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Computer Networks Assignment

The OSI model is a framework that standardizes communication functions into seven layers, each with specific roles and associated protocols for data transmission. Each layer, from the Physical to the Application layer, utilizes protocols like Ethernet, IP, TCP, and HTTP to ensure efficient and secure data exchange. Understanding these protocols is essential for managing and troubleshooting network communications.

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2 views

Computer Networks Assignment

The OSI model is a framework that standardizes communication functions into seven layers, each with specific roles and associated protocols for data transmission. Each layer, from the Physical to the Application layer, utilizes protocols like Ethernet, IP, TCP, and HTTP to ensure efficient and secure data exchange. Understanding these protocols is essential for managing and troubleshooting network communications.

Uploaded by

muhammadsaifarain786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNDERSTANDING PROTOCOLS ACROSS THE OSI MODEL LAYERS

Introduction
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework
that standardizes the functions of communication systems into seven distinct
layers, each serving a specific role in data transmission. This model helps to
understand how data is transferred from one device to another in a network
by breaking down the complex process into manageable parts. Each layer in
the OSI model uses specific protocols to carry out its functions, ensuring that
data is transmitted efficiently and securely.

Protocols are essential as they define the rules for data exchange, error
detection, flow control, and other tasks at each layer. This assignment will
explore the protocols associated with each layer of the OSI model and their
functions in enabling seamless communication across networks.

Layer 1: Physical Layer


Function: The physical layer is responsible for the transmission of raw bit
streams over physical mediums such as cables, fiber optics, or radio
frequencies. It defines the hardware elements involved in data transmission,
including connectors, switches, and cables.

Protocols/Standards:

 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): Defines the physical connection between devices


on a network through cables or fiber optics.
 USB (Universal Serial Bus): A protocol used for short-distance
communication between devices such as computers and peripherals.
 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): A standard for transmitting digital data
over phone lines, commonly used for internet access.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer


Function: The data link layer is responsible for error detection and correction,
data framing, and managing access to the physical layer. It ensures reliable
data transfer between two devices on the same network.

Protocols/Standards:
 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): Specifies how devices within a local area network
(LAN) can communicate using frames.
 Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11): A protocol for wireless data transmission, enabling
communication between devices within a WLAN.
 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): Used to establish a direct connection
between two network nodes, commonly used for dial-up internet
connections.

Layer 3: Network Layer


Function: The network layer is responsible for routing data across different
networks, addressing, and packet forwarding. It determines the best path for
data to travel across multiple networks.

Protocols:

 IP (Internet Protocol - IPv4/IPv6): The primary protocol for routing data


packets between devices on different networks. IPv6 is the latest
version, designed to address the limitations of IPv4.
 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used for diagnostic and
error-reporting tasks, such as the "ping" command to test network
connectivity.
 RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A routing protocol used to help
routers determine the best path for data transmission within an
autonomous system.

Layer 4: Transport Layer


Function: The transport layer manages end-to-end communication, including
error recovery, flow control, and data segmentation. It ensures that data is
delivered reliably between devices.

Protocols:

 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): A connection-oriented protocol


that ensures reliable data transfer by establishing a connection
between devices and performing error checking and flow control.
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol): A connectionless protocol that offers
faster data transfer but without guarantees of reliability or order, used
in applications like video streaming.
Layer 5: Session Layer
Function: The session layer manages sessions between applications, including
establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication sessions. It ensures
that data is synchronized and properly organized.

Protocols:

 SMB (Server Message Block): A protocol that enables file and printer
sharing on a network, allowing applications to read and write to files.
 NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/output System): A protocol for
communication over local area networks (LANs), providing services
such as file and printer sharing.

Layer 6: Presentation Layer


Function: The presentation layer is responsible for data translation,
encryption, and compression. It ensures that data is in a format that the
application layer can understand.

Protocols:

 TLS (Transport Layer Security): A protocol that provides encryption and


secure communication over a network often used in HTTPS connections
for secure web browsing.
 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer): The predecessor of TLS, providing similar
encryption for secure communications.
 JPEG (Image Compression Standard): A protocol for compressing
image files, reducing their size for faster transmission over networks.

Layer 7: Application Layer


Function: The application layer is the closest layer to the end-user and is
responsible for providing network services directly to applications, such as
email, web browsing, and file transfer.

Protocols:

 HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure): HTTP is used for


transferring web pages, while HTTPS encrypts the data to ensure secure
communication between web browsers and servers.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A protocol for transferring files between
computers over a network.
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): A protocol used to send emails
across the internet.

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