Probability and Statistics (PHM111s)-Lecture 2

2. Organizing Data.

Frequency
distributions

Categorical Ungrouped Grouped

frequency frequency frequency
distribution distribution distribution

Example 1: Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test to determine their blood
type. The data set is
A B B AB O
O O B AB B
B B O A O
A O O O AB
AB A O B A
Construct a frequency distribution for the data.
Solution
Since the data are categorical, discrete classes can be used. There are four blood types: A, B, O, and AB. These types will be used as the
classes for the distribution.
The frequency distribution for the data is:

A B C D
Class Tally Frequency Relative Frequency
(Percent)
A //// 5 20
B //// // 7 28
O //// //// 9 36
AB //// 4 16
Total 25 100

For the sample, more people have type O blood than any other type.

Example 2: Find the frequency distribution table for 20 families who own certain number of
pets. The data set is: 3, 0, 1, 4, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3.

Solution

The frequency distribution for the data is:

No. of Tally Frequency Relative Frequency

Pets (proportion)
0 //// 4 4/20
1 //// / 6 6/20
2 //// 5 5/20
3 /// 3 3/20
4 // 2 2/20
Total 20 1
For the sample, more families have 1 pet.
Example 3: These data represent the record high temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (oF) for
each of the 50 states. Construct a grouped frequency distribution for the data
using 7 classes.
112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112
110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110
116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114

Creating a Grouped Frequency Distribution:

1. Arrange data (in ascending or descending order).

2. Compute the Range = Maximum value (largest value or highest value) – Minimum value (smallest or lowest value). [134-100=34]
3. Select the number of classes desired. This is usually between 5 and 20, (7 in this example).
4. Find the class width by dividing the range by the number of classes and rounding up. There are two things to be careful of here.
You must round up, not off. Normally 3.2 would round to be 3, but in rounding up, it becomes 4. [34/7≈4.86→5]
Solution
The grouped frequency distribution for the data is:

Class Class Class Cumulative Relative Relative

limits boundaries Midpoints Tally Frequency Frequency Freq.(prop.) Freq.(perc.)
100–104 99.5–104.5 102 // 2 2 2/50 4
105–109 104.5–109.5 107 //// /// 8 10 8/50 16
110–114 109.5–114.5 112 //// //// //// /// 18 28 18/50 36
115–119 114.5–119.5 117 //// //// /// 13 41 13/50 26
120–124 119.5–124.5 122 //// // 7 48 7/50 14
125–129 124.5–129.5 127 / 1 49 1/50 2
130–134 129.5–134.5 132 / 1 50 1/50 2

n = Ʃf = 50

If the range divided by the number of classes gives an integer value (or no remainder),
add one unit to the class width.
e.g. Let the largest value = 31.5 and the smallest value = 7.5 and the data set is approximated to 1D,
⇒ range = 31.5 – 7.5 = 24
Say we need 5 classes,
The class width = 24 / 5 = 4.8 (1D, i.e. no remainder → add one unit 0.1)
∴ The class width = 4.8 + 0.1 = 4.9
Class limits
7.5–12.3
12.4–17.2
17.3–22.1
22.2–27
27.1–31.9

5. The boundaries (if needed) are half-way between the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next class.

If one of the data points meets one of the class boundaries, in which class it will be put?
It’s impossible to happen since If data is integer → Class boundaries will be 1D, If data is 1D → Class boundaries will be 2D, ….
 Stem & Leaf

Example 4: At an outpatient testing center, the number of cardiograms performed each day
for 20 days is shown. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.
25 31 20 32 13
14 43 02 57 23
36 32 33 32 44
32 52 44 51 45
Solution
1- Arrange the data in order:
02, 13, 14, 20, 23, 25, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36, 43, 44, 44, 45, 51, 52, 57
2- Separate the data according to the first digit, as shown.
02 13, 14 20, 23, 25 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36
43, 44, 44, 45 51, 52, 57
3- A display can be made by using the leading digit as the stem and the trailing digit as the leaf. For example, for the value 32, the
leading digit, 3, is the stem and the trailing digit, 2, is the leaf. For the value 14, the 1 is the stem and the 4 is the leaf. Now a plot
can be constructed as shown in Figure:
Leading digit (stem) Trailing digit (leaf)

0 2
1 34
2 035
3 1222236
4 3445
5 127
 If there are no data values in a class!!!
you should write the stem number and leave the leaf row blank. Do not put a zero in the leaf row.

If the arranged data is: 50, 51, 51, 52, 53, 53, 55, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 59,
62, 63, 65, 65, 66, 66, 67, 68, 69, 69,
72, 73, 75, 75, 77, 78, 79.
Plot the data as shown:
Leading digit (stem) Trailing digit (leaf )
5 011233
5 5567789
6 23
6 55667899
7 23
7 55789

When the data values are in the hundreds, such as 325!!!

The stem and leaf plot for the data values 32, 27, 30, 42, 325, 41, 45, and 47 looks like this
Leading digit (stem) Trailing digit (leaf )
2 7
3 02
4 1257
32 5
 3. Presenting Data
1- Histogram

2- Frequency Polygon

3- Ogive
Part I: Introduction to Statistical Methods.

Part II: Methods of Descriptive Statistics.

1- Collecting Data.
2- Organizing Data.
3- Presenting Data.
4- Summarizing Data.

Part III: Introduction to Probability.

Part IV: Methods of Inferential Statistics.