Solve : 2 ix +(1-5i)x -1+8i=0

Discriminant = ... = -6i+8 The two square roots out of -6i+8 are 3-i and -3+i The roots of the given equation are then 2-i and 3+2i

Find the polar representation of (i-sqrt(3))

The modulus of (i-sqrt(3)) is 2. (i-sqrt(3)) = 2.( -sqrt(3)/2 + (1/2)i ) Say, the argument is alpha. cos(alpha) = -sqrt(3)/2 sin(alpha) = (1/2) Choose alpha = 5 pi/6 (i-sqrt(3)) = 2.(cos(5.pi/6) + i sin(5.pi/6))

Simple calculations

2.(cos(1) +i sin(1)).5.(cos(2) +i sin(2))= 10.(cos(3) +i sin(3)) 6.(cos(5) +i sin(5)) --------------------= 2.(cos(3) +i sin(3)) 3.(cos(2) +i sin(2))
5

(2.(cos(3) +i sin(3))) = 32.(cos(15) +i sin(15))

Find all z so that z = -8(i-sqrt(3))

-8(i-sqrt(3)) = 16.(cos(-pi/6) + i sin(-pi/6)) The 4th roots are z = 2.(cos(-pi/24 + k.pi/2) + i sin(-pi/24 + k.pi/2)) with k in Z

Given : z=cos(3)+ i sin(3) _ Prove that 1 + z = (1 + z )z

_ _ (1 + z )z = (z + z.z) = cos(3)+ i sin(3) + (cos(3)+ i sin(3))(cos(3) - i sin(3)) = cos(3)+ i sin(3) + 1 = 1 + z

Given : u = 1+i.sqrt(3) and v = sqrt(3) + i 3 4 Calculate u / v

With the polar formu = 2 ( cos(pi/3) + i sin(pi/3) ) en v = 2 ( cos(pi/6) + i sin(pi/6) ) 3 4 Then u = 8(cos(pi) + i sin(pi)) = -8 and v = 16( cos(2 pi/3) + i sin(2 pi/3) ) 3 4 u / v = -(1/2)( cos(2 pi/3) - i sin(2 pi/3) ) = (1/4) - i sqrt(3)/4

Show that the equation has a real root. 3 2 4z - 6i sqrt(3) z - 3(3 + i sqrt(3)) z - 4 = 0

If there exists a real root w then the imaginary part of the left hand side must be 0 for z = w. 2 - 6i sqrt(3) w - 3.i sqrt(3) w = 0. 2 This is equivalent to 2 w + w = 0. So, w = 0 or w = -1/2 But w = 0 can not be a solution of the given equation. If there exists a real root w then it is -1/2. Now we check if -1/2 is a root of the given equation and we see that it is so. Level 2 problems

Given: z not real and |z|= 1 z-1 Show that w = --- is a pure imaginary number. z+1

Let z = a+bi. a+bi-1 (a+bi-1)(a-bi+1) (a-1+bi)(a+1-bi) a.a+b.b-1 + 2bi w = ------ = ---------------- = -----------------= ----------------a+bi+1 (a+bi+1)(a-bi+1) (a+bi+1)(a-bi+1) (a+1)(a+1)+b.b but a + b = 1, so 2bi w = --------------2 (a+1)(a+1)+b From this expression it is obvious that w is a pure imaginary number.
2 2

Prove that in C, there are no divisors of zero. That is, z.z'=0 => (z=0 or z'=0)

If z=0, the statement is proved.

If z not 0, then there is a complex number z" (not zero) so that z".z=1. Then, z.z'=0 => z".z.z'=z".0 => 1.z'=0 => z'=0

Calculate ( cos(2)+ i sin(2) + 1)

Appealing on trigonometric formulas we have (1 + cos(2)) = 2 cos (1) and sin(2)=2.sin(1).cos(1)

(1 + cos(2)+ i sin(2)) = 2 cos (1) + i.2.sin(1).cos(1) = 2.cos(1) (cos(1) + i sin(1)) (1 + cos(2)+ i sin(2)) = 2 .cos (1) .(cos(n) + i sin(n))
n n n

The image point of z = a + bi in the Gauss-plane is p. We rotate p about o and the angle of the rotation is pi/3. The new position of p is p'. Calculate the coordinates of p'.

Say z has polar notation r(cos(t)+i sin(t)) p' is the image point of z.(cos(pi/3) + i sin(pi/3)) in the Gauss-plane Hence, p' is the image point of r(cos(t+pi/3) + i sin(t+pi/3)) The coordinates of p' are (r.cos(t+pi/3) ; r.sin(t+pi/3))

a, b, c are real numbers in the polynomial 4 3 2 p(z) = 2 z + a z + b z + c z + 3 . Find a such that the numbers 2 and i are roots of p(z) = 0.

Since all the coefficients of p(z) are real, -i is a root of p(z) = 0. Let 2, i, -i, w be all the roots. The sum of the roots = 2 + w = -a/2. The product of the roots = 2w = 3/2. From this we find w = 3/4 and a = -11/2.

Given: n is a positive integer. z is a complex number with modulus 1, such that z is not -1.
n 2n

z Show that -------- is a real number 2n 1+z

Since z is a complex number with modulus 1, we can write z = (cos(t) + i sin(t)) z = (cos(n t) + i sin(n t)) 1+z
2n n

= 1 + cos(2n t) + i sin(2n t)
2

= 2 cos (nt) + 2 i sin(n t) cos(n t) = 2 cos(nt). (cos(t) + i sin(t))

z 1 -------- = ---------------- and this is real 2n 1+z 2 cos(nt)

Calculate all integers n such that zn = (1 + i sqrt(3)) is a real number.

z1 = (1 + i sqrt(3)) has modulus 2 and argument = pi/3. n Thus, zn has modulus 2 and argument n.pi/3. zn is real if and only if the argument is k.pi (with k = integer). So, zn is real if and only if n is a multiple of 3. Calculate the real values of x and y such that (x + iy) is bigger than 8.
3

(x + iy) = x + 3 i x y - 3 x y - i y
3

(x + iy) is real <=> 2 3 3x y-y =0 <=> 2 2 y (3 x - y ) = 0 <=> 2 2 y = 0 or 3 x - y = 0 <=> 2 2 y = 0 or 3 x = y <=> y = 0 or y = sqrt(3) x or y = - sqrt(3) x 3 Conclusion: (x + iy) > 8 if and only if 1. 2. 3. ( x > 2 and y = 0 ) 4. 5. 2 2 6. y = sqrt(3) x and x + y > 64 7. <=> 2 8. y = sqrt(3) x and 4x > 64 9. <=> 2 10. y = sqrt(3) x and x > 16 11. <=> 12. y = sqrt(3) x and |x| > 4 13. 14. 2 2 15. y = - sqrt(3) x and x + y > 64 16. <=> 2 17. y = - sqrt(3) x and 4x > 64 18. <=> 2 19. y = - sqrt(3) x and x > 16 20. <=> 21. y = - sqrt(3) x and |x| > 4

Given: complex number z = cos(2t) + i sin(2t) Show that 2/(1+z) = 1 - i tan(t)

1+ z = 1 + cos(2t) + i sin(2t) = 2 cos (t) + i sin(2t) 2 2 tan(t) = ---------- + i ------------2 2 1 + tan (t) 1 + tan (t) 2 (1 + i tan(t)) = ---------------------2 1 + tan (t)
2

= --------------1 - i tan(t)

Find the real value of m such that the equation 2 2 z - ( 3+ 8i )z - ( m + 4i) = 0 has a real root. Then find the roots.

Say t is the real root. Then 2 t - ( 3+ 8i )t - ( m + 4i) = 0 <=> 2 / 2t - 3t - m = 0 \ -8t - 4 = 0 <=> <=> t = -1/2 ; m = 2 The real root is -1/2. The product of the roots is ( -1 - 2i). The second root is 2 + 4i. Level 3 problems
2

Find real values of the number a for which a.i is a solution of the polynomial equation 4 3 2 z - 2z + 7z - 4z + 10 = 0. Then find all roots of this equation.

Since a.i is a solution of the equation, we have (a.i) - 2(a.i) + 7(a.i) - 4(a.i) + 10 = 0 <=> 4 3 2 a + 2.i.a - 7a - 4.i.a + 10 = 0 <=> 4 2 3 a - 7a + 10 = 0 and 2a - 4a = 0 <=> 2 a =2 <=> a = sqrt(2) or a = - sqrt(2) 4 3 2 Now, we know that sqrt(2).i and - sqrt(2).i are roots of z - 2z + 7z - 4z + 10 = 0 . 4 3 2 2 This means that z - 2z + 7z - 4z + 10 is divisible by (z - sqrt(2).i)(z + sqrt(2).i) = z - 2. 2 The quotient is (z - 2 z + 5) . The roots of this polynomial are 1 + 2 i and 1 - 2 i. The four roots of the given equation are sqrt(2).i -sqrt(2).i 1 + 2 i 1 - 2 i.
3 4 3 2

u,v and w are the three roots of the equation z - 1 = 0 . Calculate u.v + v.w + w.u without calculating the 3 roots.

The roots are 1 and two conjugate complex numbers. Say u = 1. Then we have to calculate v + w + v.w . Since the sum of the roots is zero, we have 1 + v + w = 0 . Hence v + w = -1. We have to calculate -1 + v.w . Since the product of the roots is 1, we have 1.v.w = 1. So, u.v + v.w + w.u = -1 + v.w = -1 + 1 = 0

Calculate all solutions of |z-1|.|z-1|=1

Let z = x + iy |z - 1| = 1 <=> <=>

|x + iy - 1| = 1 (x - 1) + y = 1 We see that the solutions are exactly the points (in the Gauss plane) of the circle with center (1,0) and radius 1.
2

The equation

z - (n + i) z + m + 2 i = 0 has three roots. n and m are real constants. a) Calculate m such that the modulus of the product of the roots is 5. b) Calculate the modulus of the sum of the roots.

|z1 z2 z3 | = 5 <=> |-(m+2i)|= 5 <=> ...<=> m = 1 or -1 Since the sum of the roots is 0, the modulus of the sum is 0.

Let z' the conjugate complex number of z. Now find z such that z + z' = 0
2 2

Let z = x + iy, then z' = x - iy z + z' = 0 <=> ... <=> 2 x - 2 y = 0 <=> (x + y) (x - y) = 0 <=> y = x or y = -x So, z = x + ix or z = x - ix with arbitrary real x. In the Gauss plane, these solutions constitute the two bisector lines.
2 2 2 2

In the following equation, m is a real number. z - (3 + i) z + m + 2 i = 0 Calculate the values of m such that the equation has a real root. Calculate the second root.
2

Say r is a real root. Then we have r - (3 + i) r + m + 2 i = 0 <=> r - 3 r + m + i(2 - r) = 0 <=> r - 3 r + m = 0 and 2 - r = 0 <=> r = 2 and m = 2 For m = 2, there is a real root r = 2. But the sum of the roots is 3+i. From this, the second root is 1+i.
2 2 2

The number t is real and not an integer multiple of (pi/2). The complex numbers x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation
2 2

tan (t).x + tan(t).x + 1 = 0 Show that (x1 ) + (x2) = 2 cos(2 n pi/3) cot(t)
n n

The discriminant of the quadratic equation is D = tan (t) - 4 tan (t) = -3 tan (t) The roots x1 and x2 are - tan(t) + i sqrt(3) tan (t) x1 = ------------------------------2 tan (t) tan (t) -1 + sqrt(3) = ------------- cot(t) 2
2 2 2

= (cos(2 pi/3) + i sin(2 pi/3)) cot(t)

- tan(t) - i sqrt(3) tan (t) x2 = -------------------------------1 - sqrt(3) = ------------- cot(t) 2

= (cos(2 pi/3) - i sin(2 pi/3)) cot(t) So, x1 = (cos(2 pi/3) + i sin(2 pi/3)) cot (t) = (cos(2 n pi/3) + i sin(2 n pi/3)) cot (t) x2 = (cos(2 pi/3) - i sin(2 pi/3)) cot (t) = (cos(2 n pi/3) - i sin(2 n pi/3)) cot (t) and (x1 ) + (x2) = 2 cos(2 n pi/3) cot (t) Calculate the values of m such that the roots x1 and x2 of x - 2m x + m = 0 3 3 2 2 satisfy the condition x1 + x2 = x1 + x2 . Calculate the roots for those m-values and check the condition.
2 n n n n n n n n n n n

We see that s = x1 + x2 = 2m and p = x1 x2 = m. We write x1 + x2 and x1 + x2 as a function of s and p. x1 + x2 = (x1 + x2) -3x1.x2(x1 + x2) = 8m -3.2m x1 + x2 = (x1 + x2) - 2x1 .x2 = 4m -2m Thus x1 + x2 = x1 + x2
3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2

<=> 8m -3.2m = 4m -2m <=> 8m - 10m + 2m = 0 <=> m ( 4m - 5m + 1) = 0 <=> m = 0 or m = 1 or m = 1/4 For m = 0 the roots are 0 and 0. The condition is satisfied. For m = 1 the roots are 1 and 1. The condition is satisfied. 2 For m = 1/4 the equation is x - 1/2 x + 1/4 = 0 The discriminant is -3/4 The roots are x1 = (1 + sqrt(3)i)/4 and x2 = (1 - sqrt(3)i)/4 To check the condition, we use the trigonometric form of the complex roots. x1 = 1/2 . (cos(pi/3) + i sin(pi/3)) x1 = 1/4 .(cos(2 pi/3) + i sin(2 pi/3)) x1 = - 1/8 x2 = 1/2 . (cos(pi/3) - i sin(pi/3)) x2 = 1/4 .(cos(2 pi/3) - i sin(2 pi/3)) x2 = - 1/8 x1 + x2 = -1/4 and x1 + x2 = 1/2 . cos(2 pi/3) = -1/4 Find all a-values such that the following statement is true. 8 In C, the set of all roots of z - 1 = 0 is k { a | k in {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} }.
3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2

We calculate all the roots of z = 1. These roots are the eighth roots of 1. 1 = 1 ( cos(0 + 2kpi) + i sin(0 + 2kpi) ) = cos(2kpi) + i sin(2kpi) The eight roots are cos(2kpi/8) + i sin(2kpi/8) with k in {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} It is clear that the number cos(2kpi/8) + i sin(2kpi/8) has the same value for k =0 as for k=8. The eight roots are also cos(2kpi/8) + i sin(2kpi/8) with k in {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} Let b = cos(2 pi/8) + i sin(2 pi/8) The eight roots are { b | k in {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} }. In the Gauss-plane the roots are the vertices of a regular octagon. The question to resolve here is: give the powers of b that generate all the vertices. r They are the powers b such that r and 8 are coprime. 3 5 7 The eight roots are generated by b, b , b , b . 3 5 7 So, we find 4 values of a namely a1=b ; a2=b a3=b and a4=b .
k

The equation z - i. 4 sqrt(3) = 4 has a solution z1 = 2(cos(pi/9) + i sin(pi/9)) Find the other roots z2 and z3.

De equation has the form z =c. The three roots are in the Gauss-plane the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The three roots have 2 as modulus and the arguments of z2 and z3 arise by increasing the argument of z1 by 2pi/3 and 4pi/3. z2 = 2( cos(pi/9 + 2 pi/3) + i sin(pi/9 + 2 pi/3)) = 2(cos(7 pi/9) + i sin(7 pi/9))

z3 = 2( cos(pi/9 + 4 pi/3) + i sin(pi/9 + 4 pi/3)) = 2(cos(13 pi/9) + i sin(13 pi/9))

The number u, different from 1, is a solution of z =1. Find the value of the determinant D = |1 u u | 2 |u u 1| 2 |u u 1|
2

Since u is a root of z -1= 0 and u is not 1, we have 3 2 2 u -1=0 <=> (u-1)(u +u+1)=0 <=> u +u+1=0 the determinant does not change value if we add a column to another column. So, we add the second and the third column to the first one. D = |1+u+u u u | 2 2 |u+u +1 u 1| 2 |u +u+1 u 1| D = 0 because the first column is a 0-column.
2 2