Digital Signal Processing

Dr. Khalil Fathalla

Electronics and Communications Engineering
Faculty of Electronic Engineering - Menoufia
University
Agenda
 Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing.
 Basic Elements of a Digital Signal Processing System
 Advantages of Digital over Analog Signal Processing
 Classification of Signals.
 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals
 Continuous -Time Versus Discrete-Time Signals
 Continuous -Valued Versus Discrete-Valued Signals
 Deterministic Versus Random Signals
 The Concept of Frequency in Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals.
 Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
 Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
 Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials
 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion.
 Sampling of Analog Signals
 The Sampling Theorem
 Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Signals
 Quantization of Sinusoidal Signals
 Coding of Quantized Samples
 Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Analysis of Digital Signals and Systems Versus Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing
Signal: It is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any other
independent variable or variables.
Mathematically, we describe a signal as a function of one or more independent
variables.
Examples:

 These functions precisely defined by specifying the functional dependence on the

independent variable. There are cases where such a functional relationship is
unknown or too highly complicated to be of any practical use.
Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing (Cont.)

Speech Signal
A segment of speech may be represented
to a high degree of accuracy as a sum of
several sinusoids of different amplitudes
and frequencies,

The sets of (possibly time-varying)

amplitudes, frequencies, and phases,
respectively, of the sinusoids.
Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing (Cont.)

 One way to interpret the information content or message conveyed by any

short time segment of the speech signal is to measure the amplitudes,
frequencies, and phases contained in the short time segment of the signal.

Electrocardiogram (ECG): a signal provides a doctor with information about the

condition of the patient's heart.
Electroencephalogram (EEG): a signal provides information about the activity of
the brain.
 Speech, electrocardiogram, and electroencephalogram signals are examples
of information-bearing signals that evolve as functions of a single independent
variable, namely, time.
 An example of a signal that is a function of two independent variables is an
image signal, where the two independent variables are the spatial coordinates.
Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing (Cont.)

System: a physical device/software realization that performs an operation on a

signal.
Example: a filter used to reduce the noise and interference corrupting a desired
information-bearing signal is called a system.
 When we pass a signal through a system, as in filtering, we say that we have
processed the signal.
 The system is characterized by the type of operation that it performs on the
signal, if the operation is linear, the system is called linear. If the operation on
the signal is nonlinear, the system is said to be nonlinear, and so forth.
 The method or set of rules for implementing the system by a program that
performs the corresponding mathematical operations is called an algorithm.
Basic Elements of a Digital Signal Processing System

Analog Signal Processing

 Most of the signals encountered in science and engineering are analog in
nature. That is, the signals are functions of a continuous variable, such as time
or space, and usually take on values in a continuous range.
 Such signals may be processed directly by appropriate analog systems (Filter,
frequency analyzer, spectrum analyzer).
 The signal has been processed directly in its analog form, as illustrated in
Figure
Basic Elements of a Digital Signal Processing System (Cont.)

Digital Signal Processing

 Digital signal processing provides an alternative method for processing the
analog signal, as illustrated in figure.
 To perform the processing digitally, there is a need for an interface between
the analog signal and the digital processor.
 This interface is called an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. The output of the
A/D converter is a digital signal that is appropriate as an input to the digital
processor.
Advantages of Digital over Analog Signal Processing

First, a digital programmable system allows flexibility in reconfiguring the digital

signal processing operations simply by changing the program. Reconfiguration of
an analog system usually implies a redesign of the hardware followed by testing
and verification to see that it operates properly.
Second, accuracy considerations also play an important role in determining the
form of the signal processor.
Third, Digital signals are easily stored on magnetic media (tape or disk) without
deterioration or loss of signal fidelity beyond that introduced in the A/D
conversion.
Fourth, In some cases a digital implementation of the signal processing system is
cheaper than its analog counterpart.
Limitations of Digital Signal Processing

Digital Signal Processing

 One practical limitation is the speed of operation of A/D converters and digital
signal processors.
 Signals having extremely wide bandwidths require fast-sampling-rate A/D
converters and fast digital signal processors.
Classification of Signals

Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals

 A signal is described by a function of one or more independent variables. The value
of the function (i.e., the dependent variable) can be a real-valued scalar quantity, a
complex-valued quantity, or perhaps a vector. For example, the following signal is a
real-valued signal.

 However, the following signal is complex valued

 In some applications, signals are generated by multiple sources or multiple sensors.

Such signals, in turn, can be represented in vector form.
Classification of Signals (Cont.)
Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals
 The opposite figure shows the three
components of a vector signal that
represents the ground acceleration due to an
earthquake.
 Signal components:
 Primary Longitudinal waves
 Secondary Transversal Waves
 Elastic Surface Waves
 We refer to such a vector of signals as a
multichannel signal.
 Example: 3-lead and 12-lead
electrocardiograms (ECG)
 If the signal is a function of a single
independent variable, the signal is called a
one-dimensional signal. On the other hand, a
signal is called M -dimensional if its value is a
function of M independent variables.
Classification of Signals (Cont.)
Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals
 A black-and-white television picture may
be represented as I(x, y, t) since the
brightness is a function of time. Hence the
TV picture may be treated as a three-
dimensional signal.
 A color TV picture may be described by
three intensity functions of the form 𝐼𝑟 (x,
y, t), 𝐼𝑔 (x, y, t), and 𝐼𝑏 (x, y, t),
corresponding to the brightness of the
three principal colors (red, green, blue) as
functions of time. Hence the color TV
picture is a three-channel, three-
dimensional signal.
Classification of Signals (Cont.)
Continuous-Time Versus Discrete-Time Signals
 If a signal takes on all possible values on a finite
or an infinite range, it is said to be a continuous-
valued signal. Alternatively, if the signal takes on
values from a finite set of possible values, it is
said to be a discrete-valued signal.
 A discrete-time signal having a set of discrete
values is called a digital signal.

Sampling Quantization

Analog Discrete-time Discrete

Signal Signal Signal
Classification of Signals (Cont.)
Deterministic Versus Random Signals

Deterministic: signal that can be uniquely described by an explicit

mathematical expression, a table of data, or a well-defined rule. All past,
present, and future values of the signal are known precisely, without any
uncertainty.

Random: signals that cannot be described to any reasonable degree of

accuracy by explicit mathematical formulas.
Frequency in Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
 The concept of frequency is directly related to the concept of
time. It has the dimension of inverse time.
 The nature of time (continuous or discrete) would affect the
nature of the frequency accordingly.
Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals

The analog signal is completely characterized by three parameters: A

is the amplitude of the sinusoid, Ώ is the frequency in radians per
second (rad/s), and Θ is the phase in radians. Instead of Ώ, we often
use the frequency F in cycles per second or hertz (Hz), were
Frequency in Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
Properties of Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals

1 - Periodic
where Tp = 1/F is the fundamental period of the
sinusoidal.
2 - Continuous-time sinusoidal signals with
distinct (different) frequencies are themselves
distinct.
3 - Increasing the frequency F results in an
increase in the rate of oscillation of the signal.
Frequency in Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
A discrete-time sinusoidal signal may be expressed as

where n is an integer variable, called the sample

1- A discrete-time signal x(n) is periodic with period N(N > 0) if and

only if
The smallest value of N for which the following is true is called the
fundamental period.
Frequency in Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
2 - Discrete-time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer multiple of (2π) are identical.

All the following sinusoidal sequences are indistinguishable (i.e., identical).

Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog

Sampling: This is the conversion of a continuous-time signal into a discrete time signal obtained by
taking “samples” of the continuous-time signal at discrete-time instants.
Quantization: This is the conversion of a discrete-time continuous-valued signal into a discrete-
time, discrete-valued (digital ) signal. The value of each sample is represented by a value selected
from a finite set of possible values. The difference between the unquantized sample x(n) and the
quantized output is called the quantization error.
Coding: Coding. In the coding process, each discrete value is represented by a b-bit binary
sequence.