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3.1 Infinite Fourier Transform and inverse

Introduction:

 Fourier series is for periodic functions. Fourier transform is for aperiodic functions.
Fourier transformation is useful to solve boundary value problems and integral equations.

Fourier Transform Inverse Fourier Transform

∞ ∞
𝑖𝑠𝑥
1
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
2𝜋
−∞ −∞

∞ 𝑠 ∞ 𝑎 ∞ 2 √𝜋
 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2

Problems:

𝒙𝟐 , |𝒙| ≤ 𝒂
1. Find the Fourier Transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { .
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝒂

By Fourier transform,
∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
= [𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑖 2 𝑠2 + 2 𝑖 3 𝑠3 ]
𝑖𝑠 −𝑎

𝑎
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
= [−𝑖𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑖2 ]
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3 −𝑎

1 2 2
= −𝑖 𝑠 (𝑎2 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 − 𝑎2 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑠 ) + 𝑠2 (𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 + 𝑎𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑠 ) + 𝑖 𝑠3 (𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑠 )

𝑎2 2𝑎 2
= −𝑖 (2𝑖 sin 𝑎𝑠) + (2 cos 𝑎𝑠) + 𝑖 (2𝑖 sin 𝑎𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3

2𝑎2 4𝑎 4
= (sin 𝑎𝑠) + (cos 𝑎𝑠) − (sin 𝑎𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3

𝑎2 1 4𝑎
= 2 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠3 ) sin 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑠2 cos 𝑎𝑠

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

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𝒙, |𝒙| ≤ 𝒂
2. Find the Fourier Transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { .
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝒂

By Fourier transform,

∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
= [𝑥 − 1 𝑖 2 𝑠2 ]
𝑖𝑠 −𝑎

1 1 𝑎
= [𝑖𝑠 (𝑎 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 + 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑠 ) + 𝑠2 (𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑠 ) ]
−𝑎

𝑎𝑠 1
= −𝑖 𝑠2 (𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑠 ) + 𝑠2 (𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑠 )

𝑎𝑠 1
= −𝑖 𝑠2 (2 cos 𝑎𝑠) + 𝑠2 (2𝑖 sin 𝑎𝑠)

2𝑖
= 𝑠2 (sin 𝑎𝑠 − 𝑎𝑠 cos 𝑎𝑠)

𝟏, |𝒙| < 𝟏 ∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

3. Find the Fourier Transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { . Hence Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟏

By Fourier transform, By inverse Fourier transform,

∞ 1 ∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
1 ∞ 2 sin 𝑠
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝑠

Put 𝑥 = 0,
1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
=[ ] 𝑓(0) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞
1 ∞ 2 sin 𝑠
𝑑𝑠
𝑖𝑠 −1 𝑠

1 1 ∞ 2 sin 𝑠
= 𝑖𝑠 (𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠 ) 1 = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑠
𝑠
∞ sin 𝑠
2 sin 𝑠 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜋
= 𝑠
𝑠
∞ sin 𝑠
2 ∫0 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜋
𝑠
∞ sin 𝑠 𝜋
∫0 𝑑𝑠 =
𝑠 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

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𝟏, |𝒙| < 𝟏 ∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒔𝒙

4. Find the Fourier Transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { . Hence Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙.
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟏 𝒙

By Fourier transform,
∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
=[ ]
𝑖𝑠 −1
1
= 𝑖𝑠 (𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠 )
2 sin 𝑠
= 𝑠

By inverse Fourier transform,

1 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
1 ∞ 2 sin 𝑠
= 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝑠
1 ∞ sin 𝑠
= 𝜋 ∫−∞ (cos 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑠
𝑠
1 ∞ sin 𝑠 cos 𝑠𝑥 1 ∞ sin 𝑠 sin 𝑠𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑖 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
1 ∞ sin 𝑠 cos 𝑠𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑠 − 0
𝑠

Replace 𝑥 by 𝑠 and 𝑠 by 𝑥,
1 ∞ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑠 1, |𝑥| ≤ 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = {
𝜋 −∞ 𝑥 0, |𝑥| > 1
2 ∞ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 1, |𝑥| ≤ 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = {
𝜋 0 𝑥 0, |𝑥| > 1
Therefore,
𝜋
∞ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 , |𝑥| ≤ 1
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = { 2
𝑥 |𝑥| > 1
0,
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 , |𝒙| ≤ 𝟏
5. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { .
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟏
∞ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙
Hence evaluate ∫𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙𝟑

By Fourier transform,
∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫−1(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

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1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
= [(1 − 𝑥 2 ) − (−2𝑥) + (−2) ]
𝑖𝑠 𝑖2 𝑠 2 𝑖3𝑠 3
−1

1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
= [(1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑥 +2 ]
𝑖𝑠 𝑠2 𝑖𝑠3 −1

2 2
= 0 − 𝑠2 (1. 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − (−1)𝑒 −𝑖𝑠 ) + 𝑖𝑠3 (𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠 )

4 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑠 4 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑠
= 0 − 𝑠2 ( ) + 𝑠3 ( )
2 2𝑖

4 4
= − 𝑠2 cos 𝑠 + 𝑠3 sin 𝑠

4
= − 𝑠3 (𝑠 cos 𝑠 − sin 𝑠)

By inverse Fourier transform,

1 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠

1 ∞ 4
= 2𝜋 ∫−∞ − 𝑠3 (𝑠 cos 𝑠 − sin 𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠

1
Put 𝑥 = 2,

∞ 𝑖𝑠
1 1 4
𝑓 (2) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ − 𝑠3 (𝑠 cos 𝑠 − sin 𝑠) 𝑒 − 2 𝑑𝑠,

𝑖𝑠
1 1 ∞ 4
1 − 4 = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ − 𝑠3 (𝑠 cos 𝑠 − sin 𝑠) 𝑒 − 2 𝑑𝑠

𝑖𝑠
6𝜋 ∞ 4
= ∫−∞ − 𝑠3 (𝑠 cos 𝑠 − sin 𝑠) 𝑒 − 2 𝑑𝑠
4

𝑖𝑠
∞ 4 − 6𝜋
∫−∞ 𝑠3 (𝑠 cos 𝑠 − sin 𝑠) 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑠 = − 4

∞ 𝑠 cos 𝑠−sin 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 3𝜋
∫−∞ ( 𝑠3
) (cos 2 + 𝑖 sin 2) 𝑑𝑠 = − 8

Equating real parts,

∞ 𝑠 cos 𝑠−sin 𝑠 𝑠 3𝜋
∫−∞ ( 𝑠3
) cos 2 𝑑𝑠 = − 8

∞ 𝑥 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
2∫0 ( ) cos 2 𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑥3 8

∞ 𝑥 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
∫0 ( 𝑥3
) cos 2 𝑑𝑥 = − 16

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

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𝟏 − |𝒙|, |𝒙| ≤ 𝟏
6. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { .
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟏
∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝝅
Hence deduce that ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐.
𝒙𝟐

By Fourier transform,
∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫−1(1 − |𝑥|) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

0 1
= ∫−1(1 + 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

0 1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
= [(1 + 𝑥) − 1. 2 ]
+ [(1 − 𝑥) − (−1) 2 ]
𝑖𝑠 𝑖2𝑠 −1 𝑖𝑠 𝑖2𝑠 0

0 1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
= [−𝑖(1 + 𝑥) + ] + [−𝑖(1 − 𝑥) − ]
𝑠 𝑠2 −1 𝑠 𝑠2 0

𝑖 1 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖 1 2 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑠
= [− 𝑠 + 𝑠2 + 0 − ] + [0 − + 𝑠 + 𝑠2 ] = 𝑠2 −
𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠2

1
= 𝑠2 (2 − 2 cos 𝑠)

2
= 𝑠2 (1 − cos 𝑠)

𝑠
2 𝑠 sin2( )
= 𝑠2 (2 sin2 2) = 𝑠 2
2

( )
2

𝑠
By inverse Fourier transformation, Put 𝑓(0) = 1, 2 = 𝑡, 𝑑𝑠 = 2 𝑑𝑡

1 ∞ 1 ∞ sin2 𝑡
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 ∫ 2𝑑𝑡 = 1
2𝜋 −∞ 𝑡2

2 𝑠 ∞ sin2 𝑡
1 ∞ sin (2) −𝑖𝑠𝑥 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑠 𝑡2
2𝜋 −∞ ( 𝑠 )2
2

𝑠 ∞ sin2 𝑡
1
2
∞ sin (2) 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = ∫ 𝑑𝑠 𝑡2
2𝜋 −∞ ( 𝑠 )2
2
∞ sin2 𝑡 𝜋
∫0 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑡2 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

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𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
7. Find the Fourier Transform of 𝒆−𝒂 , 𝒂 > 𝟎. Hence deduce that 𝒆− 𝟐 is self
reciprocal.
By Fourier transform,
∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ 2 𝑥2
= ∫−∞(𝑒 −𝑎 ) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ 2 𝑥 2 −𝑖𝑠𝑥)
= ∫−∞ 𝑒 −(𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑠 2 𝑠 2
[𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 = (𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎) + (2𝑎) ]

𝑖𝑠 2 𝑠 2
∞
= ∫−∞ 𝑒 −(𝑎𝑥−2𝑎) −( )
2𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2
∞
= 𝑒 −(2𝑎) ∫−∞ 𝑒 −(𝑎𝑥−2𝑎) 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑠
Put 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑠 2
∞ 2 1
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑒 −(2𝑎) ∫−∞ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑠 2
1 ∞ 2
= 𝑎 𝑒 −(2𝑎) ∫−∞ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑠 2
2 ∞ 2
= 𝑒 −(2𝑎) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑠 2
2 −( ) √𝜋
= 𝑎𝑒 2𝑎
2
𝑠 2
√𝜋 −( )
= 𝑒 2𝑎
𝑎
1
Put 𝑎2 = 2 ,
𝑠 2 𝑠2
−( )
Then 𝐹(𝑠) = √2𝜋 𝑒 √2 = √2𝜋 𝑒 − 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

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3.2 Fourier sine and cosine Transforms and inverse

Introduction:


Fourier sine Transform Inverse Fourier sine Transform
∞ ∞
2
𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝜋
𝑥=0 𝑠=0

Fourier cosine Transform Inverse Fourier cosine Transform

∞ ∞
 2
𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝜋
𝑥=0 𝑠=0

Problems:

𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
1. Find Fourier sine transform and Fourier cosine transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { .
𝟎, 𝒙≥𝟐

∞ ∞
𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= ∫0 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−cos 𝑠𝑥 2 sin 𝑠𝑥 2
=[ ] =[ ]
𝑠 0 𝑠 0
1 1
= − 𝑠 (cos 2𝑠 − 1) = 𝑠 [sin 2𝑠 − 0]
1 sin 2𝑠
= 𝑠 (1 − cos 2𝑠) = 𝑠

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝒂

2. Find the Fourier sine Transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { .
𝟎, 𝒙>𝒂
∞
𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
= ∫0 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎
= 2 ∫0 [cos(𝑠 − 1)𝑥 − cos(𝑠 + 1) 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
1 sin(𝑠−1)𝑥 sin(𝑠+1)𝑥 𝑎
= 2[ − ]
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 0
1 sin(𝑠−1)𝑎 sin(𝑠+1)𝑎
= 2[ − ]
𝑠−1 𝑠+1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

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𝒙, 𝟎<𝒙<𝟏
3. Find Fourier cosine transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟐 − 𝒙 , 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
𝟎, 𝒙>𝟐
∞
𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2
= ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (2 − 𝑥) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑠𝑥 − cos 𝑠𝑥 1 sin 𝑠𝑥 − cos 𝑠𝑥 2

= [𝑥 − 1( )] + [(2 − 𝑥) − (−1) ( )]
𝑠 𝑠2 0 𝑠 𝑠2 1

1 1
= 𝑠2 [𝑠𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥 + cos 𝑠𝑥]10 + 𝑠2 [𝑠(2 − 𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 − cos 𝑠𝑥]12

1 1
= 𝑠2 [𝑠 sin 𝑠 + cos 𝑠 − 1] + 𝑠2 [0 − cos 2𝑠 − 𝑠 sin 𝑠 + cos 𝑠]

1
= 𝑠2 [2 cos 𝑠 − cos 2𝑠 − 1]

∞ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝀𝒙
4. Find Fourier cosine transform of 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 . Hence evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

By Fourier Cosine transform, By inverse Fourier cosine transform,

∞ 2 ∞
𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝐹 (𝑠) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋 0 𝑐

∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
∫
∞ 𝑎
cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑠2 +𝑎2

𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ∞ ∞ cos 𝑠𝑥 𝜋
= [𝑎2 +𝑠2 (−𝑎 cos 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠 sin 𝑠𝑥)] ∫0 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑎 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
0 𝑠2 +𝑎2

𝑎 Replace 𝑠 → 𝑥 and 𝑥 → 𝜆.
= 𝑠2 +𝑎2
∞ cos 𝜆𝑥 𝜋
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝑒 −𝑎𝜆
𝑥 2 +𝑎2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

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5. Find Fourier sine transform and Fourier cosine transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒆−𝒂𝒙.

By Fourier sine series, By Fourier cosine series,

∞ ∞
𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∞ 𝜕 ∞ 𝜕
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑠 (− cos 𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑠 (sin 𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑 ∞ 𝑑 ∞
= − 𝑑𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ∞ 𝑑 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ∞
= 𝑑𝑠 [𝑎2 +𝑠2 (−𝑎 cos 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠 sin 𝑠𝑥)] = 𝑑𝑠 [𝑎2 +𝑠2 (−𝑎 sin 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠 cos 𝑠𝑥)]
0 0
𝑑 𝑎 𝑑 𝑠
= 𝑑𝑠 (𝑎2 +𝑠2 ) = 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )
2𝑎𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= (𝑎2 +𝑠2 )2 = (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2

𝑎2 −𝑠2
= (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2

𝒆−𝒂𝒙
6. Find Fourier sine transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = .
𝒙
𝐼 = 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠)
∞
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= ∫0 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝐼 𝑑 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= 𝑑𝑠 ∫0 (sin 𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑠 𝑥
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜕
= ∫0 (sin 𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝜕𝑠
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= ∫0 (𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ∞
= [𝑎2 +𝑠2 (−𝑎 cos 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠 sin 𝑠𝑥)]
0
𝑎
= 𝑎2 +𝑠2
𝑎 𝑠
Therefore, 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑠 = tan−1 (𝑎)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

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∞ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝒙 𝝅
7. Find Fourier sine transform of 𝒆−|𝒙| . Hence S.T. ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒆−𝒎 , 𝒎 > 𝟎
𝟏+𝒙𝟐

By Fourier sine transform, By inverse Fourier sine transform,

∞ 2 ∞
𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝐹 (𝑠) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋 0 𝑠
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −|𝑥| sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 ∞ 𝑠
∫ sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒 −|𝑥|
𝜋 0 1+𝑠2
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑 ∞
∫0
𝑠
sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 =
𝜋
𝑒 −|𝑥|
1+𝑠2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 ∞
= [1+𝑠2 (− sin 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠 cos 𝑠𝑥)] Replace 𝑠 → 𝑥 and 𝑥 → 𝑚.
0
∞ 𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 𝜋
= 1+𝑠2
𝑠 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 −|𝑚|
1+𝑥 2

∞ 2 √𝜋
Note: ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝟐
8. Find Fourier cosine transform of 𝒆−𝒙
∞ ∞ 2
𝐼 = 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝐼 𝑑 ∞ 2
= 𝑑𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑠

∞ 2 𝜕
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑠

∞ 2
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 ∞ 2
= ∫ sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑(𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 0

1 2 ∞ ∞ 2
= 2 {[sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 ]0 − ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑(sin 𝑠𝑥)}

1 ∞ 2 𝑠
= 2 {(0 − 0) − 𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥} = − 2 𝐼

𝑑𝐼 𝑠
= − 2 𝑑𝑠
𝐼
𝑠2
On integrating, log 𝐼 = − +𝑐
4
𝑠2
−
Taking antilog, 𝐼 = 𝑘𝑒 4

∞ 2
At 𝑠 = 0, ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘,
∞ 2 √𝜋
∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑘 = 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

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9. Solve the integral equation

∞ 𝟏 − 𝜶 ,𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 ∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒕
∫𝟎 𝒇(𝜽) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = { . Hence evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝟎, 𝜶>𝟏

1 − 𝛼 ,0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
By data, 𝐹𝑐 (𝛼) = {
0, 𝛼>1

By inverse Fourier cosine transform,

2 ∞
𝑓(𝜃) = 𝜋 ∫0 𝐹𝑐 (𝛼) cos 𝛼𝑥 𝑑𝛼

2 1
= ∫0 (1 − 𝛼) cos 𝛼𝜃 𝑑𝛼
𝜋

2 sin 𝛼𝜃 cos 𝛼𝜃 1
= 𝜋 [(1 − 𝛼) ( ) − (−1) (− )]
𝜃 𝜃2 0

2
= 𝜋𝜃2 [𝜃(1 − 𝛼) sin 𝛼𝜃 − cos 𝛼𝜃]10

2 1
= 𝜋 . 𝜃2 (− cos 𝜃 + 1)

2 1 𝜃
= 𝜋 . 𝜃2 (2 sin2 2)

2𝜃
1 sin 2
=𝜋 𝜃 2
( )
2

Evaluation:
2𝜃
∞ ∞ 1 sin
∫0 𝑓(𝜃) cos 𝛼𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝜋 𝜃 22 cos 𝛼𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (𝑎𝑡 𝛼 = 0)
( )
2

2𝜃
∞ 1 sin 2
At 𝛼 = 0, 1 = ∫0 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 ( 𝜃) 2
2

2 ∞ sin2 𝑡
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2

∞ sin2 𝑡 𝜋
Hence, ∫0 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑡2 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

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∞
10. Solve the integral equation ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆−𝜶

By data, 𝐹𝑐 (𝛼) = 𝑒 −𝛼

By inverse Fourier cosine transform,

2 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 ∫0 𝐹𝑐 (𝛼) cos 𝛼𝑥 𝑑𝛼

2 ∞
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑒 −𝛼 cos 𝛼𝑥 𝑑𝛼

2 𝑒 −𝛼 ∞
= 𝜋 [1+𝑥 2 (− cos 𝛼𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝛼𝑥)]
0

2 1
= 𝜋 1+𝑥 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

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3.3 Z Transform
Introduction:

Function Infinite Series Summation form

(1 − 𝑥)−1 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥
𝑛

(1 + 𝑥)−1 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 − ⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=0(−1)
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑥

(1 − 𝑥)−2 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + ⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑥
𝑛−1

(1 + 𝑥)−2 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + ⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 (−𝑥)
𝑛−1

log(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥𝑛
𝑥− + − +⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛+1
𝑛
2 3 4

−log(1 − 𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥𝑛
𝑥+ + + +⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛
2 3 4

𝑒𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
1+ + + +⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛!
1! 2! 3!

𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
1− + − +⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛+1
𝑛!
1! 2! 3!

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

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Z transform: If 𝑢𝑛 is a discrete real valued function then 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = ∑∞

𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
whenever the
series converges.

Note: It transforms function of n to function of z. Z transform is a discrete analogue of Laplace

transform.

Basic results: 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧(1) = 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) =
𝑧−1 𝑧+1
𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑧(𝑛) = 𝑧 ( ) = log
(𝑧 − 1)2 𝑛 𝑧−1
𝑧 + 𝑧2 1 1
𝑧(𝑛2 ) = 𝑧 ( ) = 𝑒𝑧
(𝑧 − 1)3 𝑛!
𝑧(𝛿(𝑛)) = 1 𝑧
𝑧(𝑢(𝑛)) =
𝑧−1
𝑧 sin 𝜃 𝑧(𝑧 − cos 𝜃)
𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 2
𝑧2
− 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1
𝑧 sinh 𝜃 𝑧(𝑧 − cosh 𝜃)
𝑧(sinh 𝑛𝜃) = 2 𝑧(cosh 𝑛𝜃) = 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃 + 1

Damping rule: 𝑧(𝑎−𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧→𝑧𝑎 𝑧(𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧→𝑧

𝑎

Left shifting rule Right shifting rule

Shifting rule: 1 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−1 ) = 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 1 𝑢1
𝑧 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − ]
1 𝑧
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−2 ) = 2 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑧

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

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Problems:

1. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏
(i) 𝒌𝒏 (𝐢𝐢) 𝟏 (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝒆𝒂𝒏 (𝐢𝐯) 𝒆−𝟐𝒏 (𝐯) 𝒌 (𝐯𝐢) (𝟐) + (− 𝟑)

(i) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑘 𝑧
𝑘 𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( 𝑧 )

𝑘 𝑘 2
= 1 + (𝑧 ) + (𝑧 ) + ⋯

𝑘 −1
= (1 − )
𝑧

𝑧−𝑘 −1
=( )
𝑧
𝑧
= 𝑧−𝑘
𝑧 𝑧
(ii) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑘 . Put 𝑘 = 1, 𝑧(1) = 𝑧−1
𝑧 1
(iii) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑘 . Put 𝑘 = 𝑒 𝑎 , 𝑧(𝑒 𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑒 𝑎
𝑧 1
(iv) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑘 . Put 𝑘 = 𝑒 −2 , 𝑧(𝑒 −2𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑒 −2
𝑧
(v) 𝑧(𝑘) = 𝑧(𝑘1𝑛 ) = 𝑘𝑧(1𝑛 ) = 𝑘 𝑧−1
𝑧
(vi) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑘
1 1 𝑛 𝑧 2𝑧
Put 𝑘 = 2 , 𝑧 (2) = 1 = 2𝑧−1
𝑧−
2

1 1 𝑛 𝑧 3𝑧
Put 𝑘 = − 3 , 𝑧 (− 3) = 1 = 3𝑧+1
𝑧+
3

Therefore,
1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 2𝑧 3𝑧
𝑧 [(2) + (− 3) ] = 𝑧 (2) + 𝑧 (− 3) = 2𝑧−1 + 3𝑧+1

Note:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑥− + − + ⋯ = log(1 + 𝑥)
2 3 4
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑥+ + + + ⋯ = − log(1 − 𝑥)
2 3 4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

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2. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(i) 𝒏 , 𝒏 > 𝟎 (ii) 𝒏+𝟏 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎 (iii) 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) , 𝒏 > 𝟎 (iv) 𝒏! , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

1
(i) 𝑧 (𝑛) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑛) 𝑧
−𝑛 1
1 −1
= log (1 − )
𝑧
𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= 𝑧 −1 + + +⋯ 𝑧 − 1 −1
2 3
= log ( )
( )
1 2 1 3
( )
𝑧
1 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧) + + +⋯ = log ( )
2 3
𝑧−1
1
= − log (1 − 𝑧)

(ii)
1
𝑧 (𝑛+1) = ∑∞ −𝑛 1 1
𝑛=0 (𝑛+1 ) 𝑧 = −𝑧 log (1 − )
𝑧
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
=1+ + + +⋯ 1 −1
2 3 4 = 𝑧 log (1 − )
𝑧
𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3 𝑧 −4
= 𝑧 (𝑧 −1 + + + +⋯) 𝑧 − 1 −1
2 3 4 = 𝑧 log ( )
𝑧
1 2 1 3 𝑧
1 ( ) ( )
= 𝑧 {(𝑧) + 𝑧
+ 𝑧
+⋯} = 𝑧 log ( )
2 3 𝑧−1

1 𝑛+1−𝑛
(iii) 𝑧 (𝑛(𝑛+1)) = 𝑧 (𝑛(𝑛+1))

1 1
= 𝑧( − )
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 1
= 𝑧 (𝑛) − 𝑧 (𝑛+1)
𝑧 𝑧
= log ( ) − 𝑧 log ( )
𝑧−1 𝑧−1
𝑧
= (1 − 𝑧) log ( )
𝑧−1
1 1
(iv) 𝑧 (𝑛!) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑛!) 𝑧
−𝑛

𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= 𝑧 −1 + + +⋯
2! 3!
1 2 1 3
1 ( ) ( )
𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧) + + +⋯
2! 3!
1
= 𝑒𝑧

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

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𝒅
3. Prove that 𝒛(𝒏𝒑 ) = −𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒛(𝒏𝒑−𝟏 )
∞
𝑑 𝑑
−𝑧 𝑧(𝑛𝑝−1 ) = −𝑧 ∑(𝑛𝑝−1 ) 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛=0
∞

= −𝑧 ∑ 𝑛𝑝−1 (−𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛−1

𝑛=0
∞

= ∑(𝑛𝑝 ) 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0
= 𝑧(𝑛𝑝 )

4. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝟏
(i) 𝒏 (ii) 𝒏𝟐 (iii) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (iv) (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐) (v) 𝟐 (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐) (vi) (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐

𝑑
(i) 𝑧(𝑛) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧(𝑛0 )

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 𝑧−1−𝑧 𝑧
= −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧(1) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1) = −𝑧 ((𝑧−1)2 ) = (𝑧−1)2

𝑑
(ii) 𝑧(𝑛2 ) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧(𝑛)

𝑑 𝑧 (𝑧−1)(𝑧−1−2𝑧) 𝑧(𝑧+1)
= −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 = −𝑧 { (𝑧−1)4
} = (𝑧−1)3

(iii) 𝑧(𝑛 + 1)2 = 𝑧(𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1)

𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3 + 2 (𝑧−1)2 + 𝑧−1

(iv) 𝑧((𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)) = 𝑧(𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2)

𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3 + 3 (𝑧−1)2 + 2 𝑧−1

1 1
(v) 𝑧 [2 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 + 2)] = 2 𝑧(𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 2)

1 𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= 2 {(𝑧−1)3 + (𝑧−1)2 − 2 𝑧−1}

(vi) 𝑧(2𝑛 − 1)2 = 𝑧(4𝑛2 − 4𝑛 + 1)

𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= 4 (𝑧−1)3 − 4 (𝑧−1)2 + 𝑧−1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

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5. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
(i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽 (ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 (iii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (iv) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒

𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃

(i) 𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 ( ) (ii) 𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 ( )
2𝑖 2

1 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛
= 2𝑖 [𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) − 𝑧(𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) ] = 2 [𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) + 𝑧(𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) ]

1 𝑧 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧
= 2𝑖 [𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ] = 2 [𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ]

1 𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) 1 2𝑧 2 −𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

= [ ] = [ ]
2𝑖 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1 2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

1 𝑧(2𝑖 sin 𝜃) 1 2(𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃)

= 2𝑖 [𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1] = 2 [𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1]

𝑧(sin 𝜃) 𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃
= 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1 = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃
(iii) 𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧(𝑧−cos )
2
Put 𝜃 = 2 , 𝑧 (cos )= 𝜋
2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1
2

𝑧2
= 𝑧 2 +1

𝑧(sin 𝜃)
(iv) 𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧(sin )
4
Put 𝜃 = , 𝑧 (sin )= 𝜋
4 4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1
4

𝑧
√2
= 2𝑧
𝑧 2 − +1
√2

𝑧
=
√2𝑧 2 −2𝑧+√2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

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𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
6. Find the z transformation of the following: (i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏 + 𝟓) (ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬( 𝟐 + )
𝟒
𝑧(sin 𝜃)
(i) 𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝑧(sin 3)
Put 𝜃 = 3 , 𝑧(sin 3𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃
𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 3
Put 𝜃 = 3, 𝑧(cos 3𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

Therefore,

𝑧[sin(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑧[sin 3𝑛 cos 5 + cos 3𝑛 sin 5]

= cos 5 × 𝑧(sin 3𝑛) + sin 5 × 𝑧(cos 3𝑛)

𝑧(sin 3) 𝑧(cos 3)
= cos 5 × 𝑧 2−2𝑧 cos 3+1 + sin 5 × 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

𝑧
= 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1 (cos 5 . sin 3 + sin 5 . cos 3 )

𝑧(sin 8)
= 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

𝑧(sin 𝜃)
(ii) 𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧(sin )
2
Put 𝜃 = 2 , 𝑧 (sin )= 𝜋
2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1
2

𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃
𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝑧2
2
Put 𝜃 = , 𝑧 (cos )= 𝜋 = 𝑧 2 +1
2 2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1
2

Therefore,

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 [cos ( 2 + 4 )] = 𝑧 [cos cos 4 − sin sin 4 ]
2 2

1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑧 [cos − sin ]
√2 2 2

1 𝑧 2 −𝑧
= (𝑧 2 +1)
√2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

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7. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝒏𝝅
(i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒏𝜽 (ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒏𝜽 (iii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( 𝟒 + 𝜽)

𝑒 𝑛𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑛𝜃 𝑒 𝑛𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑛𝜃
(i) 𝑧[sinh 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑧 ( ) (ii) 𝑧[cosh 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑧 ( )
2 2

1 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛
= [𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 ) − 𝑧(𝑒 −𝜃 ) ] = [𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 ) + 𝑧(𝑒 −𝜃 ) ]
2 2
1 𝑧 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧
= [ − ] = [ + ]
2 𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 2 𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃

1 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 ) − 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 ) 1 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 ) + 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 )

= [ ] = [ ]
2 (𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 )(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 ) 2 (𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 )(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 )

1 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝜃 ) 1 2𝑧 2 − 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 )
= [ 2 ] = [ 2 ]
2 𝑧 − 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 ) + 1 2 𝑧 − 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 ) + 1

1 2𝑧(sinh 𝜃) 1 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃)
= [ 2 ] = [ 2 ]
2 𝑧 − 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃) + 1 2 𝑧 − 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃) + 1

𝑧(sinh 𝜃) 𝑧(cosh 𝜃)
= =
𝑧2 − 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃) + 1 𝑧2 − 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃) + 1

𝑧(cosh 𝜃)
(iii) 𝑧[cosh 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧(cosh 𝜃)+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧(cosh )
4
Put 𝜃 = 4 , 𝑧 [cosh ( 4 )] = 𝜋
𝑧 2 −2𝑧(cosh )+1
4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

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8. Find the z transformation of the following: (i) 𝜹(𝒏) (ii) 𝒖(𝒏)

1, 𝑛 = 0
(i) Dirac delta function is defined as 𝛿(𝑛) = {
0, 𝑛 ≠ 0

𝑧[𝛿(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0[𝛿(𝑛)] 𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝛿(0)𝑧 0 + 𝛿(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝛿(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝛿(3)𝑧 −3 + ⋯

= (1)𝑧 0 + (0)𝑧 −1 + (0)𝑧 −2 + (0)𝑧 −3 + ⋯

=1

1, 𝑛 ≥ 0
(ii) Unit step function is defined as 𝑢(𝑛) = {
0, 𝑛 < 0

𝑧[𝑢(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0[𝑢(𝑛)] 𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑢(0)𝑧 0 + 𝑢(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑢(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝑢(3)𝑧 −3 + ⋯

= (1)𝑧 0 + (1)𝑧 −1 + (1)𝑧 −2 + (1)𝑧 −3 + ⋯

1 1 2 1 3 1 4
= 1+( )+( ) +( ) +( ) +⋯
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

1
=
1
1−𝑧
𝑧
=
𝑧−1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

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9. Find the z transformation of the following:

(i) 𝒌𝒏 𝒏 (ii) 𝒆−𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝟐 (iii) 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 (iv) 𝒆𝒌𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒏𝜽 (v) 𝒆−𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽

By Damping rule,
𝑧(𝑎−𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧→𝑧𝑎 𝑧(𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧→𝑧
𝑎

(i) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 𝑛) = [𝑧(𝑛)]𝑧→𝑧

𝑘

𝑧 𝑧/𝑘 𝑘𝑧
= [(𝑧−1)2 ] = 𝑧 2 = (𝑧−𝑘)2
𝑧→𝑧/𝑘 ( −1)
𝑘

(ii) 𝑧(𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 𝑛2 ) = [𝑧(𝑛2 )]𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎

𝑧+𝑧 2 𝑧𝑒 𝑎 +𝑧 2 𝑒 2𝑎
= [(𝑧−1)3 ] = (𝑧𝑒 𝑎 −1)3
𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎

(iii) 𝑧(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃) = [𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃)]𝑧→ 𝑧

𝑎

𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
= [𝑧2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1]
𝑧→𝑧/𝑎

𝑧 𝑧
( −cos 𝜃)
𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑧2 2𝑧
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1
𝑎2 𝑎

𝑧(𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃)
= 𝑧2 −2𝑧 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑎2

(iv) 𝑧(𝑒 𝑘𝑛 sinh 𝑛𝜃) = [𝑧(sinh 𝑛𝜃)]𝑧→ 𝑧

𝑒𝑘

𝑧 sinh 𝜃
= [𝑧2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃+1] 𝑧
𝑧→ 𝑘
𝑒

𝑧
sinh 𝜃
𝑒𝑘
= 𝑧 2 𝑧
−2 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃+1
𝑒2𝑘 𝑒

𝑧 𝑒𝑘 sinh 𝜃
= 𝑧2 −2𝑧 𝑒𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃+𝑒2𝑘

(v) 𝑧[𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃] = [𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃)]𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎

𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=[ ]
𝑧2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1 𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎

𝑧𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
𝑧2 𝑒2𝑎 −2 𝑧𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

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10. Find the z transformation of the following:

(i) 𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟏) (ii) 𝒖(𝒏 − 𝟏)

By left shifting rule,

1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−1 ) = 𝑧 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 1

1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−2 ) = 𝑧 2 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 2

1 1 1
(i) 𝑧[𝛿(𝑛 − 1)] = 𝑧 𝑧[𝛿(𝑛)] = 𝑧 (1) = 𝑧
1 1 𝑧 1
(ii) 𝑧[𝑢(𝑛 − 1)] = 𝑧 𝑧[𝑢(𝑛)] = 𝑧 (𝑧−1) = 𝑧−1

11. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝟏
(i) (𝒏+𝟏)! (ii) 𝜹(𝒏 + 𝟏) (iii) 𝒖(𝒏 + 𝟐)

By right shifting rule,

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]
𝑢1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − ]
𝑧

(i) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]

1 1 1
Put 𝑢𝑛+1 = (𝑛+1)! , 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛! , 𝑢0 = 0! = 1

1 1
𝑧 [(𝑛+1)!] = 𝑧 [𝑧 (𝑛! ) − 1 ] = 𝑧[𝑒 1/𝑧 − 1]

(ii) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]

Put 𝑢𝑛+1 = 𝛿(𝑛 + 1), 𝑢𝑛 = 𝛿(𝑛) , 𝑢0 = 𝛿(0) = 1

𝑧[𝛿(𝑛 + 1)] = 𝑧[𝑧(𝛿(𝑛) ) − 1 ] = 𝑧[1 − 1] = 0

𝑢1
(iii) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − ]
𝑧

Put 𝑢𝑛+2 = 𝑢(𝑛 + 2), 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛), 𝑢0 = 𝑢(0) = 1, 𝑢(1) = 1

1 𝑧 1
𝑧[𝑢(𝑛 + 2), ] = 𝑧 [𝑧(𝑢(𝑛)) − 1 − 𝑧] = 𝑧 [𝑧−1 − 1 − 𝑧]

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3.4 Inverse Z transform

Introduction: 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢̅(𝑧) ⟺ 𝑧 −1 [𝑢̅(𝑧)] = 𝑢𝑛 .
Basic results:
𝑧 𝑘𝑧 𝑘 2 𝑧 + 𝑘𝑧 2
𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 𝑛) = 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 𝑛2 ) =
𝑧−𝑘 (𝑧 − 𝑘)2 (𝑧 − 𝑘)3

Results on inverse z transform:

𝑧 𝑘𝑧 𝑘𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2 𝑧
𝑧 −1 [ ] = 𝑘𝑛 𝑧 −1 [ ] = 𝑘𝑛𝑛 𝑧 −1 [ ] = 𝑘 𝑛 𝑛2
𝑧−𝑘 ( 𝑧 − 𝑘)2 ( 𝑧 − 𝑘)3

Problems on Partial fraction method:

𝒛
1. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐)
𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 − 1)
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
= 𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2
𝑧 𝑧 If 𝑧 = 1, 1 = −𝐴, 𝐴 = 1
= − 𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2
If 𝑧 = 2, 2 = 𝐵, 𝐵 = 2
Therefore,
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 −1 {(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)} = 𝑧 −1 {− + }
𝑧−1 𝑧−2

= −1 + 2𝑛
𝟓𝒛
2. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝟐−𝒛)(𝟑𝒛−𝟏)
5𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 5𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(3𝑧 − 1) + 𝐵𝑧(2 − 𝑧)
(2−𝑧)(3𝑧−1)
= 2−𝑧 + 3𝑧−1
𝑧 3𝑧 If 𝑧 = 2, 10 = 10𝐴, 𝐴 = 1
= 2−𝑧 + 3𝑧−1
1 5 5𝐵
𝑧 𝑧
If 𝑧 = 3 , = , 𝐵=3
3 9
= − 𝑧−2 + 1
𝑧−
3

Therefore,
5𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 −1 {(2−𝑧)(3𝑧−1)} = 𝑧 −1 {− 𝑧−2 + 1 }
𝑧−
3

1 𝑛
= −2𝑛 + (3)

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𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝟑𝒛
3. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝒛+𝟐)(𝒛−𝟒)
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 + 2)
(𝑧+2)(𝑧−4)
= 𝑧+2 + 𝑧−4
1
1 𝑧 1 𝑧 If 𝑧 = −2, −2 = 12𝐴, 𝐴 = − 6
= − 6 𝑧+2 + 6 𝑧−4
1
If 𝑧 = 4, 4 = 24𝐵, 𝐵 = 6

Therefore,
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑧 −1 {(𝑧+2)(𝑧−4)} = 𝑧 −1 {− 6 𝑧+2 + 6 𝑧−4 }
1 1
= − 6 (−2)𝑛 + 6 (4𝑛 )
𝒛𝟑 −𝟐𝟎𝒛
4. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝒛−𝟐)𝟑 (𝒛−𝟒)

𝑧 3 −20𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝐵(2𝑧) 𝐶(4𝑧+2𝑧 2 ) 𝐷𝑧 𝑧 3 − 20𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 2)2 (𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(2𝑧) (𝑧 − 2)

(𝑧−2)3 (𝑧−4)
= 𝑧−2 + (𝑧−2)2 + (𝑧−2)3
+ 𝑧−4
(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐶(4𝑧 + 2𝑧 2 )(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐷𝑧(𝑧 − 2)3
1 𝑧 4𝑧+2𝑧 2 1 𝑧
= 2 𝑧−2 + (𝑧−2)3
− 2 𝑧−4 If 𝑧 = 2, −32 = −32𝐶, 𝐶 = 1
1
If 𝑧 = 4, −16 = 32𝐷, 𝐷 = − 2
1
Equating 𝑧 4 terms, 𝐴 + 𝐷 = 0, 𝐴 = −𝐷 = 2

Equating 𝑧 terms,
−20 = −8 + 16𝐵 − 16 + 4 , 𝐵 = 0.
Therefore,
𝑧 3 −20𝑧 1 𝑧 4𝑧+2𝑧 2 1 𝑧
𝑧 −1 {(𝑧−2)3 (𝑧−4)} = 𝑧 −1 {2 𝑧−2 + (𝑧−2)3
− 2 𝑧−4}
1 1
= 2 (2𝑛 ) + (2𝑛 )𝑛2 − 2 (4𝑛 )
𝟒𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛
5. Find the inverse z transformation of 𝒛𝟑 −𝟓𝒛𝟐 +𝟖𝒛−𝟒
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧 4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
= (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2 4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 2)2 + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐶(2𝑧)(𝑧 − 1)
𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
If 𝑧 = 1, 2 = 𝐴
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶(2𝑧)
= 𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2 + (𝑧−2)2 If 𝑧 = 2, 12 = 4𝐶, 𝐶 = 3
𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧
= 2 𝑧−1 − 2 𝑧−2 + 3 (𝑧−2)2 Equating 𝑧 3 terms, 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵, 𝐵 = −𝐴 = −2

Therefore,
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧
𝑧 −1 {𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4} = 𝑧 −1 {2 𝑧−1 − 2 𝑧−2 + 3 (𝑧−2)2 }

= 2(1𝑛 ) − 2(2𝑛 ) + 3(2𝑛 . 𝑛)

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𝟖𝒛−𝒛𝟑
6. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝟒−𝒛)𝟑

8𝑧−𝑧 3 𝑧 3 −8𝑧
= (𝑧−4)3 𝑧 3 − 8𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 4)2 + 𝐵(4𝑧)(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐶(16𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 )
(4−𝑧)3
1
If 𝑧 = 4, 32 = 128𝐶, 𝐶 = 4
𝐴𝑧 𝐵(4𝑧) 𝐶(16𝑧+4𝑧 2 )
= 𝑧−4 + (𝑧−4)2
+ (𝑧−4)3
Equating 𝑧 3 terms, 1 = 𝐴
𝑧 7 (4𝑧) 1 (16𝑧+4𝑧 2 ) 7
= 𝑧−4 + 4 (𝑧−4)2 + 4 (𝑧−4)3 Equating 𝑧 terms, −8 = 16𝐴 − 16𝐵 + 16𝐶, 𝐶 = 4

Therefore,
8𝑧−𝑧 3 𝑧 7 (4𝑧) 1 (16𝑧+4𝑧 2 )
𝑧 −1 {(4−𝑧)3 } = 𝑧 −1 {𝑧−4 + 4 (𝑧−4)2 + 4 (𝑧−4)3
}
7 1
= 4𝑛 + 4 (4𝑛 . 𝑛) + 4 (4𝑛 . 𝑛2

3.5 Solution of difference equations using z transform

Shifting rule: 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 }

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 }

Problems:
1. Solve using z transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎 given that 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟐

𝑦𝑛+2 − 4𝑦𝑛 = 0
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 − 4𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 4𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑦0 − 𝑦1 𝑧 −1 } − 4𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
Put 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 2,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 2𝑧 −1 } − 4𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
(𝑧 2 − 4)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 2𝑧 = 0
2𝑧
𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧 2 −4
2𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 (𝑧 2 −4)
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−2 + 𝑧+2)
1 𝑧 1 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (2 −2 )
𝑧−2 𝑧+2
1
= 2 {2𝑛 − (−2)𝑛 }

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2. Solve using z transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟑𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟐𝒖𝒏 = 𝟎 given that 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏

𝑢𝑛+2 − 3𝑢𝑛+1 + 2𝑢𝑛 = 0
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 − 3𝑢𝑛+1 + 2𝑢𝑛 ) = 0
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) − 3𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) + 2𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 0
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } − 3𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 2𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 0
Put 𝑢0 = 0 and 𝑢1 = 1 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 −1 } − 3𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )} + 2𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 0
(𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 2)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧
𝑧
𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧 2 −3𝑧+2
𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧−2))
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2)
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (− + )
𝑧−2 𝑧−2

= −1 + 2𝑛

3. Solve using z transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟗𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 given that 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎 .

𝑦𝑛+2 + 6𝑦𝑛+1 + 9𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 + 6𝑦𝑛+1 + 9𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(2𝑛 )
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 ) + 6𝑧(𝑦𝑛+1 ) + 9𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(2𝑛 )
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } + 6𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 9𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(2𝑛 )
Put 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 0 ,
𝑧
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} + 6𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} + 9𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧−2
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) =
𝑧−2
𝑧
𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = (𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2
𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2 )
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶(−3𝑧)
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−2 + 𝑧+3 + (𝑧+3)2 )
1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 (−3𝑧)
= 𝑧 −1 (25 − 25 + 15 (𝑧+3)2 )
𝑧−2 𝑧+3
1 1 1
= 25 2𝑛 − 25 (−3)𝑛 + 15 (−3)𝑛 . 𝑛

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

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4. Solve using z transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟒𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟒𝒖𝒏 = 𝟕 given that 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟏 and 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟐

𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 4𝑢𝑛 = 7

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 4𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(7)
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(7)
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } + 4𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(7)
Put 𝑢0 = 1 and 𝑢1 = 2 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 1 − 2𝑧 −1 } + 4𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 − 1)} + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(7)
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 4𝑧 = 𝑧(7)
7𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = + 𝑧 2 + 6𝑧
𝑧−1
7𝑧 𝑧2 6𝑧
𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)2 + (𝑧+2)2 + (𝑧+2)2

7𝑧 𝑧2 6𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)2 + (𝑧+2)2 + (𝑧+2)2 )
𝑧 3 +5𝑧 2 +𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)2 )
7 𝑧 2 𝑧 5 (−2𝑧)
= 𝑧 −1 (9 +9 −6 (𝑧+2)2
)
𝑧−1 𝑧+2
7 2 5
= 9 (1)𝑛 + 9 (−2)𝑛 − 6 (−2)𝑛 . 𝑛

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5. Solve using z transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟒𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝒖𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏 given that 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟏 and 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏

𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 )
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) + 3𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 )
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } + 3𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 )
Put 𝑢0 = 1 and 𝑢1 = 2 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 1 − 𝑧 −1 } + 4𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 − 1)} + 3𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 )
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 − 4𝑧 =
𝑧−3
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = + 𝑧 2 + 5𝑧
𝑧−3
𝑧+(𝑧 2 +5𝑧)(𝑧−3)
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧−3
𝑧 3 +2𝑧 2 −14𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧−3
𝑧 3 +2𝑧 2 −14𝑧
𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−3)(𝑧+3)(𝑧+1)

𝑧 3 +2𝑧 2 −14𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−3)(𝑧+1)(𝑧+3))
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−3 + 𝑧+1 + 𝑧+3)
𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 − 14 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 1)
𝑧 = −1, −15 = −8𝐵
𝑧 = −3, −11 = 12𝐶
𝑧 = 3, 1 = 24𝐴
1 𝑧 15 𝑧 11 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (24 + − )
𝑧−3 8 𝑧+1 12 𝑧+3
1 15 11
= 24 (3𝑛 ) + (−1)𝑛 − (−3)𝑛
8 12

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

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6. Solve using z transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟓𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟔𝒖𝒏 = 𝟏 given that 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏

𝑢𝑛+2 − 5𝑢𝑛+1 + 6𝑢𝑛 = 1

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 − 5𝑢𝑛+1 + 6𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(1)
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) − 5𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) + 6𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(1)
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } − 5𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 6𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(1)
Put 𝑢0 = 1 and 𝑢1 = 2 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 −1 } − 5𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )} + 6𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(1)
𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 =
𝑧−1
𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧−1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑧 2 −𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧−1
𝑧2
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) =
(𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6)

𝑧2
𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)

𝑧2
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3))
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2 + 𝑧−3)
1 𝑧 𝑧 3 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (2 −2 + 2 𝑧−3)
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
1 3
= 2 (1𝑛 ) − 2(2)𝑛 + 2 (3)𝑛

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

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7. Solve by z transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟔𝒚𝒏 = 𝟑𝟔 given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟎

𝑦𝑛+2 − 5𝑦𝑛+1 + 6𝑦𝑛 = 36

𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 − 5𝑦𝑛+1 + 5𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(36)
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 5𝑧(𝑦𝑛+1 ) + 6𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(36)
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } − 5𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 6𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(36)
Put 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 0 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} − 5𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} + 6𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(36)
36𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) =
𝑧−1
36𝑧
𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)

36𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)]
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2 + 𝑧−3]
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [18 − 36 + 18 𝑧−3]
𝑧−1 𝑧−2

= 18 (1𝑛 ) − 36(2)𝑛 + 18(3)𝑛

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

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8. Solve by z transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟑𝒚𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟐𝒏 given that 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏

𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑦𝑛+1 − 3𝑦𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 2𝑛

𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑦𝑛+1 − 3𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 + 2𝑛)

𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 2𝑧(𝑦𝑛+1 ) − 3𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 + 2𝑛)

𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } − 2𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } − 3𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 + 2𝑛)

Put 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 1 ,

𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑧 −1 } − 2𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} − 3𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 + 2𝑛)

𝑧 2𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 3)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑧 = + (𝑧−1)2
𝑧−3

𝑧 2𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 3)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧 + + (𝑧−1)2
𝑧−3

𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧
𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = (𝑧+1)(𝑧−3) + (𝑧+1)(𝑧−3)2 + (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−3)

𝑧(𝑧−1)2 +𝑧(𝑧−1)2 +2𝑧(𝑧−3)

= (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−3)2

1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 (16 −2 (𝑧−1)2
+ 16 𝑧−3 + 4 (𝑧−3)2 )
𝑧+2
1 1 𝑛 1 1
= 16 (−2)𝑛 − 1 + 16 3𝑛 + 4 3𝑛 . 𝑛
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

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Initial value theorem and final value theorem (Out of syllabus)

(1) If 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢̅(𝑧) then lim 𝑢̅(𝑧) = 𝑢0
𝑧→∞
Proof:
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
𝑢̅(𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑢0 + 1 + 22 + 33 + ⋯
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
lim 𝑢̅(𝑧) = 𝑢0
𝑧→∞
(2) If 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢̅(𝑧) then lim(𝑧 − 1) 𝑢̅(𝑧) = lim 𝑢𝑛
𝑧→1 𝑛→∞
Proof:
∑∞𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 ) 𝑧
−𝑛
= ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛+1 𝑧
−𝑛
− ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) − 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )
= 𝑧(𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ) − 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )
= (𝑧 − 1)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧𝑢0
𝑧𝑢0 + ∑∞ (𝑢
𝑛=0 𝑛+1 − 𝑢 𝑛 ) 𝑧 −𝑛
= (𝑧 − 1)𝑢̅(𝑧)
∞
lim(𝑧 − 1) 𝑢̅(𝑧) = 𝑢0 + ∑𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )
𝑧→1
= 𝑢0 + lim ∑𝑁
𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )
𝑁→∞
= 𝑢0 + lim {(𝑢1 − 𝑢0 ) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ) + ⋯ + (𝑢𝑁+1 − 𝑢𝑁 ) }
𝑁→∞
= 𝑢0 + lim (𝑢𝑁+1 − 𝑢0 ) = lim 𝑢𝑛
𝑁→∞ 𝑛→∞
Problems:
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12
1. If 𝑈(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)4
find 𝑢0 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 .
2𝑧 2 +5𝑧+14
2. If 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)4
find 𝑢0 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 .
𝑧 𝑧
3. If 𝑈(𝑧) = − find 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) .
𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
Left shifting rule and right shifting rule (Out of syllabus)
Statement:
If 𝑘 > 0 then (i) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛−𝑘 ) = 𝑧 −𝑘 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) (ii) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+𝑘 ) = 𝑧 𝑘 (𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − ∑𝑘−1
𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧
−𝑚

Proof:
(i) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛−𝑘 ) = ∑∞𝑛=𝑘 𝑢𝑛−𝑘 𝑧
−𝑛
∞

= ∑ 𝑢𝑚 𝑧 −(𝑚+𝑘) , 𝑚 = 𝑛 − 𝑘
𝑚=0
= 𝑧 −𝑘 ∑∞𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧
−𝑚
−𝑘 ∑∞ −𝑛
=𝑧 𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑘
= 𝑧 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )
(ii) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+𝑘 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛+𝑘 𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑧 𝑘 ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛+𝑘 𝑧
−(𝑛+𝑘)
𝑘 ∑∞ −𝑚
= 𝑧 𝑚=𝑘 𝑢𝑚 𝑧 , 𝑚 = 𝑛 + 𝑘
= 𝑧 𝑘 {∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧
−𝑚
− ∑𝑘−1
𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧
−𝑚 }
𝑘 {𝑧(𝑢 ) 𝑘−1 −𝑚 }
=𝑧 𝑛 − ∑𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧

Note:
1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−1 ) = 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) for 𝑛 ≥ 1 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]
𝑧
1 𝑢1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−2 ) = 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) for 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − ]
𝑧2
𝑧
1 𝑢1 𝑢2
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−3 ) = 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) for 𝑛 ≥ 3 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+3 ) = 𝑧 3 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − − 2 ]
𝑧3
𝑧 𝑧

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

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