Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
3 views

Human Development

Chapter 21 covers human development, detailing spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the processes of sperm and egg production, respectively. It explains fertilization, the formation of a zygote, and subsequent embryonic development stages including cleavage, implantation, gastrulation, and organogenesis. The chapter also describes the fetal stage and the role of extra-embryonic membranes, highlighting the placenta's functions in supporting the developing embryo.

Uploaded by

Rashed Alawaisheh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Human Development

Chapter 21 covers human development, detailing spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the processes of sperm and egg production, respectively. It explains fertilization, the formation of a zygote, and subsequent embryonic development stages including cleavage, implantation, gastrulation, and organogenesis. The chapter also describes the fetal stage and the role of extra-embryonic membranes, highlighting the placenta's functions in supporting the developing embryo.

Uploaded by

Rashed Alawaisheh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Chapter 21

Human
Development
Chapter 21 Human Development
__________________________________________________________________

- Spermatogenesis:
• It is the process of sperm production.
• The process begins at puberty and can continue till the end of life.
• It begins as luteinizing hormone (LH) induces the testes to produce
testosterone.
• Together FSH and testosterone stimulate sperm production in the
testes.
• Each spermatogonium body cell (2n) divides by mitosis to produce two
primary spermatocytes (2n) which can each undergo meiosis I to
produce two secondary spermatocytes (n), each secondary spermatocyte
then undergoes meiosis II, which leads to 4 spermatids; these
spermatids differentiate into 4 sperms and move to the epididymis
where they are stored.

- Oogenesis:
• It is the production of ova which begins prior to birth.
• A female baby is born with all the primary Oocytes she will ever
have.
• Within the embryo, an Oogonium cell (2n) undergoes mitosis to
produce two primary Oocytes (2n), which remain inactive within
the follicles in the ovaries until puberty When they become
reactivated by hormones, meiosis I occurs, producing secondary
oocytes (n) that are released monthly at ovulation.
• Meiosis II doesn’t occur until a sperm penetrates the secondary
oocyte during fertilization. This could happen 40 years after
meiosis I.
• During meiosis I and meiosis II the cytoplasm divides unequally.
• Almost all the cytoplasm remains in the egg, leaving two tiny
polar bodies that have very little cytoplasm and which will
disintegrate, so one primary Oogonium produces ONLY ONE
active egg cell.

__________________________________________________________________
Mr/ Ahmed Hatem Zaater (2) Biology Mentor est 2 & ACT 2
01029219793
Chapter 21 Human Development
__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
Mr/ Ahmed Hatem Zaater (3) Biology Mentor est 2 & ACT 2
01029219793
Chapter 21 Human Development
__________________________________________________________________

- Fertilization and fetal development:


1. Gametes are formed: gametes (ova and sperms) are haploid cells, so they
contain only half the number of chromosomes in a normal somatic (body) cell.
2. The ovum is fertilized: the ovulated ovum is pushed by cilia down the
uterine tube and the sperms released during copulation (intercourse) swim up
through the cervix of uterus and into the uterus body to meet up with the
ovum in the uterine tube (fallopian tube) (oviduct), where fertilization takes
place.
3. A zygote is formed: Once the sperm has penetrated the ovum and their
nuclei have fused, the resulting cell is called zygote. The zygote has Full set of
chromosomes (n) from the sperm and Full set of chromosomes (n) from the
ovum, so it becomes a diploid cell (2n).
4. Cleavage: the zygote starts dividing and dividing in a rapid successive
mitosis cell divisions called cleavage. As it divides, it continues travelling down
the uterine tube toward the uterine cavity. Ultimately, it becomes a solid ball
of 16 cells stage embryo called "Morula".
5. Implantation in the uterus: once the morula reaches the uterus, it bumps
around for a bit. While it is bumping around, it continues to divide and starts
hollowing out. The resulting structure is Called "Blastocyte" = Blastula. The
blastocyte has a mass of cells on one side called the inner cell mass. This group
of cells ultimately forms the embryo and 3 inner extra-embryonic membranes.
The outer ring of cells ultimately forms the 4 the extra-embryonic membrane
= Chorion. The blastocyte (blastula) implants in the endometrium = lining of
the uterus, and is the first stage of embryonic cell differentiation
(specialization).
6. Embryonic stage: Once the blastocyte has implanted, it enters the
embryonic stage, which lasts until the end of 8th week of development.
It can be divided into two phases:
a. Gastrula (1stmonth of pregnancy).
b. Neurula = Organogenesis (2ndmonth of pregnancy).

__________________________________________________________________
Mr/ Ahmed Hatem Zaater (4) Biology Mentor est 2 & ACT 2
01029219793
Chapter 21 Human Development
__________________________________________________________________

- Gastrula: during gastrulation (the first part of the embryonic stage), the
inner cell mass divides into three layers called body germ layers. Each of the
three layers is responsible for producing different body structures during the
2nd month of pregnancy organogenesis phase.
a) Endoderm: gives rise to the inner linings, of the respiratory system, the
digestive system, the reproductive system, and the urinary system…......etc.
b) Mesoderm: gives rise to the middle structures as bones, blood, vessels,
muscles, and heart.
c) Ectoderm: forms skin, hair, nails, and all nervous system structures.

__________________________________________________________________
Mr/ Ahmed Hatem Zaater (5) Biology Mentor est 2 & ACT 2
01029219793
Chapter 21 Human Development
__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
Mr/ Ahmed Hatem Zaater (6) Biology Mentor est 2 & ACT 2
01029219793
Chapter 21 Human Development
__________________________________________________________________

- Neurula: during neurulation = organogenesis (the2nd half of embryonic


stage = 2nd month of pregnancy), every organ in the human body is
formed during this period, this is called organogenesis. By the time the
embryonic period is finished, all the organs and structures that are
supposed to be there in human body are formed. From this point on, the
organs and structures simply mature and grow larger.
7. The fetal stage: this stage lasts from the end of the embryonic stage until
birth. During this stage, the baby simply grows and matures (NO NEW
ORGANS ARE FORMED DURING THIS STAGE)
- The Extra-Embryonic Membranes:
➢ Extra-embryonic simply means outside the embryo
➢ There are 4 extra-embryonic membranes:
1. The yolk sac:
• It surrounds the yolk of an ovum = egg.
• Egg yolk is essentially food for a developing embryo.
• Human egg has very little yolk, because human embryo (and all
placental mammals) develop inside the mother's body and receive their
nutrition via placenta. However, birds and reptiles embryos develop
outside the mother's body in an egg and the nutrition that support their
entire embryonic development must be contained in the egg, so their
eggs contain a lot of yolk, the largest cell on planet earth is the egg of
ostrich.
2. The amnion
It is a clear membrane that surrounds the developing embryo and is filled
with a clear, watery fluid (the amniotic fluid). This fluid acts as a shock
absorber (anti-shock) to protect the embryo from any physical damage.
3. The allantois
It becomes the umbilical cord, which connects the embryo to the placenta
4. The chorion:
It is the outer most membrane; it forms the embryonic part of placenta.

__________________________________________________________________
Mr/ Ahmed Hatem Zaater (7) Biology Mentor est 2 & ACT 2
01029219793
Chapter 21 Human Development
__________________________________________________________________

- Notes:
➢ The rate of protein synthesis after fertilization within the zygote &
embryonic cells is greatly increased.
➢ Body cell = somatic cell …..
➢ Gamete = sex cell.
➢ Functions of the placenta:
1. Gas exchange of O2 & CO2 between mother & fetus.
2. Provides nutrients from mother to fetus and removes metabolic wastes
away from fetus to mother.
3. Prevents blood mixing between fetal blood and maternal blood.
4. Prevents nerve impulses transmission between mother and fetus.
5. Endocrinal function as placenta secretes progesterone hormone.

__________________________________________________________________
Mr/ Ahmed Hatem Zaater (8) Biology Mentor est 2 & ACT 2
01029219793
Chapter 21 Human Development
__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
Mr/ Ahmed Hatem Zaater (9) Biology Mentor est 2 & ACT 2
01029219793

You might also like