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LESSON-3-Copy

The document outlines the structure and components of a research study, including the statement of the problem, hypothesis, methodology, and conclusion. It emphasizes the importance of variables, data collection methods, and the significance of results in understanding the research findings. Additionally, it provides guidance on proper citation formats and common mistakes to avoid in writing conclusions.

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Alyssa Janina Queyquep
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© © All Rights Reserved
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3 views

LESSON-3-Copy

The document outlines the structure and components of a research study, including the statement of the problem, hypothesis, methodology, and conclusion. It emphasizes the importance of variables, data collection methods, and the significance of results in understanding the research findings. Additionally, it provides guidance on proper citation formats and common mistakes to avoid in writing conclusions.

Uploaded by

Alyssa Janina Queyquep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Statement of the Problem • Instrument

• Hypothesis • Data
• Methodology • Results & Discussion
• Population • Conclusion
• Sample • Reference
• Variable • Appendix
A clear and concise description of the
specific issue or gap that the research
aims to address.
• A statement of expectation or
prediction that will be tested by
research
• Commonly known as the researcher’s
intellectual guess or wild guess about
the possible result of the study
Quality of sleep affects academic
performance.
People who eat a lot of candy are more
prone to cavities.
• A statement that there is • A statement that there is a
no significant difference or significant difference or
effect. effect.
• It assumes that any • It suggests that a
observed result is due to relationship exists between
chance. variables.
"There is no significant relationship "Increased social media usage
between social media usage and negatively affects students’ grades."
students’ grades."
The systematic method to resolve a
research problem though data gathering
using various techniques, providing an
interpretation of data gathered, and
drawing conclusions about the research
data.
It is where the researcher will decide:
• What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
• Who to collect from (sampling design)
• How to collect it (data collection method)
• How to analyze it (data analysis method)
• The entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about
• In research, it doesn’t always refer to people
• It can mean a group you want to study, such as
objects, events, organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.
• A smaller part or the subgroup of the
population
• The specific group within a population that
you will collect data from
• The group of individuals who will participate in
your study. They are the ones who will answer
surveys or interviews
• Necessity
Sometimes, it is simply not possible to study the
whole population due to its size and
inaccessibility
• Answer • Participate and answer • The people in
(respond/reply to) questions in the researcher’s
questionnaires qualitative studies (ex. experiment
• Usually Interviews and focus • Usually in
groups)
quantitative quantitative
• Generally gives much
research more detailed answers
research
than a respondent
would in a survey
• Any factor, trait, or condition that can be
manipulated, controlled for, or measured in an
experiment
• The variable in an • The variable the
experiment that is respondents to the
changed or manipulated changes
• Assumed to have direct • The variable being tested
effect on the dependent and measured
variable • ‘Dependent’ on the
independent variable
Quality of sleep affects academic
performance.
Quality of sleep Academic performance
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Quality of sleep affects academic


performance.
• Any tool that you may use to collect or obtain data,
measure data, and analyze data that is relevant to the
subject of your research
• The format may consist of questionnaires, surveys,
interviews, checklists, simple tests.
• A good research instrument is one that is validated and
has proven reliability. It should be one that can collect
data in a way that is appropriate to the research
question being asked.
• Any information that has been collected, observed,
generated, or created to validate original research
findings
• Where authors provide the data collected during their
study
• Interpret and describe the importance of your findings
• Explain any new understanding or insights that emerged
as a result of your study of the problem
The Discussion section should:
Describe the importance of the findings.
Compare results to previous studies.
Explain new insights or unexpected outcomes.
• Intended to help the readers understand why your research
should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper
• Not merely a summary but also a synthesis of key points
A good Conclusion should:
Restate the research problem in a clear and concise way.
Summarize key findings without repeating details from
the Results section.
Explain the significance of the research and its impact.
Provide recommendations or suggest areas for future
research.
This study found that excessive social media use
negatively impacts students' focus and
academic performance. The results suggest that
time management strategies should be taught
to students to help them balance social media
use with school responsibilities. Future research
could explore how different types of social
media content affect learning and productivity.
Some common mistakes to avoid when writing a
Conclusion include:
Repeating the entire Results section instead of
summarizing key insights.
Introducing new information that was not
discussed in the study.
Leaving the reader without a final takeaway or
application of the findings.
• This is where you list all the sources you used in your study
• It gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas
APA Citation
APA (American Psychological Association) citation is a
standard format for referencing sources in academic writing.
In-text Citation Format
• Basic Format: (Author’s Last Name, Year)
• Example (Paraphrased):
⚬ Social media influences students’ study habits
(Smith, 2020).
Reference List Format
• References should be alphabetized and use a hanging
indent.
• Basic Format:
⚬ Books: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (Edition, if
applicable). Publisher.
⚬ Journals: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal
Name, Volume(Issue), Page range. DOI/URL
⚬ Websites: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of
webpage. Website Name. URL
Reference List Examples
• Book:
⚬ Smith, J. (2020). The impact of technology on learning.
Oxford University Press.
• Journal Article:
⚬ Brown, A. & Lee, B. (2021). The effects of social media on
study habits. Education Journal, 45(2), 100-115.
https://doi.org/xxxx
• Website:
⚬ Johnson, C. (2022, March 15). How social media affects
students’ focus. Research Hub.
https://www.researchhub.com/socialmedia
• Serves as a space for materials that help
clarify your research, but do not belong in
the main text
• This is where the researchers attach a copy
of their research instrument such as
interview transcripts, questionnaires, or
surveys

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