orbit.
6. Tests of general
relativity
In 1919, the British astrophysicist
Arthur Eddington was able to confirm
the predicted gravitational lensing of
light during that year's solar eclipse.
Eddington measured starlight
deflections twice those predicted by
Newtonian corpuscular theory, in
accordance with the predictions of
general relativity. Although
Eddington's analysis was later
disputed, this experiment made
Einstein famous almost overnight and
caused general relativity to become
widely accepted in the scientific
community.
7. Earth's gravity
Every planetary body (including the
Earth) is surrounded by its own
gravitational field, which can be
conceptualized with Newtonian
physics as exerting an attractive force
on all objects. Assuming a spherically
symmetrical planet, the strength of
this field at any given point above the
surface is proportional to the
planetary body's mass and inversely
proportional to the square of the
distance from the center of the body.
The strength of the gravitational field
is numerically equal to the
acceleration of objects under its
influence
8. Origin

The earliest gravity (possibly in the


form of quantum gravity, supergravity
or a gravitational singularity), along
with ordinary space and time,
developed during the Planck epoch
(up to 10−43 seconds after the birth
of the Universe), possibly from a
primeval state (such as a false
vacuum, quantum vacuum or virtual
particle), in a currently unknown
manner.
9. Gravitational radiation
General relativity predicts that energy
can be transported out of a system
through gravitational radiation. The
first indirect evidence for gravitational
radiation was through measurements
of the Hulse–Taylor binary in 1973.
This system consists of a pulsar and
neutron star in orbit around one
another. Its orbital period has
decreased since its initial discovery
due to a loss of energy, which is
consistent for the amount of energy
loss due to gravitational radiation.
This research was awarded the Nobel
Prize in Physics in 1993
10. Speed of gravity
In December 2012, a research team in
China announced that it had produced
measurements of the phase lag of
Earth tides during full and new moons
which seem to prove that the speed of
gravity is equal to the speed of light.
This means that if the Sun suddenly
disappeared, the Earth would keep
orbiting the vacant point normally for
8 minutes, which is the time light
takes to travel that distance. The
team's findings were released in
Science Bulletin in February 2013.

11. Gravity affects time


Albert Einstein's theory of general
relativity predicts that where gravity is
stronger, time passes more slowly.
That's called time dilation. Gravity is
stronger closer to the center of the
Earth. So, according to Einstein, time
should pass more slowly closer to the
ground.

12. How gravity works in space


Every object in space exerts a
gravitational pull on every other, and
so gravity influences the paths taken
by everything traveling through
space. It is the glue that holds
together entire galaxies. It keeps
planets in orbit. It makes it possible to
use human-made satellites and to go
to and return from the Moon.

13. Gravity production


The broader sense, gravity is indeed a
force because it describes the
resulting interaction between two
masses. Gravitational effects are
fundamentally caused by the warping
of spacetime and the motion of
objects through the warped
spacetime. However, the end result is
as if a force was applied.

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