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Computer Networks Assignment

The document explains the OSI model, a framework that standardizes communication functions into seven layers, each with specific roles and associated protocols. It details the functions and protocols of each layer, from the Physical Layer responsible for raw bit transmission to the Application Layer providing services like email and web browsing. The protocols ensure efficient and secure data transmission across networks.

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muhammadsaifarain786
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2 views

Computer Networks Assignment

The document explains the OSI model, a framework that standardizes communication functions into seven layers, each with specific roles and associated protocols. It details the functions and protocols of each layer, from the Physical Layer responsible for raw bit transmission to the Application Layer providing services like email and web browsing. The protocols ensure efficient and secure data transmission across networks.

Uploaded by

muhammadsaifarain786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNDERSTANDING PROTOCOLS ACROSS THE OSI MODEL

LAYERS

Introduction
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework
that standardizes the functions of communication systems into seven
distinct layers, each serving a specific role in data transmission. This
model helps to understand how data is transferred from one device to
another in a network by breaking down the complex process into
manageable parts. Each layer in the OSI model uses specific protocols to
carry out its functions, ensuring that data is transmitted efficiently and
securely.

Protocols are essential as they define the rules for data exchange, error
detection, flow control, and other tasks at each layer. This assignment will
explore the protocols associated with each layer of the OSI model and
their functions in enabling seamless communication across networks.

Layer 1: Physical Layer


Function: The physical layer is responsible for the transmission of raw bit
streams over physical mediums such as cables, fiber optics, or radio
frequencies. It defines the hardware elements involved in data
transmission, including connectors, switches, and cables.

Protocols/Standards:

 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): Defines the physical connection between


devices on a network through cables or fiber optics.
 USB (Universal Serial Bus): A protocol used for short-distance
communication between devices such as computers and
peripherals.
 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): A standard for transmitting digital
data over phone lines, commonly used for internet access.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer


Function: The data link layer is responsible for error detection and
correction, data framing, and managing access to the physical layer. It
ensures reliable data transfer between two devices on the same network.
Protocols/Standards:

 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): Specifies how devices within a local area


network (LAN) can communicate using frames.
 Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11): A protocol for wireless data transmission,
enabling communication between devices within a WLAN.
 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): Used to establish a direct
connection between two network nodes, commonly used for dial-up
internet connections.

Layer 3: Network Layer


Function: The network layer is responsible for routing data across
different networks, addressing, and packet forwarding. It determines the
best path for data to travel across multiple networks.

Protocols:

 IP (Internet Protocol - IPv4/IPv6): The primary protocol for


routing data packets between devices on different networks. IPv6 is
the latest version, designed to address the limitations of IPv4.
 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used for diagnostic
and error-reporting tasks, such as the "ping" command to test
network connectivity.
 RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A routing protocol used to
help routers determine the best path for data transmission within an
autonomous system.

Layer 4: Transport Layer


Function: The transport layer manages end-to-end communication,
including error recovery, flow control, and data segmentation. It ensures
that data is delivered reliably between devices.

Protocols:

 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): A connection-oriented


protocol that ensures reliable data transfer by establishing a
connection between devices and performing error checking and flow
control.
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol): A connectionless protocol that
offers faster data transfer but without guarantees of reliability or
order, used in applications like video streaming.
Layer 5: Session Layer
Function: The session layer manages sessions between applications,
including establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication
sessions. It ensures that data is synchronized and properly organized.

Protocols:

 SMB (Server Message Block): A protocol that enables file and


printer sharing on a network, allowing applications to read and write
to files.
 NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/output System): A protocol for
communication over local area networks (LANs), providing services
such as file and printer sharing.

Layer 6: Presentation Layer


Function: The presentation layer is responsible for data translation,
encryption, and compression. It ensures that data is in a format that the
application layer can understand.

Protocols:

 TLS (Transport Layer Security): A protocol that provides


encryption and secure communication over a network often used in
HTTPS connections for secure web browsing.
 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer): The predecessor of TLS, providing
similar encryption for secure communications.
 JPEG (Image Compression Standard): A protocol for
compressing image files, reducing their size for faster transmission
over networks.

Layer 7: Application Layer


Function: The application layer is the closest layer to the end-user and is
responsible for providing network services directly to applications, such as
email, web browsing, and file transfer.

Protocols:

 HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure): HTTP is


used for transferring web pages, while HTTPS encrypts the data to
ensure secure communication between web browsers and servers.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A protocol for transferring files
between computers over a network.
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): A protocol used to send
emails across the internet.

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